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1、The professional English of pharmaceutical engineeringWang XinliangEast China University of Science and Technology Wordsphysicochemicalpharmacologicalantidoteantimetaboliteantiulcerleuk(a)emias (leucemias)arthritispoliomyelitisin vivo/in vitromalignantcondescensionserendipityparadigmfree energy/enth
2、alpy/entropy retrospectiverepositorycircumspectregression analysisCADD: Computer-Aided Drug DesignSAR: structure-activity relationshipmorbidity (mortality) a. 物理化學(xué)的，物化的a. 藥理學(xué)的n. 解毒劑n. 抗代謝物（藥）n. 抗胃潰瘍的n. 白血病n. 關(guān)節(jié)炎n. 脊髓灰質(zhì)炎；小兒麻痹癥 在體內(nèi)/體外a. 惡性的；有害的；n. 懷惡意的人n. 謙虛；屈尊；傲慢態(tài)度n. 意外發(fā)現(xiàn)；偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)n. 范例n. 自由能/焓/熵a. 回顧性的；懷
3、舊的；n. 回顧展n. 儲(chǔ)藏室；知識庫；智囊團(tuán)a. 周到的；慎重的 回歸分析 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助藥物設(shè)計(jì) 構(gòu)效關(guān)系n. 發(fā)病率；致病率 (死亡率；死亡數(shù)) 目前的藥物設(shè)計(jì)與其說是富有成績（成效），不如說是充滿希望的。這意味著在最廣泛意義上運(yùn)用過去所認(rèn)知的生物活性與物化特性之間的關(guān)系，并且希望可以預(yù)測還未合成出來的化合物在藥理學(xué)的成功。 Drug design to day is more of a hope than an achievement. It means the application of previously recognized correlations of biological
4、activity with physicochemical characteristics in the broadest sense, in the hope that the pharmacological success of a not yet synthesized compound can be predicted. 但目前所使用的藥物很少是完全按照這種方法被發(fā)現(xiàn)出來。膽堿酯酶抑制劑解毒劑吡啶肟甲基碘化物，抗胃潰瘍藥西咪替丁，以及對抗白血病有活性的一些抗代謝藥都是這樣的例子。 Few drugs in use today were discovered entirely in th
5、is way. The cholinesterase inhibitor antidote pyridine aldoxime methiodide, the antiulcer drug Cimetidine, and some antimetabolites active against leukemias are examples. 這種方法的主要難點(diǎn)在于：可得的且非常復(fù)雜的預(yù)測藥物作用機(jī)制的方法既不能預(yù)測其毒性和副作用，也無法有助于預(yù)料在體內(nèi)藥物的傳輸特性和代謝途徑。當(dāng)然，在體外產(chǎn)生成功治療療效的藥物或藥劑學(xué)上的細(xì)胞效應(yīng)，這些都同樣重要。 One of the principal di
6、fficulties in this approach is that the available and very sophisticatedmethods for predicting drug action cannot foretell toxicity and side effects, nor do they help in anticipating the transport characteristics or metabolic fate of the drug in vivo. These are, of course, as important in producing
7、a therapeutically successful drug in vitro or cellular effect of the pharmacy. 由于對一種疾病(有關(guān))的生物學(xué)或生物化學(xué)(方面的知識)基本上無知，我們最好的努力也常常遭受挫折；于是，我們就傾向于劉易斯托馬斯在他的系列精辟文章之一中，所稱謂的“不徹底的技術(shù)”，即由于不能理解疾病的基本致病因素所采用的復(fù)雜而昂貴的疾病治療方法。 Very often our best efforts are frustrated by basic ignorance of the biology or biochemistry under
8、lying a disease, and we are reduced to what Lewis Thomas, in one of his incisive essays, calls “halfway technology” in reference to the complex and costly management of diseases whose basic causes are not understood. 而與大多數(shù)細(xì)菌性傳染疾病以及甚至像脊髓灰質(zhì)炎類某些病毒性疾病的治療方案的簡單性形成鮮明對照的是，對風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、大多數(shù)惡性腫瘤和全部精神類疾病的治療都可歸為此類。 T
9、he treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, most malignant tumors, and all mental diseases falls into this category, and contrasts glaringly with the simplicity of dealing with most infectious diseases of bacterial origin and even some viral diseases like poliomyelitis. 雖然一些臨床藥用化學(xué)家和分子藥物學(xué)家一直帶著一些謙虛態(tài)度和難以隱忍的急
