【溫馨提示】====【1】設(shè)計(jì)包含CAD圖紙 和 DOC文檔，均可以在線預(yù)覽，所見即所得，，dwg后綴的文件為CAD圖，超高清，可編輯，無任何水印，，充值下載得到【資源目錄】里展示的所有文件======【2】若題目上備注三維，則表示文件里包含三維源文件，由于三維組成零件數(shù)量較多，為保證預(yù)覽的簡潔性，店家將三維文件夾進(jìn)行了打包。三維預(yù)覽圖，均為店主電腦打開軟件進(jìn)行截圖的，保證能夠打開，下載后解壓即可。======【3】特價(jià)促銷，，拼團(tuán)購買，，均有不同程度的打折優(yōu)惠，，詳情可咨詢QQ：1304139763 或者 414951605======【4】 題目最后的備注【NJ系列】為店主整理分類的代號(hào)，與課題內(nèi)容無關(guān)，請忽視
第 8 頁 共8頁
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思，還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。
進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。
如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。
一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。
新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。
在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。
另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ，需要解決下列問題：
（1） 所設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要？
（2） 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競爭能力？
（3） 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)？
（4） 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便？
（5） 產(chǎn)品有無銷路？是否可以盈利？
只有時(shí)間能對上述問題給出正確答案。但是， 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。
通常 ，在制造過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問題。可能會(huì)要求對某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí)，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計(jì)工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。
近些年來，工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外，選擇過程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評價(jià)過程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn)，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會(huì)對材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源，可能會(huì)要求使用不同的材料。來自國內(nèi)和國際競爭、對產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力，都會(huì)促使人們對材料進(jìn)行重新評價(jià)。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外，材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識(shí)得更清楚。因此，為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果，設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。
制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通常可以分為幾個(gè)明確的階段：（a）初步設(shè)計(jì)；（b）功能設(shè)計(jì)；（c）生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個(gè)方案，然后決定這種思想是否可行；如果可行，則應(yīng)該對其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段，關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是：是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇；如果沒有的話，是否有較大的把握在成本和時(shí)間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。
