2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 閱讀理解精練（5）.doc

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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 閱讀理解精練（5） 科普知識(shí)型閱讀理解 專題導(dǎo)讀 科普類文章是高考閱讀理解中的難點(diǎn)題材，其取材密切聯(lián)系當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技等方面的變化，以介紹某一科學(xué)現(xiàn)象居多?？破疹愇恼戮哂薪Y(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)。其主要命題形式有事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、詞義猜測(cè)題、推理判斷題以及主旨概括題等，其中推理判斷題居多。 這類文章的總體特點(diǎn)是：科技詞匯多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，理論性強(qiáng)，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。具體說(shuō)來(lái)它有以下特點(diǎn)： 1．文章中詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡(jiǎn)明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點(diǎn)。這類文章通常不會(huì)出現(xiàn)文學(xué)英語(yǔ)中常用的排比、比喻、夸張等修辭手法，一詞多義的現(xiàn)象也不多見。 　　2．句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語(yǔ)法分析較困難。為了描述一個(gè)客觀事物，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會(huì)使用集多種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象于一體的長(zhǎng)句。 　　3．常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動(dòng)句式。 真題典例 【xx湖南卷】A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has e up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的) species. The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant. Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列) from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the team pared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths. The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists. There has long been debate in the scientific munity that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species. Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants’ significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA. Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should bee a bigger priority(優(yōu)先)for conservation purposes.” (　　)1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________. A．the Asian elephant B．the forest elephant C．the savanna elephant D．the mastodon elephant (　　)2.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “________.” A．evolution 　　　　　B．exhibition C．separation D．examination (　　)3.The researchers’ conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant’s ________. A．DNA B．height C．weight D．population (　　)4.What are Alfred Roca’s words mainly about? A．The conservation of African elephants. B．The purpose of studying African elephants. C．The way to divide African elephants into two units. D．The reason for the distinction of African elephants. (　　)5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A．Naturalists’ Beliefs about Elephants B．Amazing Experiments about Elephants C．An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D．A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants 【解析】本文為科普說(shuō)明文。主要介紹關(guān)于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成兩種完全不同的品種——非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。 　　1．D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段 “Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team pared them with DNA from modern elephants.”可判斷選D。 　　2．C　詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.”可知，科學(xué)家已證實(shí)，非洲的草原大象與非洲的森林大象幾百萬(wàn)年來(lái)都不屬于同一品種，即可推斷下句為“兩種大象的分離應(yīng)發(fā)生在……”。由此可推斷劃線詞應(yīng)意為“分離”，故選C。 3．A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team pared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.”可判斷研究者的結(jié)論是建立在對(duì)非洲大象的DNA研究結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)上的，故選A。 4．A　邏輯推理題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should bee a bigger priority (優(yōu)先)for conservation purposes.”可推斷他的講話是圍繞對(duì)非洲大象的保護(hù)的，故選A。 　　5．C　主旨大意題。根據(jù)主題段第一段可知，本文主要介紹關(guān)于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象實(shí)為兩種完全不同的品種。由此判斷選C。 社會(huì)生活型閱讀理解 For all the dinner table, a glass of milk seems to be a constant, at least it was when I was growing up.It was widely believed that milk was integral in building strong bones and teeth.There’s no doubt that dairy products(乳制品), and milk in particular, are high in protein and calcium, and most milk products are supplemented with Vitamin D and A. While it’s well known that our bones need calcium, some studies suggest that high calcium intake doesn’t necessarily lower a person’s risk for fractures(骨折)．A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week. There’s no doubt that we need calcium. Some antidairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to heart disease.Much of this claim is based on high fat and high dairy products, like cheeses and creams, which may indeed contribute to cardiovascular problems.Some studies have linked high milk intakes with a risk of prostate cancer; this seems to be caused by highfat dairy products, not dairy in general. Although milk was always regarded as one of the most important things we need for our bones, yet least promoted, factors involved in strengthening bones.Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food.If you like it, eat it.If not, find some_others.Because some claims may not be pletely true. When I eat a cream, I’m not thinking about calcium, protein, or any such thing.I’m thinking delicious. (　　)1.Which of the following is TRUE on the milk? A．The more milk you drink, the more risk for fractures you might be. B．The more milk you drink, the less risk for fractures you might be. C．The less milk you drink, the less risk for fractures you might be. D．There is no link between them. (　　)2.Some antidairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to except________. A．cardiovascular problems B．heart disease C．prostate cancer D．stomach cancer (　　)3.The underlined words “some others” in the last paragraph refer to________. A．dairy products　　　　B．milk C．food D．cream (　　)4.What’s the author’s attitude towards milk? A．He doesn’t like milk any more. B．He used to drink milk as a child. C．He regards milk as a nutrient. D．He always cares about calcium, protein when he eats something. (　　)5.We can learn from the text that________. A．a(chǎn)ll the claims are not pletely true B．high milk intakes can lead to cancer C．it’s necessary for you to reduce milk intakes D．give up milk for your health 【解析】1．D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.”可以推斷出牛奶的飲用量和骨折之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系。 　　2．D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的有關(guān)信息可以得知文中沒有涉及胃病的問(wèn)題。 　　3．C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food. If you like it, eat it. If not，find some others.”可知作者的觀點(diǎn)是如果喜歡就用，不喜歡就換其他的食品(物)。 4．B　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的“...at least it was when I was growing up”可以推斷出作者在小時(shí)候是常常喝牛奶的。 　　5．A　推理判斷題。由“Because some claims may not be pletely true”可以得知并不是所有的聲明都是完全正確的。由此可知選A。 科普知識(shí)（閱讀理解）由 (xx安徽“江南十?！备呷?lián)考) 改編 US scientists have fixed experimental sensors (傳感器) in some cities to map wind patterns and provide possible lifesaving information in a chemical or biological attack. Two test models,in the form of nine-meter high aluminum (鋁) towers,are now undergoing testing in New York City,one in Greenwich Village and the other near Times Square. Half a dozen similar sensors have been fixed in and around Washington. Simulations (模仿) of terrorist attacks carried out since the Sep.11,2001 attacks have stressed the importance of finding out as soon as possible those areas that would be most affected by giving out poisonous gas or radioactive material into the air. Now,the only reliable sources of information on wind speeds and direction are major airports,which are generally located too far away from city centers to be of much use. The experimental sensors measure wind strength and direction 10 times per second.The information is downloaded through the Internet to puters that can turn out a detailed wind map,updated every 15 minutes. Addressing a recent House of Representatives mittee meeting,the director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA’s) “Air Resources” laboratory,Bruce Hicks,stressed the importance of developing the wind mapping program. “The wind sensors now being tested were produced by scientists recognizing there’s a real problem and we’d better start handling it fast or else we’ll get into trouble.”Hicks said. Funds(資金) during the testing period had been provided by the new Department for Homeland Security which will decide whether to fix sensor networks in major US cities,if the experiment should have positive results. 1.The purpose of developing the wind mapping program is to 　　　. A.get lifesaving information during terrorist attacks B.get useful information about weather changes C.map the speed and direction of the wind D.prevent possible terrorist attacks 2.According to the text,the information from major airports is 　　　. A.slowly downloaded B.not quite reliable C.quickly updated D.not very useful 3.From the text,we can learn that the wind mapping program 　　　. A.has been put into practical use B.is being experimented C.is just an idea under discussion D.has finally failed for lack of money 4.What is the text mainly about?(　　) A.Scientists’ mapping wind to sense terrorist attacks. B.Whether wind mapping program is useful or not. C.How the wind mapping program works. D.The importance of wind mapping program. 語(yǔ)篇解讀:美國(guó)科學(xué)家在很多主要城市安裝了測(cè)量風(fēng)向的傳感器,目的是更加精確地為防范生化武器的襲擊提供信息。 答案及剖析:1.A　推理判斷題。由文章第一段的...to map wind patterns and provide possible lifesaving information in...attack可知選A項(xiàng)。 2.D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段的描述可知,來(lái)自主要機(jī)場(chǎng)的信息離市中心太遠(yuǎn),以至于它們提供的信息用處不大,故選D項(xiàng)。 3.B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段和最后兩段可知,the wind mapping program 正在測(cè)試當(dāng)中,故選B項(xiàng)。 4.A　主旨大意題。文章的第一段為本文的主題段,由此可知A項(xiàng)正確。 【疑難詞匯解讀】 1.undergo v.經(jīng)歷,經(jīng)受 She is undergoing surgery. 她正在接受手術(shù)。 2.poisonous adj.有毒的 New furniture often gives out something poisonous. 新家具常釋放有毒的東西。 【長(zhǎng)難句子分析】 　 自2001年9月11日的恐怖襲擊以來(lái),針對(duì)恐怖襲擊進(jìn)行的模仿已經(jīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了通過(guò)釋放有毒氣體或放射性物質(zhì)的方法盡快弄清那些可能受到影響的地方的重要性。