環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語unit.ppt

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Professional-relatedEngineering,Unit3Waterlegislation水立法,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterisaprimarynaturalresource,inthesenseofbeingnecessaryforhumanexistenceandfrequentlyinshortsupply.naturalresource自然資源inshortsupply供應不足從人類生存的需要和經常性地缺乏來考慮，水是一類基本的自然資源。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Inordertobeusefultopeople,anaturalresourcemustbeavailableinadequatequantity,inappropriatequality,intherightplace,attherighttime,andatreasonablecost.Inorderto為了……beusefulto對……有用為了對人類是有用的，自然資源必須是數量足夠、質量適當、地點和時間恰當、費用合理。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterresourcemanagementisthemaximizationofasmanyofthesevariablesaspossibleinresponsetodemands——frequently,conflictingdemands——forwater.as……aspossible盡可能inresponseto響應，適應水資源管理就是在各種情況下，最大程度地滿足用水量需求——通常是相互矛盾的需求。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterresourcepolicyconsistsofthosepublicdecisions,andthecriteriaonwhichtheyaremade,thataffectwaterresourcemanagement.consistsof由……組成publicdecisions公眾決議They指代publicdecisions水資源政策由公眾決議和標準法規(guī)組成，而這些標準法規(guī)是公眾決議的依據，同時影響水資源管理。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Lawisonemeansofformulatingandeffectuatingwaterresourcepolicy.法律是闡述和實行水資源政策的一種手段。,1.WaterLaw水法,Mostwritesonwaterlawdeclarethat“waterlawisthecreation,allocation,andadministrationofwaterrights.”在絕大多數的水法中都聲稱，水法引發(fā)出水權，并對水權進行分配和管理。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Butthisisaninaccurate,unproductivedefinitionbasedontheartificialdichotomybetweenwaterquantityandquality.basedon以……為基礎但它以對水量和水質的人為割裂為基礎，是一個不確切、沒有價值的定義。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Traditionally,thegeneralterm“waterlaw”hasbeensynonymouswithlegalrightstoparticularamountsofwater,especiallyintheAmericanWest.習慣上，就詳細的水量來講，通用術語“水法”和水權是同義語，特別是在美國西部。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Casebooksandcommentariesonwaterlawfrequentlyalsodiscussmattersrelatedtowaterquantity,suchasfederalwaterresourcedevelopmentandpublicrecreationalaccessanduse.relatedto與……相關關于水權的個案記錄和注釋也經常討論和水量有關的事件，如聯邦水資源開發(fā)和公共娛樂用水。,Professional-relatedEngineering,However,thelawofwaterqualityisalmostalwaysomittedfrom,orgivenshortshriftby,thesebooks.togiveshortshrift不理會，忽視，輕視然而，這些書對于水質方面的法幾乎總是省略或輕視。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Forexample,arecentlypublishedcasebookentitledLegalControlofWaterResourcesdevotesonly50desultorypagesofits934totalpagestovariousaspectsofwaterpollutioncontrollaws.例如，最近公開的一個題為“水資源的立法控制”案例記錄，總共有934頁，其中只有斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的50頁涉及到水污染控制法的各個方面。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Amodernconcisecommentaryonwaterlawdispenseswithwaterpollutioninsevenpages.dispenseswith免除，省卻現今的對于水法的簡要注釋中省略了有關水污染的7頁內容。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Indeed,“waterqualitylaw”istypicallyviewedasadistinctfieldoflaw,separate（separated?）from“waterlaw”.的確，“水質法”被看作一個有明確領域的立法，從水法中分離出來。Inotherwords,theparticularterm“waterquantitylaw”hasswallowedthegeneralterm“waterlaw”.換句話說，專用術語“水質法”已經取代了通用術語“水法”。