在功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段，要做出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。在這個(gè)階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙，選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實(shí)物模型，并對其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，評價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會(huì)表明，在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前，應(yīng)該更換某些材料，但是，絕對不能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能，認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個(gè)很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時(shí)，所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同，并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來，或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同，則這種樣機(jī)就沒有多大的價(jià)值。設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作，而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。因?yàn)?，在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的，這些人對產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。
在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中，與材料有關(guān)的主要問題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來，使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng)，能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工，而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。
在制造過程中，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價(jià)要高。在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工作，可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然，這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是，必須對新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評價(jià)，以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前，沒有真正了解它們的長期使用性能而引起的。
產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個(gè)最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其長期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時(shí)候；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。
通過對上述五個(gè)問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。
從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。
齒輪和軸的介紹
摘 要:在傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械和現(xiàn)代機(jī)械中齒輪和軸的重要地位是不可動(dòng)搖的。齒輪和軸主要安裝在主軸箱來傳遞力的方向。通過加工制造它們可以分為許多的型號(hào)，分別用于許多的場合。所以我們對齒輪和軸的了解和認(rèn)識(shí)必須是多層次多方位的。
關(guān)鍵詞:齒輪；軸
在直齒圓柱齒輪的受力分析中，是假定各力作用在單一平面的。我們將研究作用力具有三維坐標(biāo)的齒輪。因此，在斜齒輪的情況下，其齒向是不平行于回轉(zhuǎn)軸線的。而在錐齒輪的情況中各回轉(zhuǎn)軸線互相不平行。像我們要討論的那樣，尚有其他道理需要學(xué)習(xí)，掌握。
斜齒輪用于傳遞平行軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)。傾斜角度每個(gè)齒輪都一樣，但一個(gè)必須右旋斜齒，而另一個(gè)必須是左旋斜齒。齒的形狀是一濺開線螺旋面。如果一張被剪成平行四邊形（矩形）的紙張包圍在齒輪圓柱體上，紙上印出齒的角刃邊就變成斜線。如果我展開這張紙，在血角刃邊上的每一個(gè)點(diǎn)就發(fā)生一漸開線曲線。
