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鋼筋彎曲機設(shè)計說明書
摘 要
鋼筋彎曲機是建筑業(yè)常用的工程機械之一，主要用于各種型號的鋼筋的彎曲，以用于工程施工工地上。通過強度計算分析，認為現(xiàn)有彎曲機的大部分零件有較大的設(shè)計裕量，需要改變個別零部件及電動機功率即可大幅度提高加工能力，滿足ф40鋼筋的彎曲加工。.本文所設(shè)計的半自動可調(diào)速鋼筋彎曲機適用于彎曲Φ6-Φ40毫米鋼筋之用，本機的傳動機構(gòu)采用全封閉式，變速桿換擋，可使工作盤得到兩種轉(zhuǎn)速，鋼筋的彎曲角度由工作盤側(cè)面的擋塊調(diào)節(jié)，機械部分通過電器控制實現(xiàn)半自動。鋼筋彎曲機適用于建筑行業(yè)彎曲Φ6—Φ40鋼筋之用。 本機工作程序簡單，彎曲形狀一致，調(diào)整簡單，操作方便，性能穩(wěn)定，它能將Q235Φ40圓鋼或Φ8—Φ32螺紋鋼筋彎曲成工程中所需要的各種形狀。
關(guān)鍵詞 鋼筋彎曲機 ；彎矩 ；主軸扭矩
Abstract
Steel bending machine is commonly used in the construction industry, one ofconstructionmachinery, mainly for various types of bending steel bars for construction site. Strengthcalculation through analysis, that the existing bending machine are larger parts of most of the design margin, need to change the individual parts and components and electrical power can significantly increase the processing capacity to meet the needs of the bending of reinforced ф40. Can also be upgraded to steel bending machine. This article is designed to speed steel semi-automatic bending machine for bending Φ6-Φ40 mm steel used, the machine-wide closed-end transmission, gear shift, work can be two types of disk rotational speed, angle of bending steel plate by the side of the block adjustment, the mechanical parts of electrical control through the realization of semi-automatic. -type steel bending machine bending applied to the construction industry reinforced Φ6-Φ40 purposes. Working procedures of this machine is simple, curved shape of the same adjustment is simple, easy to operate, stable performance, it will be round or Q235Φ40 thread Φ8-Φ32 bending steel into works of various forms required for.
Keywords Steel bending machine ；Moment before ；End moment ；Spindle torque
目 錄
摘 要 I
Abstract II
第1章 緒 論 2
第2章 彎矩計算與電動機選擇 3
2.1 彎矩計算與電動機選擇 3
2.2 材料達到屈服極限時的始彎矩 3
第3章 v帶傳動設(shè)計 5
3.1 V帶輪的設(shè)計計算 5
第4章 圓柱齒輪設(shè)計 8
4.1 選擇材料 8
4.2 按接觸強度進行初步設(shè)計 8
4.3 齒輪校核 9
4.4 齒輪及齒輪副精度的檢驗項目計算 12
第5章 蝸輪蝸桿設(shè)計 14
5.1 選擇蝸輪蝸桿傳動類型 14
5.2 選擇材料 14
5.4 校核計算 19
第6章 軸的設(shè)計 21
6.1 計算作用在軸上的力 21
6.2 計算支力和彎矩 21
6.3 對截面進行校核 24
第7章 主軸設(shè)計 27
7.1 計算作用在軸上的力 27
7.2 計算支力和彎矩 27
7.3 對截面進行校核 29
第8章 軸承的選擇 31
總 結(jié) 32
參考文獻 33
致 謝 34
第1章 緒 論
我國工程建筑機械行業(yè)近幾年之所以能得到快速發(fā)展，一方面通過引進國外先進技術(shù)提升自身產(chǎn)品檔次和國內(nèi)勞動力成本低廉是一個原因，另一方面國 家連續(xù)多年實施的積極的財政政策更是促使行業(yè)增長的根本動因。
本機用于彎曲各種A3鋼和II級螺紋鋼，工作程式簡單，彎曲形狀一致，調(diào)整簡單，操作方便，使用可靠，性能穩(wěn)定。它能將材料完成工作中所需要的各種形狀。?本機使用一段時間后應(yīng)將工作盤換180度方位使用，這樣內(nèi)部機件也改變了180度位置，使機械零件達到均勻磨損，延長機械使用壽命。?