10、躁情緒努力從事合理的藥物設(shè)計(jì)，但緩慢卻有前途的發(fā)展仍不斷帶來希望：在該領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)展比將生物和物理化學(xué)運(yùn)用到人類和動(dòng)物病理學(xué)（所取得的進(jìn)展）快得多。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助三維藥物設(shè)計(jì)的蓬勃發(fā)展有希望產(chǎn)生真正合理藥 物設(shè)計(jì)的紀(jì)元（時(shí)代）。 Although some practicing medicinal chemists and molecular pharmacologists still regard efforts at rational drug design with some condescension and ill-concealed impatience, a slow rapid but
11、 promising development gives renewed hope that progress in this area will not be less than in the application of biology and physical chemistry to human and animal pathology. The explosive development of computer-aided drug design in three dimensions promises to lead to the era of true rational drug
12、 design. 直到二十世紀(jì)六十年代早期，藥物設(shè)計(jì)還是基于長期經(jīng)驗(yàn)、敏銳的觀察力、意外發(fā)現(xiàn)、純粹的運(yùn)氣、和大量艱苦工作的一種直觀上的努力。發(fā)現(xiàn)一種臨床上有效的藥物的概率并不高，據(jù)估計(jì)為了生產(chǎn)一個(gè)具有實(shí)用（價(jià)值）的藥物需要合成3000-5000個(gè)化合物。 Until the early 1960s, drug design was an intuitive endeavor based on long experience, keen observation, serendipity, sheer luck, and a lot of hard work. The probabilities
13、of finding a clinically useful drug were not good; it was estimated that anywhere from 3000 to 5000 compounds were synthesized in order to produce one practical drug. 隨著當(dāng)今越來越嚴(yán)格的藥品安全監(jiān)管，這個(gè)（成功的）比例甚至更小，費(fèi)用突升，也勢必嚴(yán)重延緩新藥的上市。藥物研發(fā)通常所采用的經(jīng)典方法是分子修飾設(shè)計(jì)已確證活性的先導(dǎo)化合物的類似物。其指導(dǎo)原則的范例是：在分子結(jié)構(gòu)中的微小改變導(dǎo)致其生物作用的微小、定量的變化。 With tod
14、ays more strict drug safety regulations, the proportions are even worse and the costs skyrocket, retarding the introduction of new drugs to a dangerous extent. The classical method usually applied in drug development was molecular modificationthe design of analogues of a proven active “l(fā)ead” compoun
15、d. The guiding principle was the paradigm that minor changes in a molecular structure lead to minor, quantitative alterations in its biological effects. 雖然這在緊密相關(guān)的同系物中可能是正確的，但這又取決于“微小變化”的定義。將兩個(gè)非常小的氫原子加入麥角堿的8雙鍵上，會(huì)消除它們的子宮收縮活性；但嗎啡的N-CH3取代基用更大的苯乙基官能團(tuán)替代后，則增加其活性近十倍。 Although this may be true in closely rel
16、ated series, it depends on the definition of minor changes, The addition of two very small hydrogen atoms to the 8 double bond of ergot alkaloids eliminates their uterotonic activity, but replacement of the NCH3 substituent by the large phenethyl group in morphine increases the activity less than te
17、n fold. 而只將二乙吖嗪的側(cè)鏈只用一個(gè)C原子進(jìn)行延長竟導(dǎo)致氯丙嗪和現(xiàn)代精神藥理學(xué)的意外發(fā)現(xiàn)。1983年就有了一篇關(guān)于經(jīng)典設(shè)計(jì)的回顧性評述。 Extension of the side chain of diethazine by only one carbon atom led to the serendipitous discovery of Chlorpromazine and modern psychopharmacology. A retrospective account of classical drug design was provided in 1983. 從這些隨機(jī)實(shí)
18、例中可以得到兩個(gè)結(jié)論。首先，在構(gòu)效關(guān)系（SAR）研究中，只要其理化性質(zhì)仍未被探究或其作用的分子基礎(chǔ)仍未知，僅僅是有機(jī)分子的結(jié)構(gòu)改變是毫無意義的。在有機(jī)化學(xué)概念中，結(jié)構(gòu)僅僅是知識庫具有藥物活性的至關(guān)重要的大量參數(shù)的載體。 There are two conclusions to be drawn from these random examples. First, a merely structural change in an organic molecule is meaningless in structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies as
19、long as its physicochemical consequences remain unewplored and the molecular basis of its action remains known. Structure, in the organic chemical sense, is only a repository, a carrier of numerous parameters of vital importance of drug activity. 從上述實(shí)例和無數(shù)的其他例子所可以得出的第二個(gè)結(jié)論是：定性新藥理作用的發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)常是基于另外的單純系列藥物類似物