直齒圓柱齒輪輪齒的初始接觸處是跨過整個(gè)齒面而伸展開來的線。斜齒輪輪齒的初始接觸是一點(diǎn)，當(dāng)齒進(jìn)入更多的嚙合時(shí)，它就變成線。在直齒圓柱齒輪中，接觸是平行于回轉(zhuǎn)軸線的。在斜齒輪中，該先是跨過齒面的對角線。它是齒輪逐漸進(jìn)行嚙合并平穩(wěn)的從一個(gè)齒到另一個(gè)齒傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)，那樣就使斜齒輪具有高速重載下平穩(wěn)傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)的能力。斜齒輪使軸的軸承承受徑向和軸向力。當(dāng)軸向推力變的大了或由于別的原因而產(chǎn)生某些影響時(shí)，那就可以使用人字齒輪。雙斜齒輪（人字齒輪）是與反向的并排地裝在同一軸上的兩個(gè)斜齒輪等效。他們產(chǎn)生相反的軸向推力作用，這樣就消除了軸向推力。當(dāng)兩個(gè)或更多個(gè)單向齒斜齒輪被在同一軸上時(shí)，齒輪的齒向應(yīng)作選擇，以便產(chǎn)生最小的軸向推力。
交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪或螺旋齒輪，他們是軸中心線既不相交也不平行。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪的齒彼此之間發(fā)生點(diǎn)接觸，它隨著齒輪的磨合而變成線接觸。因此他們只能傳遞小的載荷和主要用于儀器設(shè)備中，而且肯定不能推薦在動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)中使用。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪與斜齒輪之間在被安裝后互相捏合之前是沒有任何區(qū)別的。它們是以同樣的方法進(jìn)行制造。一對相嚙合的交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪通常具有同樣的齒向，即左旋主動(dòng)齒輪跟右旋從動(dòng)齒輪相嚙合。在交錯(cuò)軸斜齒設(shè)計(jì)中，當(dāng)該齒的斜角相等時(shí)所產(chǎn)生滑移速度最小。然而當(dāng)該齒的斜角不相等時(shí)，如果兩個(gè)齒輪具有相同齒向的話，大斜角齒輪應(yīng)用作主動(dòng)齒輪。蝸輪與交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪相似。小齒輪即蝸桿具有較小的齒數(shù)，通常是一到四齒，由于它們完全纏繞在節(jié)圓柱上，因此它們被稱為螺紋齒。與其相配的齒輪叫做蝸輪，蝸輪不是真正的斜齒輪。蝸桿和蝸輪通常是用于向垂直相交軸之間的傳動(dòng)提供大的角速度減速比。蝸輪不是斜齒輪，因?yàn)槠潺X頂面做成中凹形狀以適配蝸桿曲率，目的是要形成線接觸而不是點(diǎn)接觸。然而蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)中存在齒間有較大滑移速度的缺點(diǎn)，正像交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪那樣。
蝸桿蝸輪機(jī)構(gòu)有單包圍和雙包圍機(jī)構(gòu)。單包圍機(jī)構(gòu)就是蝸輪包裹著蝸桿的一種機(jī)構(gòu)。當(dāng)然，如果每個(gè)構(gòu)件各自局部地包圍著對方的蝸輪機(jī)構(gòu)就是雙包圍蝸輪蝸桿機(jī)構(gòu)。著兩者之間的重要區(qū)別是，在雙包圍蝸輪組的輪齒間有面接觸，而在單包圍的蝸輪組的輪齒間有線接觸。一個(gè)裝置中的蝸桿和蝸輪正像交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪那樣具有相同的齒向，但是其斜齒齒角的角度是極不相同的。蝸桿上的齒斜角度通常很大，而蝸輪上的則極小，因此習(xí)慣常規(guī)定蝸桿的導(dǎo)角，那就是蝸桿齒斜角的余角；也規(guī)定了蝸輪上的齒斜角，該兩角之和就等于90度的軸線交角。
當(dāng)齒輪要用來傳遞相交軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，就需要某種形式的錐齒輪。雖然錐齒輪通常制造成能構(gòu)成90度軸交角，但它們也可產(chǎn)生任何角度的軸交角。輪齒可以鑄出，銑制或滾切加工。僅就滾齒而言就可達(dá)一級(jí)精度。在典型的錐齒輪安裝中，其中一個(gè)錐齒輪常常裝于支承的外側(cè)。這意味著軸的撓曲情況更加明顯而使在輪齒接觸上具有更大的影響。
另外一個(gè)難題，發(fā)生在難于預(yù)示錐齒輪輪齒上的應(yīng)力，實(shí)際上是由于齒輪被加工成錐狀造成的。
直齒錐齒輪易于設(shè)計(jì)且制造簡單，如果他們安裝的精密而確定，在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中會(huì)產(chǎn)生良好效果。然而在直齒圓柱齒輪情況下，在節(jié)線速度較高時(shí)，他們將發(fā)出噪音。在這些情況下，螺旋錐齒輪比直齒輪能產(chǎn)生平穩(wěn)的多的嚙合作用，因此碰到高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的場合那是很有用的。當(dāng)在汽車的各種不同用途中，有一個(gè)帶偏心軸的類似錐齒輪的機(jī)構(gòu)，那是常常所希望的。這樣的齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)叫做準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)，因?yàn)樗鼈兊墓?jié)面是雙曲回轉(zhuǎn)面。這種齒輪之間的輪齒作用是沿著一根直線上產(chǎn)生滾動(dòng)與滑動(dòng)相結(jié)合的運(yùn)動(dòng)并和蝸輪蝸桿的輪齒作用有著更多的共同之處。