受國家連續(xù)多年實施的積極財政政策的刺激，包括西部大開發(fā)、西氣東輸、西電東送、青藏鐵路、房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)以及公路（道路）、城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)等一大批依托工程項目的實施，這對于重大建設(shè)項目裝備行業(yè)的工程建筑機械行業(yè)來說可謂是難得的機遇，因此整個行業(yè)的內(nèi)需勢頭旺盛。同時受我國加入WTO和國家鼓勵出口政策的激勵，工程建筑機械產(chǎn)品的出口形勢也明顯好轉(zhuǎn)。我國建筑機械行業(yè)運行的基本環(huán)境、建筑機械行業(yè)運行的基本狀況、建筑機械行業(yè)創(chuàng)新、建筑機械行業(yè)發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境、國內(nèi)建筑機械公司與國外建筑機械公司的競爭力比較以及2004年我國建筑機械行業(yè)發(fā)展的前景趨勢進行了深入透徹的分析。
第2章 彎矩計算與電動機選擇
2.1 彎矩計算與電動機選擇
1. 鋼筋受力情況與計算有關(guān)的幾何尺寸見圖2-1。
設(shè)鋼筋所需彎矩：Mt=
式中 F為撥斜柱對鋼筋的作用力；Fr為F的徑向分力;a為F與鋼筋軸線夾角。
當Mt一定，a越大則撥斜柱及主軸徑向負荷越??；a=arcos(L1/Lo)一定，Lo越大。因此，彎曲機的工作盤應(yīng)加大直徑，增大撥斜柱中心到主軸中心距離L0
GW-50鋼筋彎曲機的工作盤設(shè)計：
直徑Ф400mm，空間距120mm，L0=169.7 mm，Ls=235，a=43.80
圖2-1 鋼筋受力情況
1-工作盤2-中心柱套3-撥斜柱 4-撥斜柱 5-鋼筋6-插入座
2.鋼筋彎曲機所需主軸扭矩及功率按照鋼筋彎曲加工規(guī)范規(guī)定的彎曲半徑彎曲鋼筋，其彎曲部分的變形量均接近或過材的額定延伸率，鋼筋應(yīng)力超過屈服極限產(chǎn)生塑性變形。
2.2 材料達到屈服極限時的始彎矩
1.按Ф40螺紋鋼筋公稱直徑計算
M0=K1Wσs式中，M0為始彎矩，W為抗彎截面模數(shù)，K 1為截面系數(shù)，對圓截面K 1=1.7；對于25MnSi螺紋鋼筋M0=373（N/mm2）,則得出始彎矩M0=3977（N·m）
2. 鋼筋變形硬化后的終彎矩
鋼筋在塑性變形階段出現(xiàn)變形硬化（強化），產(chǎn)生變形硬化后的終彎矩：M=（K 1+K0/2Rx）Wσs式中，K0為強化系數(shù)，K0=2.1/δp=2.1/0.14=15, δp為延伸率，25MnSi的 δp=14%，Rx=R/d0,R為彎心直徑，R=3 d0，則得出終彎矩 M=11850（N·m）
3. 鋼筋彎曲所需矩
Mt=[(M0+M)/2]/K=8739（N·m）式中，K為彎曲時的滾動摩擦系數(shù)，K=1.05 按上述計算方法同樣可以得出Ф50I級鋼筋（σb=450 N/mm2）彎矩所需彎矩：Mt=8739（N·m）,取較大者作為以下計算依據(jù)。
4. 電動機功率
由功率扭矩關(guān)系公式 A0=T·n/9550=4.7KW,考慮到部分機械效率η=0.75，則電動機最大負載功率
A= A0/η=4.7/0.75=6.26（KW），電動機選用Y系列三相異步電動機，額定功率為=7.5（KW）,額定轉(zhuǎn)速=1440r/min。
第3章 v帶傳動設(shè)計
3.1 V帶輪的設(shè)計計算
