3343160386自考 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)歷年真題及答案 1月2001年10月

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1、 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)自考?xì)v年真題2011 1-2001 10 全國2011年1月自學(xué)考試現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)試題 課程代碼：00830 I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% 10=20% ) 1.There is a difference between what we k

2、now, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( ) A. creation B. communication C. comprehension D. perception 2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and vo

3、iced ______,respectively. ( ) A. affricates B. stops C. velars D. palatals 3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( ) A. free B. bound C. derivational D. inflectional 4.XP may contain more than just

4、 X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, ______and complement. ( ) A. modifier B. determiner C. qualifier D. specifier 5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic ele

5、ment and non-linguistic world of experience. ( ) A. Reference, sense B. Sense, referent C. Sense, reference D. Referent, sense 6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( ) A. prelocutionary B. locutionary

6、 C. illocutionary D. perlocutionary 7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( ) A. in word-initial B. in word-middle C. in word-final D. in syllable-initial 8. In contrast to Standard American En

7、glish, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( ) A. a regional dialect B. a social dialect C. a situational dialect D. an ethnic dialect 9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical a

8、rticulation of utterances. ( ) A. the motor area B. Broca’s area C. Wernicke’s area D. the angular gyrus 10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( ) A. prelinguistic B. one-

9、word C. two-word D. multiword II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%10=10% ) 11. A is

10、 one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds. 12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics. 13. In u

11、sing the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change. 14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.

12、 15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning. 16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i . 17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or e

13、xpressiveness, then rule e occurs. 18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common. 19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particula

14、r hemisphere of the brain is called 1 . 20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T

15、for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% 10=20% ) 21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it mi

16、ght be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics. 22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ]

17、for phonemic segments． 23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word． 24． ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatica

18、l function． 25． ( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones． 26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study

19、. 27． ( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．

20、”These are two examples of semantic broadening． 28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community. 29． (

21、 )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body． 30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’ “the younger the better”． IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give exam

22、ples for illustration where appropriate. (3% 10=30% ) 31.displacement 32.voicing 33.morpheme 34.finite clause ponential analysis 36.declarations 37.epenthesis 38.speech variety 39.linguistic relativism 40.the nativist view of language acquisition V. Directions: Answer the following ques

23、tions. (10% 2=20% ) 41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction? 42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them. 2011年1月全國自考現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)參考答案 中國自考人()——改寫昨日遺憾 創(chuàng)造美好明天！用科學(xué)方法牢記知識點

24、順利通過考試！ 全國2010年10月自學(xué)考試現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)試題 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely

25、______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______. A. vo

26、wels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determi

27、ne the linear order of words and their ______ structure. A. linear B. hierarchicalC. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （ ） A. argument B. subject C

28、. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（ ） A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner 7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the

29、old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clippingC. blending D. abbreviating 8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spi

30、nster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. A. important B. unusualC. pejorative D. commendatory 9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （ ） A. brain B. vocal cordsC. tongue D. articulatory orga

31、ns 10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （ ） A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is alread

32、y given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%10=10% ) 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a peri

33、od of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study. 12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word

34、, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology. 14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be

35、 combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence. 15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r

36、 opposites. 16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered. 17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “nfre” (“not”+“eve

37、r”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English. 18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c . 19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides wit

38、h the period of brain lateralization. 20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T

39、for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%10=20% ） 21.（ ）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary. 22.（ ）In producing stops or plosiv

40、es, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only. 23.（ ）From the semantic point of vie

41、w, the meaning of a compound is always perceived from the meanings of its components. 24.（ ）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time

42、restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary. 25.（ ）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be tru

43、e. 26.（ ）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and decalrations. 27.（ ）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [ks], but the wor

44、d asking is pronounced [skI?]. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process that reorders segme

45、nts, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments. 28.（ ）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in co

46、mmunication. 29.（ ）Language is the only means of expressing thought. 30.（ ）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language. Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrat

47、ion where appropriate. (3%10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instruction V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%2=20% ) 41. Explain

48、 syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples. 42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichs? 2010年10月全國自考現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)參考答案 全國2010年1月自學(xué)考試現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)試題 I . Directions: Read each of the follow

49、ing statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% 10=20% ) 1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ___

50、___. ( ) A. system B. structureC. competence D. performance 2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( ) A. larynx B. hard palateC. glottis D. vocal cords 3. The word “manuscript” is a

51、 two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( ) A. two rootsB. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme 4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a

52、 language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( ) A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents 5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed b

53、y ______. A. Plato B. Ogden and RichardsC. John Firth D. Bloomfield 6. According to John Austins theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( ) A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryC. illocutionary D. perlocutionary 7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggeste

54、d that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（ ） A. Germanic B. PersianC. Sanskrit D. Lithuanian 8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has

55、 a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( ) A. conceptual meaning B. connotative meaningC. cultural meaning D. social meaning 9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left

56、 side of the brain for processing. A. right B. left C. front D. back 10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______. A. planned speech B. writingC. casual

57、and spontaneous conversation D. career-oriented examination II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%

58、10=10%) 11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful. 12. In the production o

59、f v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting. 13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of s to form a new word. 14. A sentence is a structurally indepen

60、dent unit that usually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences. 15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and “pop” meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms. 16. The c view in the discussion of semantics i

61、s often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. 17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns. 18. Diglo

62、ssia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f differentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety. 19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l . 20. I

63、 is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second language acquisition. III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must

64、explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% 10=20%) 21.（ ）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Most linguists today accept the view of la

65、nguage as a set of "habitually used symbols." 22.（ ）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principle longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively k

66、nown as intonation. 23.（ ）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify the meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech. 24.（ ）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different. Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the two level