軸是一種轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)或靜止的桿件。通常有圓形橫截面。在軸上安裝像齒輪，皮帶輪，飛輪，曲柄，鏈輪和其他動(dòng)力傳遞零件。軸能夠承受彎曲，拉伸，壓縮或扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷，這些力相結(jié)合時(shí)，人們期望找到靜強(qiáng)度和疲勞強(qiáng)度作為設(shè)計(jì)的重要依據(jù)。因?yàn)閱胃S可以承受靜壓力，變應(yīng)力和交變應(yīng)力，所有的應(yīng)力作用都是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。
“軸”這個(gè)詞包含著多種含義，例如心軸和主軸。心軸也是軸，既可以旋轉(zhuǎn)也可以靜止的軸，但不承受扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷。短的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸常常被稱為主軸。
當(dāng)軸的彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)變形必需被限制于很小的范圍內(nèi)時(shí)，其尺寸應(yīng)根據(jù)變形來確定，然后進(jìn)行應(yīng)力分析。因此，如若軸要做得有足夠的剛度以致?lián)锨惶螅敲春蠎?yīng)力符合安全要求那是完全可能的。但決不意味著設(shè)計(jì)者要保證；它們是安全的，軸幾乎總是要進(jìn)行計(jì)算的，知道它們是處在可以接受的允許的極限以內(nèi)。因之，設(shè)計(jì)者無論何時(shí)，動(dòng)力傳遞零件，如齒輪或皮帶輪都應(yīng)該設(shè)置在靠近支持軸承附近。這就減低了彎矩，因而減小變形和彎曲應(yīng)力。
雖然來自M.H.G方法在設(shè)計(jì)軸中難于應(yīng)用，但它可能用來準(zhǔn)確預(yù)示實(shí)際失效。這樣，它是一個(gè)檢驗(yàn)已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)好了的軸的或者發(fā)現(xiàn)具體軸在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中發(fā)生損壞原因的好方法。進(jìn)而有著大量的關(guān)于設(shè)計(jì)的問題，其中由于別的考慮例如剛度考慮，尺寸已得到較好的限制。
設(shè)計(jì)者去查找關(guān)于圓角尺寸、熱處理、表面光潔度和是否要進(jìn)行噴丸處理等資料，那真正的唯一的需要是實(shí)現(xiàn)所要求的壽命和可靠性。
由于他們的功能相似，將離合器和制動(dòng)器一起處理。簡化摩擦離合器或制動(dòng)器的動(dòng)力學(xué)表達(dá)式中，各自以角速度w1和w2運(yùn)動(dòng)的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量I1和I2，在制動(dòng)器情況下其中之一可能是零，由于接上離合器或制動(dòng)器而最終要導(dǎo)致同樣的速度。因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)構(gòu)件開始以不同速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)而使打滑發(fā)生了，并且在作用過程中能量散失，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致溫升。在分析這些裝置的性能時(shí)，我們應(yīng)注意到作用力，傳遞的扭矩，散失的能量和溫升。所傳遞的扭矩關(guān)系到作用力，摩擦系數(shù)和離合器或制動(dòng)器的幾何狀況。這是一個(gè)靜力學(xué)問題。這個(gè)問題將必須對每個(gè)幾何機(jī)構(gòu)形狀分別進(jìn)行研究。然而溫升與能量損失有關(guān)，研究溫升可能與制動(dòng)器或離合器的類型無關(guān)。因?yàn)閹缀涡螤畹闹匾允巧岜砻?。各種各樣的離合器和制動(dòng)器可作如下分類：
1．輪緣式內(nèi)膨脹制凍塊；
2．輪緣式外接觸制動(dòng)塊；
3．條帶式；
4．盤型或軸向式；
5．圓錐型；
6．混合式。
分析摩擦離合器和制動(dòng)器的各種形式都應(yīng)用一般的同樣的程序，下面的步驟是必需的：
1．假定或確定摩擦表面上壓力分布；
2．找出最大壓力和任一點(diǎn)處壓力之間的關(guān)系；
3．應(yīng)用靜平衡條件去找尋（a）作用力；（b）扭矩；(c)支反力。
混合式離合器包括幾個(gè)類型，例如強(qiáng)制接觸離合器、超載釋放保護(hù)離合器、超越離合器、磁液離合器等等。
強(qiáng)制接觸離合器由一個(gè)變位桿和兩個(gè)夾爪組成。各種強(qiáng)制接觸離合器之間最大的區(qū)別與夾爪的設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)。為了在結(jié)合過程中給變換作用予較長時(shí)間周期，夾爪可以是棘輪式的，螺旋型或齒型的。有時(shí)使用許多齒或夾爪。他們可能在圓周面上加工齒，以便他們以圓柱周向配合來結(jié)合或者在配合元件的端面上加工齒來結(jié)合。
雖然強(qiáng)制離合器不像摩擦接觸離合器用的那么廣泛，但它們確實(shí)有很重要的運(yùn)用。離合器需要同步操作。
有些裝置例如線性驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置或電機(jī)操作螺桿驅(qū)動(dòng)器必須運(yùn)行到一定的限度然后停頓下來。為著這些用途就需要超載釋放保護(hù)離合器。這些離合器通常用彈簧加載，以使得在達(dá)到預(yù)定的力矩時(shí)釋放。當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)超載點(diǎn)時(shí)聽到的“喀嚓”聲就被認(rèn)定為是所希望的信號(hào)聲。
