新版英語(yǔ)八年級(jí)下Unit5教案【集體備課】

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1、主備人 員秀清 輔備 八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)組 個(gè)人修 改意見 課題 Unit 5What were you doing when the rainstorm came? 學(xué)習(xí) 目標(biāo) 1語(yǔ)言目標(biāo)：能運(yùn)用過去時(shí)態(tài)描寫過去發(fā)生的事情 2技能目標(biāo)：能聽I(yíng)t有關(guān)過去發(fā)生事件，能描寫過去發(fā)后的事件 3情感目標(biāo)：讓學(xué)生知道在災(zāi)害面前要更團(tuán)結(jié)，友善，互相幫助 教學(xué) 重點(diǎn) 掌握以下單詞： alarm.storm,wind,light,area,wood,window,match, passage,pupil,silence,date,tower,truth,report,beatrise

2、,realize,strange,asl eep,fallen,icy,heavily,suddenly,completely,recently,against 掌握以 卜表達(dá)： go off, pick up,fall asleep, die down, make one 's way, insilence,take down,at first 語(yǔ)法和時(shí)念：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、 when和while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 教學(xué) 難點(diǎn) (1)能在沒有具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下， 理解和正確運(yùn)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 (2)能弄清 when和while的區(qū)別 (3)能正確運(yùn)用一般過去時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

3、在作文描述事件。 教學(xué) 用具 A tape recorder, multimedia 單兀教學(xué)目標(biāo)：1語(yǔ)言目標(biāo)：能運(yùn)用過去時(shí)態(tài)描寫過去發(fā)生的事情 2技能目標(biāo)：能聽I(yíng)t有關(guān)過去發(fā)生事件，能簡(jiǎn)單描寫過去發(fā)后的事件 3情感目標(biāo)：能過學(xué)習(xí)本課，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在困境中互幫互助的品質(zhì) 教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：?jiǎn)卧~短語(yǔ)：rainstorm, suddenly, alarm , go off , pick up , strange, report, area, wood,light, window, match, beat, heavily, against, asleep, fall asleep, d

4、ie down, rise, apart, passage, pupil, bright, play ground, bell, completely, silence, in silence, recently,date, tower, at first, realize,truth 句子：1. What were you doing at eight last night?I was taking a shower. 2. What was she doing at the time of the rainstorm?She was doing her homework. 3. Wh

5、at was he doing when the rainstorm came?He was reading in the library when the rainstorm came.4. What was Ben doing when it began to rain heavily?When it began to rain, Ben was helping his mom make dinner. 5. What was Jenny doing while Linda was sleeping?While Linda was sleeping, Jenny was helping M

6、ary with her homework 教學(xué)又t點(diǎn)：when,while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的過去時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 課時(shí)劃分：Section A1 (1a-2d) Section A2 (3a-3c)Section A3 (Grammar Focus-4c) Section B1 (1a-2e)Section B2 (3a-self check)  Section A1 (1a-2d) Step IWarmingup Yesterday, there was a rainstorm. Where were they when the rainstorm came?Here a

7、re some reports. For example:A:Where were you when the rainstorm came?B: I was in the library. A: What were you doingwhen the rainstorm came? B: I was waiting for the bus at the bus stop. 1a Where were the people at the time of the rainstorm? Match the statements. s listen.Pay was/were Step 2

8、Listening 1b : What were they doing when the rainstorm came?Let ' attention to “ was/were +dosngn to“the TV report and circle the correct response. Step 3Speaking 1c Look at the pictures and answer the questions by using +doing eg: A: What was the boy doing at the time of the rainstorm? B:He.

9、 Pair work: 1c Talk about what the people in 1a were doing at the time of the rainstorm Step 4 Listening2aListen and number the pictures 1-5. 2b Listen again. Fill in the blanks in the sentences in 2a. Step 5 Speaking 2cUse the information in 2a to retell the story in a conversation between the b

10、oyand a TV reporter. 2d Role play the conversation. Step 6 Language points 1. My alarm didn 'gb off so I woke up late. alarm n.鬧鐘 go off 發(fā)出響聲 e.g. What time shall I set the alarm for?我該把鬧鐘撥到幾點(diǎn)鐘響？ 2. I was waiting for the bus when it began to rain heavily. I. begin v. (began) 開始 e.g. I '

11、; ll begin whenever you ' re ready. 一般來說，begin to do和begin doing可以互換，但在以下三種情況下， 用to do。 I.主語(yǔ)不是指人，而是 it等。如：It began to rain. II. begin+ 心理活動(dòng)的詞。如： begin to know/believe/wonder/think/realize 等詞。 III. begin本身是ing形式，為避免重復(fù)后接 to do。即：beginning to do 2) heavily adv.在很大程度上；大量地 e.g. moving heavily 吃力