電動機與齒輪減速器之間用普通v帶傳動，電動機為Y132M-4，額定功率P=7.5KW，轉(zhuǎn)速=1440，減速器輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速=576，輸送裝置工作時有輕微沖擊，每天工作16個小時
1. 設(shè)計功率
根據(jù)工作情況由表8—1—22查得工況系數(shù)=1.2，=P=1.24.7=5.64KW
2. 選定帶型
根據(jù)=5.64KW和轉(zhuǎn)速=1440，有圖8—1—2選定A型
3. 計算傳動比
ì===2.5
4. 小帶輪基準直徑
由表8—1—12和表8—1—14取小帶輪基準直徑=90mm
5. 大帶輪的基準直徑
大帶輪的基準直徑=（1-）
取彈性滑動率=0.02
= （1-）=2.5=2224.8mm
實際傳動比==2.5
從動輪的實際轉(zhuǎn)速===576
轉(zhuǎn)速誤差=1.7%
對于帶式輸送裝置，轉(zhuǎn)速誤差在范圍是可以的
6. 帶速
==5.62
7. 初定軸間距
0.7（+）（+）
0.7（75+205）（75+205）
196
取=400mm
8. 所需v帶基準長度
=2+
=2
=800+439.6+10.56
=1250.16mm
查表8—1—8選取
9. 實際軸間距a
=400mm
10. 小帶輪包角
=-
=
=
11. 單根v帶的基本額定功率
根據(jù)=75mm和=1440由表8—1—27（c）用內(nèi)插法得A型v帶的=0.68KW
12. 額定功率的增量
根據(jù)和由表8—1—27（c）用內(nèi)插法得A型v帶的=0.17KW
13. V帶的根數(shù)Z
Z=
根據(jù)查表8—1—23得=0.95
根據(jù)=1250mm查表得8—1—8得=0.93
Z===6.38
取Z=7根
14. 單根V帶的預緊力
=500（ 由表8—1—24查得A型帶m=0.10
則=500（=99.53N
15. 壓軸力
==2=1372N
第4章 圓柱齒輪設(shè)計
4.1 選擇材料
確定和及精度等級
參考表8—3—24和表8—3—25選擇兩齒輪材料為：大，小齒輪均為40Cr，并經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)及表面淬火，齒面硬度為48-50HRc，精度等級為6級。按硬度下限值，由圖8—3—8（d）中的MQ級質(zhì)量指標查得==1120Mpa；由圖8—3—9（d）中的MQ級質(zhì)量指標查得σFE1=σFE2=700Mpa, σFlim1=σFlim2=350
4.2 按接觸強度進行初步設(shè)計
1. 確定中心距a(按表8—3—28公式進行設(shè)計)
a>CmAa(μ+1)
=1
K=1.7
取
2. 確定模數(shù)m(參考表8—3—4推薦表)
m=(0.007~0.02)a=2.5~4, 取m=3mm
3. 確定齒數(shù)z,z
z===22.51 取z=24
z=μz=224=48 取z=48
4. 計算主要的幾何尺寸（按表8—3—5進行計算）
分度圓的直徑 d=m z=324=72mm
d=m z=3*48=144mm
齒頂圓直徑 d= d+2h=63+23=69mm
d= d+2h=348+23=353mm
端面壓力角
基圓直徑 d= dcos=63cos20=59.15mm
d= dcos=348cos20=326.77mm
齒頂圓壓力角 =arccos=31.02
= arccos=22.63
端面重合度 =[ z（tg-tg）+ z(tg-tg)]
=1.9
齒寬系數(shù) ===1.3
縱向重合度 =0
4.3 齒輪校核
1. 校核齒面接觸強度
（按表8—3—15校核）
強度條件：=[]
計算應(yīng)力：=ZZZZZ
=
式中： 名義切向力F===2005N
使用系數(shù) K=1（由表8—3—31查?。?