超越離合器或連軸器允許機(jī)器的被動(dòng)構(gòu)件“空轉(zhuǎn)”或“超越”，因?yàn)橹鲃?dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)件停頓了或者因?yàn)榱硪粋€(gè)動(dòng)力源使被動(dòng)構(gòu)件增加了速度。這種離合器通常使用裝在外套筒和內(nèi)軸件之間的滾子或滾珠。該內(nèi)軸件，在它的周邊加工了數(shù)個(gè)平面。驅(qū)動(dòng)作用是靠在套筒和平面之間契入的滾子來獲得。因此該離合器與具有一定數(shù)量齒的棘輪棘爪機(jī)構(gòu)等效。
磁液離合器或制動(dòng)器相對來說是一個(gè)新的發(fā)展，它們具有兩平行的磁極板。這些磁極板之間有磁粉混合物潤滑。電磁線圈被裝入磁路中的某處。借助激勵(lì)該線圈，磁液混合物的剪切強(qiáng)度可被精確的控制。這樣從充分滑移到完全鎖住的任何狀態(tài)都可以獲得。
編號(hào)：
任務(wù)書
題 目： 水果分選機(jī)分選
部分設(shè)計(jì)
院 （系）：
專 業(yè)：
學(xué)生姓名：
學(xué) 號(hào)：
指導(dǎo)教師單位：
姓 名：
職 稱：
題目類型：¨理論研究 ¨實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 t工程設(shè)計(jì) ¨工程技術(shù)研究 ¨軟件開發(fā)
注：1、本任務(wù)書一式兩份，一份院辦留存，一份發(fā)給學(xué)生，任務(wù)完成后附在
說明書內(nèi)。
2、任務(wù)書均要求打印，打印字體和字號(hào)按照《本科生設(shè)計(jì)（設(shè)計(jì)）統(tǒng)一格式的規(guī)定》執(zhí)行。
3、以下標(biāo)題為四號(hào)仿宋體、加粗，正文中文用小四宋體，英文用小四Times New Roman，日期采用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。
4、“一、設(shè)計(jì)（設(shè)計(jì)）的內(nèi)容、要求”位于頁面最頂端，“任務(wù)下達(dá)時(shí)間”位于新頁面最頂端。
5、請不要修改最后一頁（即“任務(wù)下達(dá)時(shí)間”所在頁的內(nèi)容）
一、設(shè)計(jì)（設(shè)計(jì)）的內(nèi)容
水果分選機(jī)用于將水果按需要進(jìn)行分類的機(jī)械，是水果供應(yīng)企業(yè)進(jìn)行水果自動(dòng)化加工的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備之一。為實(shí)現(xiàn)將水果按大小（重量）進(jìn)行分類的功能，設(shè)計(jì)水果分選機(jī)分選部分。具體任務(wù)如下：
1. 分析水果分選的要求，研究系統(tǒng)的工作原理；
2. 提出水果分選機(jī)分選部分的工作原理，進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)；
3. 繪制水果分選機(jī)分選部分的裝配圖及典型零件的零件圖；
4. 對水果分選機(jī)分選部分的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算和校核。
二、設(shè)計(jì)（設(shè)計(jì)）的要求與數(shù)據(jù)
1. 所提出水果分選的工作原理應(yīng)符合按大?。ㄖ亓浚┻M(jìn)行水果分類的要求，能實(shí)現(xiàn)高效的水果分選；
2. 用Solidworks建立水果分選機(jī)分選部分的3D裝配模型；
3. 繪制水果分選機(jī)分選部分的裝配圖及典型零件的零件圖；
4．設(shè)計(jì)說明書（設(shè)計(jì)說明書）應(yīng)包含中英文摘要、設(shè)計(jì)方案比較、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)等內(nèi)容。
三、設(shè)計(jì)（設(shè)計(jì)）應(yīng)完成的工作
1、完成二萬字左右的設(shè)計(jì)說明書（設(shè)計(jì)）；在設(shè)計(jì)說明書（設(shè)計(jì)）中必須包括詳細(xì)的300-500個(gè)單詞的英文摘要；
2、獨(dú)立完成與課題相關(guān)，不少于四萬字符的指定英文資料翻譯（附英文原文）；
3、繪制水果分選機(jī)分選部分的裝配圖及典型零件的零件圖（所有圖紙均采用計(jì)算機(jī)繪制，折合A0圖紙3張以上）。
四、應(yīng)收集的資料及主要參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 孫桓, 陳作模. 機(jī)械原理[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社, 2001.
[2] 徐灝. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊. 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 1991.
[3] 濮良貴, 紀(jì)名剛. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社, 2005
[4] 楊叔子. 機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2002.
[5] 吳宗澤. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用手冊[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2002.