12、地移動(dòng) It was raining heavily.雨下得很大。(此時(shí) heavily 相當(dāng)于 hard) 3. So, when the rainstorm suddenly came, … suddenly adv.突然； 忽然 e.g. I suddenly remembered that I hadn ' t lockedthe ^OO沒有鎖門。 4. That ' s strangstrange adj.奇怪的；/、可思議的 stranger n.陌生人 5. I called at seven and you didn 'pi匕piup（=pi

13、ck up the phone） 接電話 pick up還用以下含義： 1）拾起；撿起 e.g. Pick them up.把它們撿起來。 The kids picked up many sea shells at the seashore.孩子們?cè)诤＿厯熘?U許多貝殼。 2）（開車）接某人 e.g. The car stopped to pick me up.汽車停卜來接我。 Step 7 Speaking Make a survey. Ask your partners in your group what they were doing at the following ti

14、me.Fill in the form then give a report. Time Names doing Yesterday 7:00 Tom reading Peter shopping Yesterday 8:00 Tom walking Yesterday 9:00 Peter … … … Report: Tom was reading. Peter was shopping … A: What were you doing yesterday at 7:00?B: I w

15、as reading. Step 8 Summary 1.在圖書館 in the library2.在的日^候 at the time of 3.去上班go to work4.等公共汽車 wait for the bus5.走路回家 walk home6.在街 上 on the street7.打籃球 play basketball 8.彈鋼琴 play the piano Step 9 Exercise根據(jù)上卜義內(nèi)容填空。 （2d Role-play鞏固） Mary: What you doing last night? I called at seven and you didn

16、 Linda: Oh, I was in the kitchen helping my mom. Mary: I see. I called at 8 and you didn ' t then either. Linda: What was I doing at 8? Oh, I know. When you called, I was a shower. Mary: But then I called again at 9. Linda: Oh, I sleeping at that time. 't p ck Mary: So early? That

17、' s strange. Linda: Yeah, I was tired. Why you call so many times? Mary: I needed help with my homework. So while you were, I called Jenny and she helped me. Section A 2 (3a-3c) Stepl Revision 1. Ask students to talk about what they were doing last night in groups of four then give a report

18、. 2.復(fù)習(xí)短語(yǔ)在 的時(shí)候at the time of走路回家 walk home Step 2 Presentation (3a) Ask the students to look at the picture and think about what has happened Step 3 Reading3a Read the passage quickly and answer the questions 1) What was the weather like before the heavy ran started? 2) What was the neighborhood

19、 like after the storm? Keys: 1. Black clouds were making the sky very dark. With no light outside, it felt like midnight. 2. The neighborhood was in a mess. 3b Read the passage again and complete the sentences. Keys: 1) were blowing 2) was putting pieces of wood over the window 3) was helping hi

20、s mom make dinner4) fell asleep: was dying down Step 4 Speaking Discuss the questionsCun Ming station events Step 5 Language points 1. With no light outside, it felt like midnight.此句中介詞 with 表示一種 伴隨狀況，同時(shí)還包含著某種因果關(guān)系，表示 因某種狀況的存在而導(dǎo) 致 ”，因此可翻譯成 由于；因?yàn)椤钡?。e.g. With my parents away, I the kingof the house

21、.我爸媽不在家，可是家中的 王”了！ I can ' t wowith all that noise going on.由于那噪音響著，我無法工作。 2. Ben 'dad…while his mom was making surethe flashlights and radio wereworking. 1）此句中的連詞while的意思是 當(dāng) 的時(shí)候；和 同時(shí)”，while 還可以表示而；然而；但”之意。 e.g. Tom is active and outgoingwhile his sister Rosa is shy and quiet. 湯姆活躍外向

22、，而他的妹妹羅莎卻害羞靦腆。 2） make sure確認(rèn)，查明，核實(shí)；確保；設(shè)法保證”，其后可接句子， 或接介詞of及賓語(yǔ)，用來引入需要確認(rèn)的內(nèi)容。 e.g. Could you make sure what time he ' s arriving? 你能確認(rèn)一下他幾點(diǎn)到達(dá)嗎？ Make sure you turn off the TV before you leave the house. 在你離開屋子前確認(rèn)關(guān)閉了電視。 3）此句中的work表示機(jī)器，器官等 運(yùn)作，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，奏效” s in e.g. My watch is waterproof— that mea