動載系數(shù)Kv=（）
式中 V=
A=83.6 B=0.4 C=6.57
=1.2
齒向載荷分布系數(shù) K=1.35（由表8—3—32按硬齒面齒輪，裝配時檢修調(diào)整，6級精度K非對稱支稱公式計算）
齒間載荷分配系數(shù) （由表8—3—33查?。?
節(jié)點區(qū)域系數(shù) =1.5（由圖8—3—11查取）
重合度的系數(shù) （由圖8—3—12查?。?
螺旋角系數(shù) （由圖8—3—13查?。?
彈性系數(shù) （由表8—3—34查?。?
單對齒嚙合系數(shù) Z=1
= =143.17MPa
許用應(yīng)力：[]=
式中：極限應(yīng)力=1120MPa
最小安全系數(shù)=1.1（由表8—3—35查?。?
壽命系數(shù)=0.92（由圖8—3—17查?。?
潤滑劑系數(shù)=1.05（由圖8—3—19查取，按油粘度等于350）
速度系數(shù)=0.96（按由圖8—3—20查?。?
粗糙度系數(shù)=0.9（由圖8—3—21查?。?
齒面工作硬化系數(shù)=1.03（按齒面硬度45HRC，由圖8—3—22查?。?
尺寸系數(shù)=1（由圖8—3—23查取）
則： []==826MPa
滿足[]
2. 校核齒根的強度
（按表8—3—15校核）
強度條件：=[]
許用應(yīng)力： =；
式中：齒形系數(shù)=2.61， =2.2（由圖8—3—15（a）查?。?
應(yīng)力修正系數(shù)，（由圖8—3—16（a）查取）
重合度系數(shù) =1.9
螺旋角系數(shù)=1.0（由圖8—3—14查?。?
齒向載荷分布系數(shù)==1.3（其中N=0.94，按表8—3—30計算）
齒間載荷分配系數(shù)=1.0（由表8—3—33查?。?
則 =94.8MPa
==88.3MPa
許用應(yīng)力：[]= （按值較小齒輪校核）
式中： 極限應(yīng)力=350MPa
安全系數(shù)=1.25（按表8—3—35查?。?
應(yīng)力修正系數(shù)=2（按表8—3—30查?。?
壽命系數(shù)=0.9（按圖8—3—18查?。?
齒根圓角敏感系數(shù)=0.97（按圖8—3—25查取）
齒根表面狀況系數(shù)=1（按圖8—3—26查?。?
尺寸系數(shù)=1（按圖8—3—24查?。?
則 []=
滿足，〈〈[] 驗算結(jié)果安全
4.4 齒輪及齒輪副精度的檢驗項目計算
1. 確定齒厚偏差代號為：6KL GB10095—88（參考表8—3—54查?。?