[6] 李光梅, 魏新華, 李陸星, 李法德. 水果分選機(jī)的研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展?fàn)顩r[J]. 農(nóng)機(jī)化研究, 2007, 9: 20-23.
[7] 江平. Pro/ENGINEER幫助水果分級(jí)卸料裝置優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J]. CAD/CAM與制造業(yè)信息化, 2009, 11: 70-71.
[8] SolidWorks公司著. SolidWorks裝配體建模[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2005.
[9] 胡仁喜等. SolidWorks 2005機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)及實(shí)例解析[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2005.
[10] Krawee Treeamnuk, Siwalak Pathaveerat, Anupun Terdwongworakul, Chanida Bupata. Design of machine to size java apple fruit with minimal damage [J]. Biosysems Engineering, 2010, 107: 140-148.
五、試驗(yàn)、測試、試制加工所需主要儀器設(shè)備及條件
計(jì)算機(jī)一臺(tái)
任務(wù)下達(dá)時(shí)間：
2012年 1 月09日
設(shè)計(jì)開始與完成時(shí)間：
2012年1月09日至 2012年 6 月 03 日
組織實(shí)施單位：
教研室主任意見：
簽字： 2011 年12月 30 日
院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組意見：
簽字： 2012 年 1 月 05 日
編號(hào)：
開題報(bào)告
題 目： 水果分選機(jī)分選
部分設(shè)計(jì)
院 （系）：
專 業(yè)：
學(xué)生姓名：
學(xué) 號(hào)：
指導(dǎo)教師單位：
姓 名：
職 稱：
題目類型：¨理論研究 ¨實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 t工程設(shè)計(jì) ¨工程技術(shù)研究 ¨軟件開發(fā)
開題報(bào)告填寫要求
?
1．開題報(bào)告作為設(shè)計(jì)（設(shè)計(jì)）答辯委員會(huì)對學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。此報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生在設(shè)計(jì)（設(shè)計(jì)）工作前期內(nèi)完成，經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見審查后生效。
?2．開題報(bào)告內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫，或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式打印，禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼，完成后應(yīng)及時(shí)交給指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見。
?3．學(xué)生查閱資料的參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在5篇及以上（不包括辭典、手冊），開題報(bào)告的字?jǐn)?shù)要在1000字以上。
?4．有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法》規(guī)定的要求，一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2004年4月26日”或“2004-04-26”。
?5．“指導(dǎo)教師（簽字）”日期填寫成在2012年2月23日~ 27日之間的某個(gè)日期；“開題小組組長（簽字）”日期填寫成在2012年2月28日~3月4日之間的某個(gè)日期。
1．設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容、重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)等
水果分選機(jī)用于將水果按需要進(jìn)行分類的機(jī)械，是水果供應(yīng)企業(yè)進(jìn)行水果自動(dòng)化加工的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備之一。為實(shí)現(xiàn)將水果按大小（重量）進(jìn)行分類的功能，設(shè)計(jì)水果分選機(jī)分選部分。具體任務(wù)如下：
1. 分析水果分選的要求，研究系統(tǒng)的工作原理；
2. 提出水果分選機(jī)分選部分的工作原理，進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)；
3. 繪制水果分選機(jī)分選部分的裝配圖及典型零件的零件圖；
4. 對水果分選機(jī)分選部分的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算和校核。
其重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)在于重量分選機(jī)的原理方案選擇、（傳動(dòng)、入料斗、導(dǎo)軌、隔板、分選、出料口等）結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、總裝圖及3D裝配模型的建立。
2．準(zhǔn)備情況（查閱過的文獻(xiàn)資料及調(diào)研情況、現(xiàn)有設(shè)備、實(shí)驗(yàn)條件等）
設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)按重量分選的水果分選機(jī)，選擇合理的工作原理才能實(shí)現(xiàn)高效的水果分選。如早前有杠桿原理分選發(fā)，目前的機(jī)械式重量分選機(jī)（包括固定衡量秤體、運(yùn)動(dòng)輸送盤和固定限位裝置、運(yùn)動(dòng)衡量秤體兩種），甚至可能可以實(shí)現(xiàn)電子稱重式分選機(jī)及傳感器的應(yīng)用等等。選擇精度高、磨損小高效的原理是關(guān)鍵。依據(jù)所提出水果分選的工作原理應(yīng)符合按大?。ㄖ亓浚┻M(jìn)行水果分類的要求，能實(shí)現(xiàn)高效的水果分選，其主要結(jié)構(gòu)有：傳動(dòng)裝置→入料斗→隔板→分級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)→出料口等。
文獻(xiàn)資料：
[1] 孫桓, 陳作模. 機(jī)械原理[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社, 2001.