20、上的不連續(xù)跳躍性（發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果）；即使采用相當(dāng)精密的方法，也很難預(yù)測。 The second conclusion to be drawn from the above examples and innumerable others is that the discovery of qualitatively new pharmacological effects is often a discontinuous jump in an otherwise monotonous series of drug analogues and is hard to predict, even with f
21、airly sophisticated methods. Despite the great success of the classical methods of drug design, their unpredictability and the tremendous amount of wasted effort expended have necessitated the development of more rational methods with a much higher predictive capability, in an effort to elevate drug
22、 design from an art to a science. 盡管藥物設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)典方法取得了巨大成功，它們的不可預(yù)測性和需要付出大量的無效努力使得具有更高預(yù)測能力的更合理方法的研發(fā)極為需要，并努力使藥物設(shè)計(jì)由藝術(shù)提升至科學(xué)。 The approach involving the design of analogues of an active lead compound remains unchanged, and the expertise of the medicinal chemist is as much in demand as ever; however, the intuit
23、ive process of selecting structural modifications for synthesis becomes circumspect in this approach, and models based on multiple regression analysis and pattern recognition methods, using very powerful computer techniques, are employed as aids. 盡管涉及活性先導(dǎo)化合物的類似物的設(shè)計(jì)方法仍未改變，且藥物化學(xué)家需要的專業(yè)知識仍象以前那樣多；但在該方法中直
24、觀選擇待合成的結(jié)構(gòu)修飾的過程變得周到全面了，采用非常強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的基于多元回歸分析的模型及模式識別方法也被應(yīng)用作輔助工具。 It is obviously much faster and cheaper to calculate the required properties of novel compounds from a large pool of data on their analogues than to synthesize and screen all such new, compounds in the classical fashion. Only promising
25、candidates are investigated experimentally. 從大量新化合物的類似物的數(shù)據(jù)庫中計(jì)算其所需的性質(zhì)，比采用經(jīng)典方式合成并篩選所有這些新化合物，顯然要既快又便宜得多。只有有希望的候選化合物通過實(shí)驗(yàn)才徹底研究。 The results gained this way are incorporated into the data base, expanding and strengthening the theoretical search. Eventually, sufficient material accumulates to aid in making
26、 a confident decision about whether the “best” analogue has been prepared or whether the series should be abandoned. 采用這種方法獲得的結(jié)果被并入到數(shù)據(jù)庫中，拓展并增進(jìn)理論研究。最終，足夠的資料被積累以有助于作出確定的（或自信的）決定：是否已經(jīng)制備出“最好的”類似物或是否該系列（化合物）應(yīng)該被舍棄。 Although a beginning has been made, drug design is far from being either automatic or foolp
27、roof. The choice of proper lead compounda necessity in quantitative drug designis still based on experience, serendipity, and luck, given our basic ignorance of molecular phenomena at the cellular level. Now, however, we can at least have the confidence that the discovery of new drugs and the development of existing ones will be able to keep pace with the progress of biomedical research. 藥物設(shè)計(jì)雖然已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了開始階段，但還遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到自動(dòng)化或簡單明了的地步。假如我們對細(xì)胞水平的分子現(xiàn)象基本上無知，合適的先導(dǎo)化合物的選擇定量藥物設(shè)計(jì)的重要部分則仍然取決于經(jīng)驗(yàn)、偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)和運(yùn)氣。然而，目前我們至少有信心：新藥的發(fā)現(xiàn)和現(xiàn)有藥物的研發(fā)將能夠與生物醫(yī)藥研究所取得的進(jìn)展同步。 20
制藥工程 專業(yè)英語 Unit 25