2. 確定齒輪的三個公差組的檢驗項目及公差值（參考表8—3—58查取）第Ⅰ公差組檢驗切向綜合公差，==0.063+0.009=0.072mm,(按表8—3—69計算，由表8—3—60，表8—3—59查取)；第Ⅱ公差組檢驗齒切向綜合公差，=0.6（）=0.6（0.009+0.011）=0.012mm，（按表8—3—69計算，由表8—3—59查取）；第Ⅲ公差組檢驗齒向公差=0.012（由表8—3—61查取）。
3.確定齒輪副的檢驗項目與公差值（參考表8—3—58選擇）對齒輪，檢驗公法線長度的偏差。按齒厚偏差的代號KL，根據(jù)表8—3—53m的計算式求得齒厚的上偏差=-12=-120.009=-0.108mm，齒厚下偏差=-16=-160.009=-0.144mm；公法線的平均長度上偏差=*cos-0.72sin=-0.108cos-0.72 =-0.110mm,下偏差=cos+0.72sin=-0.144cos+0.720.036sin=-0.126mm；按表8—3—19及其表注說明求得公法線長度=87.652，跨齒數(shù)K=10，則公法線長度偏差可表示為：,對齒輪傳動，檢驗中心距極限偏差，根據(jù)中心距a=200mm，由表查得8—3—65查得=；檢驗接觸斑點，由表8—3—64查得接觸斑點沿齒高不小于40%，沿齒長不小于70%；檢驗齒輪副的切向綜合公差=0.05+0.072=0.125mm（根據(jù)表8—3—58的表注3，由表8—3—69，表8—3—59及表8—3—60計算與查?。粰z驗齒切向綜合公差=0.0228mm，（根據(jù)8—3—58的表注3，由表8—3—69，表8—3—59計算與查?。?。對箱體，檢驗軸線的平行度公差，=0.012mm，=0.006mm（由表8—3—63查?。４_定齒坯的精度要求按表8—3—66和8—3—67查取。根據(jù)大齒輪的功率，確定大輪的孔徑為50mm，其尺寸和形狀公差均為6級，即0.016mm，齒輪的徑向和端面跳動公差為0.014mm。
3. 齒輪工作圖（見圖4-1）
圖4-1 大齒輪
二 由于第一級齒輪傳動比與第二級傳動比相等，則對齒輪的選擇，計算以及校核都與第一級一樣 。第二級小齒輪齒數(shù)為25，大齒輪齒數(shù)為50，模數(shù)選取4。
第5章 蝸輪蝸桿的設(shè)計
5.1 蝸輪蝸桿設(shè)計計算
5.1.選擇蝸桿傳動類型
根據(jù)GB/T 10085——1988的推薦，采用漸開線蝸桿（ZI）。
5.2.選擇材料
根據(jù)庫存材料的情況，并考慮到蝸桿傳動傳遞的功率不大，速度是中等，故蝸桿用45鋼；因希望效率高些，耐磨性好些，故蝸桿螺旋齒面要求淬火，硬度為45——55HRC。蝸桿用鑄錫磷青銅ZCuSn10P1,金屬模鑄造。為了節(jié)約貴重的有色金屬，僅齒圈用青銅制造，而輪芯用灰鑄鐵HT100制造。
5.3.按齒面接觸疲勞強度進行設(shè)計
根據(jù)閉式蝸桿傳動的設(shè)計準則，先按齒面接觸疲勞強度進行設(shè)計，再校核齒根彎曲疲勞強度。由式（11-12），傳動中心距
1）確定作用在蝸輪上的轉(zhuǎn)矩
2）確定載荷系數(shù)K
因工作載荷較穩(wěn)定，故取載荷分布不均勻系數(shù)由表11—5選取使用系數(shù).15，由于轉(zhuǎn)速不高，沖擊不大，可取動載荷系數(shù)則：
3）確定彈影響系數(shù)，因選用的是鑄錫磷青銅蝸輪和蝸桿相配，故。
4）確定接觸系數(shù)
先假設(shè)蝸桿分度圓直徑和傳動中心距a比值從《機械設(shè)計》圖11-18中可得。
5）確定許用接觸應(yīng)力
根據(jù)蝸桿材料為鑄錫磷青銅ZCuSn10P1，金屬模鑄造，蝸桿螺旋齒面硬度>45HRC,可從表11-7中查得蝸輪的基本許用應(yīng)力=268MPa。
應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù)
壽命系數(shù)
所以，。
6）計算中心距
取中心距a=73.75mm,因i=10故從表11-2取模數(shù)m=2.5，蝸桿分度圓直徑d1=,45mmmm,這時d1/a=0.39,因為因此以上計算可用。