[2] 徐灝. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊. 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 1991.
[3] 濮良貴, 紀(jì)名剛. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社, 2005
[4] 楊叔子. 機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2002.
[5] 吳宗澤. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用手冊[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2002.
[6] 李光梅, 魏新華, 李陸星, 李法德. 水果分選機(jī)的研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展?fàn)顩r[J]. 農(nóng)機(jī)化研究, 2007, 9: 20-23.
[7] 江平. Pro/ENGINEER幫助水果分級(jí)卸料裝置優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J]. CAD/CAM與制造業(yè)信息化, 2009, 11: 70-71.
[8] SolidWorks公司著. SolidWorks裝配體建模[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2005.
[9] 胡仁喜等. SolidWorks 2005機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)及實(shí)例解析[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2005.
[10] Krawee Treeamnuk, Siwalak Pathaveerat, Anupun Terdwongworakul, Chanida Bupata. Design of machine to size java apple fruit with minimal damage [J]. Biosysems Engineering, 2010, 107: 140-148.
試驗(yàn)、測試、試制加工所需要主要設(shè)備及條件：計(jì)算機(jī)一臺(tái)、CAD軟件、Solidworks三維繪圖軟件及Excel等軟件。
3、實(shí)施方案、進(jìn)度實(shí)施計(jì)劃及預(yù)期提交的設(shè)計(jì)資料
項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間：3月5日至6月3日。
3月5日至3月18日，查閱相關(guān)資料并完成英文翻譯；3月19日至4月1日，重量分選機(jī)的工作原理設(shè)計(jì)、提出多種方案并進(jìn)行比較分析、確定；4月2日至4月15日，總體設(shè)計(jì)、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與選擇、入料斗的選擇與設(shè)計(jì)、隔板導(dǎo)軌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)、分級(jí)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、出料口的設(shè)計(jì)、繪制總結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖；
4月16日至4月29日，機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及主要零部件設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算、繪制編制程序、繪制零件圖與裝配圖；4月30日至5月13日，進(jìn)行計(jì)算、校核、優(yōu)化、圖紙修改及設(shè)計(jì)撰寫；5月14日至5月20 日，設(shè)計(jì)撰寫檢查、修改；5月21日至5月27日，打印、畢業(yè)答辯準(zhǔn)備；5月28日至6月3日，完成設(shè)計(jì)、提交設(shè)計(jì)。
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師（簽字）：
2012年2月 日
開題小組意見
開題小組組長（簽字）：
2012年 月 日
院（系、部）意見
主管院長（系、部主任）簽字：
2012年3月 日
- 2 -
摘 要
近年來，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)科技的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，國內(nèi)外水果品種越來越多，人們對水果的品質(zhì)也有了更高的要求。為了提高水果的加工質(zhì)量和出品等級(jí)，需要對水果進(jìn)行質(zhì)量和大小分級(jí)。水果分選機(jī)用于將水果按需要進(jìn)行分類的機(jī)械，是水果供應(yīng)企業(yè)進(jìn)行水果自動(dòng)化加工的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備之一。本設(shè)計(jì)主要實(shí)現(xiàn)將水果按大?。ㄖ亓浚┻M(jìn)行分類的功能，設(shè)計(jì)水果分選機(jī)分選部分。具體任務(wù)如下：
分選機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)部分是基于三維軟件SolidWorks的設(shè)計(jì)。動(dòng)力部分由電動(dòng)機(jī)、減速器，輸入軸為主，其余部分參考外購件的參數(shù)加以整合設(shè)計(jì)。而重點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)的是分級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)。在計(jì)算過程中，軸的設(shè)計(jì)是重點(diǎn)，首先通過實(shí)際的考察，確定一些原始數(shù)據(jù)，第二計(jì)算出各個(gè)軸的轉(zhuǎn)速、功率、轉(zhuǎn)矩。第三計(jì)算出其余需要的數(shù)據(jù)，比如軸承選用依據(jù)，軸段的設(shè)計(jì)，第四對各個(gè)部件進(jìn)行力學(xué)的校核。
最后部分將介紹箱體、支架等的總體設(shè)計(jì)，包括電動(dòng)機(jī)和減速器箱體，入料斗支架，外鏈板等等。并對動(dòng)力部分箱體的螺栓組進(jìn)行校核，對外購件如傳動(dòng)軸將進(jìn)行校核。
以上各步將全部采用solidworks軟件進(jìn)行計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)過程中經(jīng)過較為精確的測量和計(jì)算后將所得的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行三維建模，利用模型進(jìn)行模擬裝配和干涉檢查。構(gòu)想通過創(chuàng)建三維模型這樣一個(gè)平臺(tái)來驗(yàn)證所做的設(shè)計(jì)，以便于對設(shè)計(jì)中的細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。
設(shè)計(jì)完成后，利用該模型的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，即較為逼真地體現(xiàn)外型設(shè)計(jì)的效果及拖拉機(jī)的主要結(jié)構(gòu)及尺寸關(guān)系，繪制二維的零件圖，裝配圖和渲染效果圖。
關(guān)鍵詞：水果；分選；3D建模；設(shè)計(jì)