23、ns it would work fine even if it water.我的手表是防水的一這就是說即使在水里它也會(huì)正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 3） It was hard to have fun with a serious storm happening outside. It is adj. for sb. to do sth. 對(duì)某人來說做 怎么樣。 e.g. It is important for us to learn English.t 我們來說學(xué)英語(yǔ)彳艮重要。 練：1.在街上踢球很危險(xiǎn)。It is soccer on the street. 2 .早上讀書對(duì)你來說很有必要。It

24、 is for you in the morning. 3 .對(duì)他來說完成作業(yè)很容易It is for him . 4 . He finally fell asleep when the wind was dying down at around 3:00 a.m fall asleep進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)，睡著 asleepadj.睡著 區(qū)別:sleepy& asleep & sleep&sleeping sleepy是形容詞，可意為 困倦的；瞌睡的”，可作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如： I ' ll go to bed.' m sleepy要夫睡覺了。我困了。

25、 asleep是形容詞，意思是 睡著的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)，常作表語(yǔ)。 fall asleep意為 入睡；睡著如： Grandma fell asleep when watching TV 奶奶看電視時(shí)睡著了。 sleep可作動(dòng)詞，意為 睡覺”，也可作名詞，意為 睡眠；睡覺”。如： My father is sleeping. Please keep quiets父親在睡覺,請(qǐng)保持安靜。 sleeping adj睡著的；供睡覺的 ?beauty睡美人?bag睡袋 ?pills安眠藥 die down逐漸變?nèi)酰饾u平息 e.g. When you saw him, his angehad d

26、ied down a bit. 你看見他的時(shí)候，他的火氣已經(jīng)下去了。 5 . When he woke up, the sun was rising. rise是不及物動(dòng)詞，意為：（價(jià)格、水位等）上漲；（月亮、太陽(yáng)等） 上升。e.g. It is too hot. The temperature rises by 6 today. 太熱了。今天的氣溫一下子上升了 6攝氏度。 Step 6重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ) feel likeat firstfall asleepdie downmake surewake up in a messclean up<help each otherin

27、times of difficulty HomeworkRead the text and remember the language points. Preview next lesson. Section A3 （Grammar focus-4c） Step 1 RevisionLook at the pictures and make up the sentences. Step 2 Grammar Focus 讀下列句子，能否總結(jié)出句子中包含的語(yǔ)法？ 1. What were you doing at eight last nigh?I was taking a shower

28、. 2. What was she doingat the time ofthe rainstorm?She was doing her homework. 3. What was he doing when the rainstorm came? He was reading in the library when the rainstorm came. 4. What was Ben doing when it began to rain heavily? When it began to rain, Ben was helping his mom make dinner. 5.

29、 What was Jenny doing while Linda was sleeping? While Linda was sleeping, Jenny was helping Mary with her homework. Step 3語(yǔ)法：過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1 .概念：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng) 作.這一特定的過去時(shí)間除有上下文暗示以外，一般用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來表示。 2 .結(jié)構(gòu) was / were （ not ）+動(dòng)詞-ing 3 .句式 x 肯定式：I/He/She/It was working.We/You/They/ were working. 否定

30、式:I/He/She/It was not working.We/You/They/ were not working. 疑問式和簡(jiǎn)略回答：Was I working?Yes, you were.No, you were not. Were you working?Yes, I was.No, I was not. Was he/she/it working?Yes, he/she/it was.No, he/she/it was not. Were we/you/they working?Yes, you/we/they were.No, you/they werenot. 注：1

31、） was not?？s略為 wasn t; were noB縮略為 weren't 2） 一般過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法的比較：一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè) 時(shí)間發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示在過去某一時(shí) 刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 例如:David wrote a letter to his friend last night.大衛(wèi)昨晚給他的朋友寫 了封信。（信寫完了。） David was writing a letter to his friend last night.大衛(wèi)昨晚一直在給他 的朋友寫信。（信不一定寫完。昨晚那個(gè)時(shí)候正在寫） Practice: L

32、ook at the picture and make up the dialogues. Step 4過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中的 when和while when和while都可表示 當(dāng) 的時(shí)候”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。你知道 兩者在過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中的用法有什么不同嗎？ 請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀察下面的例句，然后補(bǔ)全空格中的內(nèi)容。 ① I was walking to school when I saw a cat in a tree.（劃線部分為從句） ② When Sally arrived home, her mother was cleaning the house. 主句的動(dòng)作是持續(xù)性的，而從句動(dòng)作是短暫