4.蝸桿與蝸輪的主要參數(shù)與幾何尺寸計算
1）蝸桿
軸向齒距Pa=,直徑系數(shù)?q= 17.5;
齒頂圓直徑 50mm，齒根圓直徑；分度圓導程角
蝸桿軸向齒厚。
2）蝸輪
蝸輪齒數(shù)Z2=41,變位系數(shù);
驗算傳動比,是允許的。
蝸輪的分度圓直徑：
蝸輪喉圓直徑：
蝸輪齒根圓直徑：
外圓直徑：
蝸輪寬度B:
5.校核齒根彎曲疲勞強度
當量齒數(shù) 根據(jù)x2=0,,從圖11-19中可查得齒形系數(shù)。
螺旋系數(shù)
許用彎曲應(yīng)力
從表11-8中查得由鑄錫磷青銅ZCuSn10P1制造的蝸輪的基本許用彎曲應(yīng)力
壽命系數(shù)
；所以彎曲強度是滿足的。
6.精度等級公差和表面粗糙度的確定
考慮到所設(shè)計的蝸桿傳動是動力傳動，屬于通用機械減速器，從GB/T10089-1988圓柱蝸桿、蝸桿精度等級中選7級精度、側(cè)隙種類為f,表注為8f GB/T100然后由有關(guān)手冊查得要求的公差項目及表面粗糙度，此處從略。
圖5-2 蝸輪
第6章 蝸桿軸的設(shè)計
6.1 計算作用在軸上的力
大輪的受力：
圓周力 ==
徑向力
軸向力
小輪的受力：
圓周力 =
徑向力 =
軸向力 =
6.2 計算支力和彎矩
1.垂直平面中的支反力：
2. 水平面中的支反力：
=
=2752.3N
=
=261N
3. 支點的合力 ，：
=
軸向力
應(yīng)由軸向固定的軸承來承受。
4. 垂直彎矩：
截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ
截面Ⅱ—Ⅱ
5. 水平彎矩：
截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ
截面Ⅱ—Ⅱ
=2752
=504N
5. 合成彎矩：
截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ
截面Ⅱ—Ⅱ
6. 計算軸徑
截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ
截面Ⅱ—Ⅱ
8. 軸的受力及結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸見圖6-1所示。
圖6-1 軸的受力及結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸簡圖
6.3 對截面進行校核
1. 截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ校核
（由表4—1—2得）
齒輪軸的齒
（由表4—1—17得）
（由表4—1—17得）
S>1.8
則 軸的強度滿足要求
2. 截面Ⅱ—Ⅱ校核
（由表4—1—2得）
齒輪軸的齒
（由表4—1—17得）
（由表4—1—17得）
S>1.8
則 軸的強度滿足要求
3. 軸的結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖見圖紙。
第7章 主軸設(shè)計
6.1 計算作用在軸上的力
1.齒輪的受力：
扭矩 T T=
圓周力 ==
徑向力
軸向力
2. 工作盤的合彎矩
Mt=[(M0+M)/2]/K=8739（N·m）式中，K為彎曲時的滾動摩擦系數(shù)，K=1.05 按上述計算方法同樣可以得出Ф50I級鋼筋（σb=450 N/mm2）彎矩所需彎矩：Mt=8739（N·m）
由公式Mt=式中 F為撥斜柱對鋼筋的作用力；Fr為F的徑向分力;a為F與鋼筋軸線夾角。
則
工作盤的扭矩
所以T>齒輪能夠帶動工作盤轉(zhuǎn)動
6.2 計算支力和彎矩
1.垂直平面中的支反力：
2.水平面中的支反力：
=
=11198.37N
=
=-3217.9N
3.支點的合力 ，：
=
軸向力
應(yīng)由軸向固定的軸承來承受。
4.垂直彎矩：
截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ
截面Ⅱ—Ⅱ
5.水平彎矩：