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Thisuseofterminologyisobsolete（主句）inanerawhenwerecognizetheneedforcomprehensivewaterresourcemanagement（定語從句，修飾era）characterizedbytheinterrelatingofhithertodisparatecategoriessuchaswaterquantityandquality（分詞短語，修飾management）.在人們已經認識到需要將水量、水質等迄今為止認識到的各類相關因素統(tǒng)籌起來規(guī)劃水資源管理的時候，這種術語的使用實在陳腐。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Nowadays,waterlawshouldencompassthelegalaspectsofallwateruses.今天，水法應當包含與所有使用水相關的立法。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Likemostfieldsoflaw,“waterlaw”defiesprecisedefinition.象大多數法律的適用范圍一樣，“水法”沒有準確的定義。Itover-lapsotherlegalfieldssuchasenvironmentallaw,naturalresourceslaw,propertylaw,tortlaw,publiclandlaw,andlanduselaw.它與其它的一些法律（如環(huán)境法、自然資源法、財產法、民法、公共土地法和土地利用法）相互交迭。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Nevertheless,“waterlaw”islooselydefinedhereasthoseaspectsoflawthatareofprimaryconcerninthemanagementofwaterresources.bedefined……as……被定義為盡管如此，這里還是泛泛地將“水法”定義為：關于水資源管理基本問題的立法.,Professional-relatedEngineering,Foranalyticalpurposes,thefieldissubdividedasfollows（如下）:為了便于分析，將其進一步細分如下：(1)thelawofwaterdiversionanddistribution;有關輸送水和配水的立法；(2)thelawofwaterresourcedevelopmentandprotection;有關水資源開發(fā)和保護的立法；(3)thelawofnontransformationaluses;有關水不可替代轉換的使用價值的立法；(4)thelawofwatertreatment;有關水處理的立法；and(5)thelawofwater-relatedlanduse.與水相關的土地利用方面的立法。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Whereverpossible,relationshipsamongthesesubdivisionswillbeelicited.無論什么情況下，只要可能，都將尋求這些組成部分之間的關聯。,2.WaterLight（水權）,Waterlawdealswithwaterrightsofvariouskinds.dealwith涉及，處理，安排水法涉及到各種各樣的水權。Alegalrightisalegallyenforceableexpectation——theassurancethatanactivitywillbeprotectedbythelegalsystem.合法的權利是指從法律上給予保障，即這種行動將受到法律的保護。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Itmeansthatotherpeoplehaveenforceabledutiestowardarightholder.這意味著其他一些人對這些權利持有者有強制責任。Legalrightsareeitherprivateorpublic.合法的權利既是個人的也是公共的。Asetoflegalrightsthatarightholderholdsexclusivelyiscalled“privateproperty”.權利持有者專有的一系列合法權利被稱作“私有財產”。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Ownershipofprivatepropertydefinesagroupofrightswithregardtothesubjectofproperty;e.g.,aplotoflandoranautomobile.withregardto關于私有財產所有者還具有一些與相關財產有關的權利，如一塊土地或一部汽車。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Thesepropertyrightsgenerallyincludetherighttopossessthesubject,useit,disposeofit,andprohibitanyoneelsefrominterferingwithitforanindefiniteperiodoftime.這些財產權通常包括占有、使用、轉讓相關財產，以及禁止其他任何人不定期的干擾。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Publicrightsareheldincommonbyadefinablegroupofpeople.incommon共有公共權利被某一確定群體共同擁有。TherightsguaranteedbytheUnitedStatesConstitutionaretheheritageofallAmericancitizens.被聯邦憲法保障的權利是所有美國公民享有的遺產。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Eachmemberoftheclassofrightholdersmayassertapublicrightindividually,eventhoughtherightiscommontoall.權利持有者群體的每一個成員可以獨立地堅持某個公共權利，盡管這個權利是所有成員共有的。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Thus,eachAmericancitizenhaslegalauthorizationtosueagovernmentalunitifitfrustrateshisexerciseofafundamentalrightsuchasfreedomofspeech.這樣，每一個美國公民都有合法的權利起訴政府，如果政府剝奪了他的基本權利，如言論自由。,Professional-relatedEngineering,OneofthethorniestproblemsperplexingtheAmericanlegalsystemis:Atwhatpointdoesagovernmentalregulationtoprotectthepublichealth,safety,andwelfare（不定式短語做目的狀語）becamea“regulatorytaking”ofprivatepropertyforwhichjustcompensationmustbepaid?