33、性的，此時(shí)用 少導(dǎo) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句用 時(shí)態(tài)，從句用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。 ③While I was sleeping in the bedroom, someone knocked at the door. ④ David fell while he was riding his bike. 主句的動(dòng)作是短暫性的，從句的動(dòng)作是持續(xù)性的，此時(shí)用 ^1 導(dǎo)從句，主句用 時(shí)態(tài)，從句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。 ⑤ While Andy was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. ⑥ He was cleaning his car wh

34、ile I was cooking. 主句和從句的動(dòng)作在過去的某時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間同時(shí)發(fā)生，而且 動(dòng)作都 是持續(xù)性的，此時(shí)用 少導(dǎo)從句，而且主句和從句都用 時(shí)態(tài)。 Practice:漢譯英。 Step 5 活學(xué)活用新-課-標(biāo)-第---網(wǎng) 4a. Look at the table and write sentences with both while and when. John Mary take photos buy a drink play the piano leave the house clean his room turn on the radio s

35、hop take the car to the car wash 4b. Fill in the blanks with was, were, when or while. At 7:00 a.m., I woke up I makingmy breakfast, my brother listening to the radio.I was eating, the radio news talke about a car accident near our home. My brother and I went out right away to have a look.we g

36、ot tothe place of the accidenthe car in bad shape from hitting a tre But luckily the driver fine. The roads icy because of the heavy snow from the night before. Step 6 Speaking 4c. What were you doing at these times last Sunday? Fill in the chart. The Step 7 Exercises I.根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)意思完成下列英語(yǔ)句子，每空一詞。 1

37、 .昨天下午五點(diǎn)鐘你哥哥在做什么？ What your brother at five yesterday afternoon? 2 .昨天我回到家時(shí)，我媽媽在洗衣服。 My mother clothes I home yesterday. 3 .你做作業(yè)時(shí)，你妹妹在干什么？ What your sister you your homework1. 根據(jù)各題后括號(hào)內(nèi)的要求完成下列各題， 每空一詞（含縮略形式）。1. I was running in the park at 7:00 yesterday morning.（改為一般疑問句并 作肯定回答）—in the park a

38、t 7:00 yesterday morning?一 分提問） 2. I was flying kites with my friends at this time last Sunday.(對(duì)戈1線部 at this time last Sunday 3. They were playing basketball from three to four yesterday.(改為否定 旬)They basketball from three to four yesterday. Step 8 Homework After class, please make some dialog

39、ueswith the phrases and sentences in 4c. Section B 1 (1a-2e) Step 1 Presentation 1a Think of a time when you were late for or couldn ' t go to an. event what was the event? What was the reason why you ere late or couldn ' t go? Tell your partner the story. Step 2 ListeningWhat happened

40、to the girl? Let ' s listen. Ib.Listen and write short answers to the questions. 1c Listen again. Number the events 1-6 in the order they happened. Step 3 Speakingnotem aking her way to shcool Step 4 Presentati02a. Look at the pictures and the title in the passage. What do you think the pas

41、sage is about? 閱讀指導(dǎo)： Read the title and first Sentences. Step5 Reading 2b. Read the passage and answer the questions.1. What are the two events in the passage?2. When did they happen? 2c. Read the passage again. Are the statements true (T) or false (F), or is the information not given (NG)? 2d.

42、 Underline sentences from the passage with similar meanings to the ones below. Step 6Language points 1. passage n.章節(jié)，段落 passage作 次:章的）段落”解時(shí)，不限于文 章的一個(gè)自然段，也可以由若干句話或若干個(gè) paragraphs組成。 passage也可作"段，一節(jié)”解，一般指講話、文章或樂曲的一部分。 e.g. The teacher spent an hour in explaining thipassage 老師用 了一小 時(shí)來講解這一段。

43、Choose the correct order of the following sentences to form passage 把下列句子排好順序組成一篇短文。 2. My parents were completely shockedcompletely adv.徹底地，完 全地 e.g. I understand completely.完全明白。 shocked adj.驚愕的；受震驚的 e.g. She was soshockedhat she could hardly say a word也如此震驚 以致 于幾乎一句話也說不出來。 ［即學(xué)即練］翻譯下列句子。X K b1

44、 .C om 1）看到鄰居那樣對(duì)待孩子我很驚愕。 2）他對(duì)她抽煙感到很震驚。 3. My parents did not talk after that, and we finished the rest of our dinner in silence.in silence 沉默： 無聲 without speaking or making a sounde.g. Many patients were waiting in silence許多病人在靜靜地等候著。 A hundred and fifty reporters satin silence 在場(chǎng)的 150 名記者靜靜地坐 在