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of agricultural science and technology and the improvement of living standards, more and more domestic and foreign fruit varieties, people on the quality of the fruit also had higher demand. In order to improve the processing quality and fruit product level, fruit need to classify for quality and grading size. Fruit sorting machine for the fruit as needed to the classification of the machinery, and is a fruit supply enterprise to carry on the fruit of one of the key equipment automation processing. This design is to realize the main fruit according to size (weight) of the classification function, design fruit sorting machine part sorting. The task is as follows:
The Sorting machine design is according to the design of 3D software SolidWorks.Drive part by motor, gear reducer, input shaft is given priority to, the rest of the parameters of the related reference to integrate design. And the key design is the hierarchical organization. In the process of computation is the design of shaft key, first by the actual investigation, sure some raw data, the second calculated each axis of rotation speed, power and torque. The third calculated the rest need the data, such as bearing choose the basis, shaft section of the design, the fourth of every part of checking mechanics.
The last part will introduce the body and the overall design of support, including motor and reducer box, into the hopper support, the chain plate and so on. And the power of the group of bolt, check the related to such as transmission shaft will check out.
Above each part we will all use Solidworks software to carry on a CAD design. We will use the datas that through accurate diagraph and calculation to set up a 3D mold. Make use of the model to imitate assemble and check exactly if have an interference. Hope to verify a design and modify a detail expediently by establish a model.
After designing completion, make use of the advantage of that model，that is to represent main structure and size relation of the tractor vividnessly and the features designs effect exactly。After that we will draw two-dimensional spare parts drawing paper, assemble drawing paper and exaggerate effect drawing。
Key words：Fruit；grading ；3 D modeling；design
第 11 頁 共11頁
Machine design theory
The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.
Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.
Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:
(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability
(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?
(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?
(4) product service is whether convenient?
(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?
Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.
Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently,seeks these better method.
Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.
Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.
In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I
n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.
In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.
The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.
In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.
GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTION
Abstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can''''''''''''''''t falter in traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box.The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively.So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .
Key words: Wheel gear;Shaft
In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.
Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.
The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.
Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.
Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.
Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angle.
When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.
Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.
It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.
A shaft is a rotating or stationar