一直令美國立法困惑的最棘手的問題之一是：為了保護公眾健康、安全和福利，政府機構只支付一定的補償，可以在何種程度上“調整性占有”私人財產？,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterquantityrightsmaybesubjecttoreasonablepublicregulationsuchasrulesgoverningregistrationorforfeiturefornonuse.besubjectto應服從….，受制于……用水量權應服從合理的公眾規(guī)范，如注冊登記制度或不使用時收回的政策。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Butawaterquantityrightisprivatepropertyandgovernmentcannotusurpawaterquantityrightwithoutpayingfairmarketvalueforit.topay…forsth.為某事（物）支付……但水量權是私人財產，政府不支付公平的市場價格就不能侵占水量權。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Inanumberofwesternstates,water-shortmunicipalitiesarestatutorilyauthorizedtotakeoversenioragriculturaldiversionrights,butonlyafterpaymentofjustcompensationtofarmersandranchers.takeover占有，接任在西部許多州，缺水的市政當局只支付農民和農場主一些補償后，就被準許占有長期以來一直為農業(yè)使用的水權。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Thepublichasarighttorecreationalopportunities,butthisdosenotjustifyzoningprivatelakefrontpropertyasapublicwaterfrontpark.Thepublic公眾，民眾公眾有休閑娛樂的權利，但將私人湖區(qū)周邊財產作為公共的水邊公園是不公正的。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Ifgovernmentwantstocreateaparkonthatsite,itmustpurchasethelandorpublicaccessrightsfromtheowner.如果政府想要在這個位置建設一個公園，它不許從業(yè)主那兒購買土地或公眾出入的權利。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Arighttoaparticularquantityofwaterisprivatepropertybecauseitisuniquetotherightholder,butitisadifferentmodeofpropertythaninaplotoflandoranautomobile.享有一定的水量權是私人財產，因為它對于權利擁有者是唯一的，但與一塊土地或一輛汽車相比它又是另外不同形式的財產。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterinanaturalwaterbodyissoimportanttosocietythatitcannotbeprivatelyowned.Itisownedbyeachstateastrusteeforitscitizens.so…that…如此…以致于…天然水體中的水對于社會如此重要，以致于不能夠被私人占有。每個州為了它的市民作為它的監(jiān)管人而擁有它。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Inotherwords,waterinnaturalwaterbodiesis“publicproperty”;itbelongstoallcitizensofthestate.Inotherwords換句話說waterbody水體belongto屬于自然水體中的水是公共財產，它屬于這個州所有的市民。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Aprivatecitizencanonlyowntherighttousesuchwater.個人只擁有使用這類水的權利Thisiswhatlawyerscalla“usufructuaryright”.這就是律師講的所謂的“使用權”。,Professional-relatedEngineering,It（形式主語）isnotmeaninglesssemanticstosay（真正主語）thatthesubjectofaprivatepropertyrightinwaterquantityisnotthewateritselfbuttheuseofwater,eventhoughinmanyAmericanstateswaterrightscanbeboughtandsold.isnot…but…不是…而是…盡管在美國的許多州水權可以買賣，但對水量這個私有財產權不是指水本身而是水的使用權。這種說明并不是無意義的文字游戲。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Foronething,thedistinctionsupportsextraordinarystatepowerstoregulatewateruse,powerswhichastatecanassertagainstthefederalgovernmentaswellasitsowncitizens.foronething首先首先，這種差別支持有突出能力的州執(zhí)政者控制管理水的使用，并與聯邦政府和它自己的市民進行抗爭。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Afterall,astrueownerofthewaterinnaturalwaterbodieswithinitsboundaries,astateshouldpossessgreaterauthoritytoregulatewaterusethantoregulatelandorautomobileuse.afterall雖然，盡管雖然，作為境內天然水體中水的真正所有者，一個州對水的用途管理方面擁有的權利比對土地和汽車的管理要更大。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Butifgovernmentgoestoofarinprotectingpublicrightsattheexpenseofprivaterights,itsactionsmaybedeclared“takings”requiringthepaymentofcompensation.但如果政府以犧牲個人權利來過度保護公眾權利，它的行為被稱作需要支付補償費的“收入”。,