45、那里o相當(dāng)于 silently類彳以于 in surprise吃，原地 4. I didn ' t believeahimst.at first 起初，“首先”，作為介詞短語(yǔ)，只 起副詞作用（在句中用作狀語(yǔ)）。at first主要用于強(qiáng)調(diào)前后對(duì)照，暗 示接下去的動(dòng)作與前面的動(dòng)作不同甚至相反， 暗指后來的情況有變化， 因此常有 but, afterwards, soon, at last等相呼應(yīng)。 e.gAtfirsi we used hand toolsW先我們使用手工工具。 At first I didn ' t want to Igot soon I changed

46、my mind.我開始不想去, 但我很快就改變了主意。 Step 7Speakin@e. How much do you remember about the events in the passage? Test your partner.A: When did Dr. Martin Luther King die? B: He died on … Step 8 Summary 1.在歷史上 in history2.默默地 in silence3.首先 at first 4.講實(shí)話 tell the truth 5.做 感到吃驚 be shocked to do sth. 6.做

47、某事有麻煩 have trouble doing sth.7.如此 以致 so ??? that Step 9 Homework]. Remember the words and phrases in this lesson. 2. Finish the exercises in the workbook. Section B 2 (3a - Self check) Step 1 Free talk Look at the picture and talk about what they were doing when the plane hit the World Trade Cen

48、ter. Step 2 Presentation 3aMake notes about an event you remember well. What was the event?When did it happen?Where did it happen?What were you doing?What were your friends doing? Why was it important?Why do you remember this event? Step 3 Writing 3b Write a short article about the important ev

49、ent in 3a. Try to write three paragraphs. First, write about the event (when and where it happened). Next, write about what you and some of your friends were doing when this event happened. Then, write about why this event was important. An important event that I remember well was. It happened i

50、n/on at /in. When I heard the news of this event/ When this event happened, I was .My friends were. This event is very important to me because. /I remember this event well because. One possible version An important event that I remember well was Wenchuan Earthquake. It happened on May 12, 2008 i

51、n Wenchuan, Sichuan. When I heard the news of this event, I was working. My friends were watching games on TV . This event is very important to me because many people died in the earthquake. They need some help. Lots of people came to help them. Step 4單元復(fù)習(xí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1 .概念：表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或過去一段時(shí)間訐在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 2 .句子

52、Z^構(gòu)：主語(yǔ) + was/were + doing sth. + 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 3 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)詞：at 5:00 yesterday afternoon, at that time, then 等連用，或者用另一 動(dòng)作來表示過去的時(shí)間。如： They were playing basketball when she arrived. While they were playing basketball, she arrived. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)著重描述當(dāng)時(shí)正在持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作， 它的特點(diǎn)是：暫時(shí)，持續(xù)和未完 成，強(qiáng)調(diào)過程；一般過去時(shí)表示發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，

53、即表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生過， 而且已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。 1） Shirley a book about China last year but I don ' t know whether she had finished it . A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing 2） Mary a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes was making表示正在做衣服的過程， 如用made則表示這一動(dòng)作已

54、結(jié)束， 做衣服 的動(dòng)作已結(jié)束與 cut her finger就沒有聯(lián)系。 3） He（write） a letter, then went to bed. wrote表示動(dòng)作已結(jié)束， 做另一件事， 如用was writing 就與 went to bed在邏輯 上相矛盾。 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)側(cè)重表示動(dòng)作延長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度；一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生過某 事，側(cè)重說明事實(shí)。 He all night last night.（昨晚他一直寫 ） He something last night .（說明他寫了 的事實(shí)） 注：下列幾類動(dòng)詞通常不用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 ① 表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 be; ② 感官動(dòng)

55、詞：feel, hear, see, smell, taste等； ③ 表示思維或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞： believe （認(rèn)為）,forget, consider, know, remember, hope, wish, want 等； ④ 表示所屬關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞： belong, have, own, hold （容納）等。 when, while 區(qū)別： 1 .由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，從句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)； 由while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句用一般過去時(shí)，從句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 When the teacher came in, we were talking.當(dāng)

56、此句改變主從句的位置時(shí)，則為： While we were talking, the teacher came in. 2 .如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生， 兩句都用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)候， 多用while引 導(dǎo)。如： They were singing while we were dancing. 【活學(xué)活用】 1. I my homework when Mike last night. 昨天晚上邁克來的時(shí)候我正在寫作業(yè)。 2. While Ann TV, her father home. 安正在看電視時(shí)，她父親回來了。 3. What were you doing when I at the door? 我敲門（knock）的時(shí)候你在干什么？ 4. She the room when I to see her. 我去看她的時(shí)候她不是在打掃房間。