截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ
截面Ⅱ—Ⅱ
=11198.37
=-66.77N
6.合成彎矩：
截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ
截面Ⅱ—Ⅱ
7.計算軸徑
截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ
截面Ⅱ—Ⅱ
7.3 對截面進行校核
1.截面Ⅰ—Ⅰ校核
（由表4—1—2得）
齒輪軸的齒
（由表4—1—17得）
（由表4—1—17得）
S>1.8
則 軸的強度滿足要求。主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖見圖 7-1所示。
圖7-1 主軸
第8章 軸承的選擇
1. 根據(jù)撥盤的軸端直徑選取軸承，軸承承受的力主要為徑向力，因而采用深溝球軸承， 選定為型號為16008的軸承,其中16008的技術(shù)參數(shù)為
d=40mm D=68mm B=9mm
2. 16008軸承的配合的選擇：
軸承的精度等級為D級，內(nèi)圈與軸的配合采用過盈配合,軸承內(nèi)圈與軸的配合采用基孔制，由此軸的公差帶選用k6,查表得在基本尺寸為200mm時，IT6DE 公差數(shù)值為29um，此時軸得基本下偏差ei=+0.017mm，則軸得尺寸為mm。外圈與殼體孔的配合采用基軸制，過渡配合，由此選用殼體孔公差帶為M6，IT6基本尺寸為68mm時的公差數(shù)值為0.032mm，孔的基本上偏差ES=-0.020，則孔的尺寸為mm。
總 結(jié)
在最近的一段時間的畢業(yè)設(shè)計，使我們充分把握的設(shè)計方法和步驟，不僅復習所學的知識，而且還獲得新的經(jīng)驗與啟示，在各種軟件的使用找到的資料或圖紙設(shè)計，會遇到不清楚的作業(yè)，老師和學生都能給予及時的指導，確保設(shè)計進度，本文所設(shè)計的是鋼筋彎曲機的設(shè)計，通過初期的定稿，查資料和開始正式做畢設(shè)，讓我系統(tǒng)地了解到了所學知識的重要性，從而讓我更加深刻地體會到做一門學問不易，需要不斷鉆研，不斷進取才可要做的好，總之，本設(shè)計完成了老師和同學的幫助下，在大學研究的最感謝幫助過我的老師和同學，是大家的幫助才使我的論文得以通過。
參考文獻
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致 謝
至此在論文完成之際，向我的導師表示由衷的感謝！真心的感謝我的導師這幾年來對我的諄諄教導，感謝我敬愛的老師，您不僅在學習學業(yè)上給我以精心的指導，同時還在思想給我以無微不至的關(guān)懷支持和理解，給予我人生的啟迪，使我在順利地完成大學階段的學業(yè)同時，也學到了很多有用的做人的道理，明確了人生目標。知道自己想要什么了，不再是從前那個愛貪玩的我了。導師嚴謹求實的治學態(tài)度，銳意創(chuàng)新的學術(shù)作風，認真加負責，公而忘私的敬業(yè)精神，豁達開朗的寬廣胸懷，平易近人。經(jīng)過近半年努力的設(shè)計與計算，查找了各類的模具設(shè)計資料，論文終于可以完成了，我的心里無比的激動和開心。雖然它不是最完美的，也不是最好的，但是在我心里，它是我最珍惜的，因為我自己已經(jīng)盡力的做了，它是我用心、用汗水成就的，也是我在大學四年來對所學知識的應(yīng)用和體現(xiàn)。四年的學習和生活，不僅豐富了我的知識，而且鍛煉了我的個人能力，更重要的是從周圍的老師和同學們身上潛移默化的學到了許多有用的知識，在此對所有關(guān)心我?guī)椭业谋磉_我由衷敬意，謝謝各位同學老師。
Mechanical design theory and surface grinding temperature field research and discussion of the thermal model
The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.
Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project ANSYS software design and knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.
Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:
(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability
(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?
(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?
(4) product service is whether convenient?
(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?
Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal
Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.
Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.
Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.
In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.
In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Along with change with each passing day of science and technology, the high-speed tool machine of gears gets the favor of the molding tool manufactories increasingly, the high speed slice the essence for pare be the knife have of run about of length walk in the in a short time over, because of the good characteristic of its oneself, can with significantly the exaltation process the efficiency, thus can lower the production cost. he high-speed gears process the turn of center and can amount to the 40000 r/ min soon, the local usage is more currently, sex price has the German DMG production the high-speed machine more and goodly. But the usage of the high-speed machine exists a lot of problems currently, first is to weave the distance, a lot of plaits distance the personnel usually feel vacant to frighten into inaction in the high-speed machine in front, don't know how adopt to slice to pare the dosage, currently the gears plait distance of most molding tool factories the personnel are all in the factory to grow up with teacher from the apprentice of, they usually have abundant fulfillment experience, but be in need of the theories leading of the system, is experience and fillings towards slicing the understanding of pare the dosage, usually with what to borrow, but these experiences and felling are in the low speed gears tool machine backlog. So, faced the high-speed machine hour to can not find to fragment . Still need to consider the material and degree of hardness's of process the work pieces the next in order, the material is harder, slicing to pare the dosage to correspond to take the small value. Is also very important with the function that the knife have, because the knife that you choose has to decide you can use of turn soon, come to a decision it is commonness that tool machine process still process the high speed process. So, only chose to use the high-speed knife, then can give a homologous high speed, carry on high speed's process. And a parameter of knife of different company also is a vast difference between the two, so the plait distance personnel needs to process related technique data that knife have. Compared with the common low speed gears tool machine, is certain because of the power of the tool machine, the principal axis become soon and more quick, it can bear of slice and pare dint will more small, at a high speed When the machine process, eat the amount of knife and correspond and want to be small. Only have, process tool machine, knife material, process the property etc. the knot puts together and then can grope for slice to pare the dosage the best, producing the best production efficiency. Aim at this kind of circumstance, can adopt the following after weigh of process the craft
This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.
It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer auger
This paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis.
The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.
In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Because the country is in keeping with currently heavy slice to pare the tool machine a lot of, process the fee also cheap, the knife have also cheap. But the general work piece process to have great capacity, the accuracy request is not high. Owing to this kind of circumstance, can use to imitate the form Miller or numbers to control the Miller to slice the big part to pare the quantity to complete( heavy slice to pare), leave the 2-3 mms to process the amount of remaining, slice the surplus to pare the quantity on board complete quickly in the high-speed gears carvings. Turn into the high speed after slice pare because process the object to have already near to take shape, so the first knife slices to pare the quantity very even, the knife that can adopt to import have, the knife have although expensive, process time short, slice to pare the quantity not big, so the function price ratio is very good. For the small scaled molding tool, process the amount of remaining not big, then can process the mission all to all carve in the gears computer on board complete. We made use of the gears computer the carvings machine that my school by oneself design to carry on the trial well, because of carvings the principal axis of the machine turns to be up to the 40000 r/min soon, can carry on high speed's process availably. Used for a capacity inside the model or convex molds that the high speed processes the complicated molding tool, can adopt the diameter to used for a nose of a blade knife( allow the line speed 380 ms/ min) of the 8-10 mms thick process, use the 6-8 mms of a blade ball knife nicety process.
For example, the high speed processes a molding tool of small scaled cellular phone, that spare parts contain many keys and a capacity inside the model of the screen, is a typical model spare parts of much more complicated curved face, the material of the molding tool is the T10 tool steel, the knife have for German tile especially the company takes to draw the layer of R3 double blade ball head knife, the knife has the line speed 200 ms/ min, the principal axis turn soon 1.1-20,000 r/ min, the knife has to eat the knife depth 0.5