附錄 A 譯文掘進(jìn)機(jī)在采礦和掘進(jìn)工業(yè)的應(yīng)用掘進(jìn)機(jī)具有獨(dú)特的性能和靈活性,能夠掘進(jìn)軟至中等強(qiáng)度的巖層,因此,被廣泛用于地下采礦和隧道的掘進(jìn)。的掘進(jìn)機(jī)的成功應(yīng)用一個(gè)關(guān)鍵性問(wèn)題是發(fā)展的能力準(zhǔn)確和可靠的估計(jì)數(shù)字,機(jī)器生產(chǎn)的能力和相關(guān)的位成本。本文介紹并討論了最近完成的工作在地球力學(xué)研究所科羅拉多礦業(yè)學(xué)院就使用的歷史數(shù)據(jù)的使用作為一個(gè)表現(xiàn)的預(yù)測(cè)模型。該模型是基于廣泛的實(shí)地收集到的數(shù)據(jù),從不同掘進(jìn)機(jī)行動(dòng),在各種各樣的地質(zhì)地層。該文件還討論了發(fā)展這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),以及由此產(chǎn)生的實(shí)證性能預(yù)測(cè)方程所得的估計(jì)掘進(jìn)機(jī)切割率和比特消費(fèi)。更廣泛地使用機(jī)械開(kāi)挖系統(tǒng)是一種趨勢(shì)所訂的越來(lái)越大的壓力,對(duì)采礦和土木建筑行業(yè)遷離傳統(tǒng)的鉆挖及爆破方法,以提高生產(chǎn)力并降低成本。額外的好處,采礦機(jī)械,包括顯著改善安全性,減少了地面保障的要求和較少的人員。這些優(yōu)勢(shì),再加上最近加強(qiáng)在機(jī)械機(jī)器的性能和可靠性,已導(dǎo)致在機(jī)械礦工采取了較大份額的巖石開(kāi)挖的市場(chǎng)。掘進(jìn)機(jī)是最廣泛使用的地下部分?jǐn)嗝骈_(kāi)挖機(jī),軟至中等強(qiáng)度的巖石,特別是沉積巖。他們是用于發(fā)展和生產(chǎn)在軟巖采礦業(yè)(即主要運(yùn)輸巷道,巷道,跨削減等) ,特別是在煤炭,工業(yè)礦物和蒸發(fā)巖。在土木建筑,他們找到的廣泛運(yùn)用,開(kāi)挖隧道(鐵路,公路,污水處理,導(dǎo)流洞等) ,在軟地面情況,以及為擴(kuò)大和康復(fù)的各種地下結(jié)構(gòu)。他們的能力,挖掘,幾乎任何個(gè)人開(kāi)放,也使他們非常有吸引力,這些采礦和土木建筑項(xiàng)目的各種開(kāi)放的大小和配置文件需要興建。 此外,其高流動(dòng)性和靈活性, 掘進(jìn)機(jī)是普遍偏低的資本成本系統(tǒng)相比,最其他機(jī)械挖土機(jī)。因?yàn)檩^高的切削功率密度,由于較小的切削鼓,他們所提供的能力,挖掘巖石更難和更磨料比他們的同行,如連續(xù)礦工和蛀蟲(chóng)。過(guò)去 50 年的掘進(jìn)機(jī):掘進(jìn)機(jī)首次研制的機(jī)械開(kāi)挖煤炭在 50 年代初。今天,其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域已擴(kuò)大,超出煤炭開(kāi)采,由于不斷增加的表現(xiàn)所帶來(lái)的新的技術(shù)發(fā)展和設(shè)計(jì)的改善。主要改善措施取得了在過(guò)去 50 年中構(gòu)成的穩(wěn)步增加,機(jī)器重量,大小和截割頭權(quán)力,改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)的熱潮,穆克拿起裝車系統(tǒng),更有效率截割頭設(shè)計(jì),冶金的發(fā)展,在切削鉆頭,進(jìn)步,液壓和電氣系統(tǒng),并更廣泛地使用自動(dòng)化和遠(yuǎn)程控制功能。所有這些,都導(dǎo)致了激烈的增強(qiáng),在切割機(jī)的能力,系統(tǒng)的可用性和服務(wù)的生活。機(jī)器的重量已高達(dá) 120 噸,提供更穩(wěn)定和更嚴(yán)厲的(少振動(dòng),少維修)平臺(tái),從更高的推力,可以產(chǎn)生攻擊更難巖層該截割頭的權(quán)力已經(jīng)有了明顯的增加,接近五百千瓦讓高轉(zhuǎn)矩的能力?,F(xiàn)代機(jī)器有能力削減斷面超過(guò)一百平方米從一個(gè)固定點(diǎn)。電腦輔助截割頭 lacing 設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了一個(gè)階段,使設(shè)計(jì)的最優(yōu)位布局,以達(dá)到最高的效率在巖石和地質(zhì)條件會(huì)遇到的。切削鉆頭已演變,從簡(jiǎn)單的鑿強(qiáng)勁的錐形位。該淤泥的收集和運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)也經(jīng)歷了重大的改進(jìn),增加能達(dá)到的生產(chǎn)率。加載停機(jī)坪,現(xiàn)在可以制造作為一個(gè)延展的一塊僅僅是提供移動(dòng)性和靈活性。機(jī)器可以配備與巖石錨桿支護(hù)和自動(dòng)抑制塵埃的設(shè)備,以提高安全工作人員的標(biāo)題。他們也可以配備激光制導(dǎo)線形控制系統(tǒng),讓營(yíng)辦商的敏感性降低,加上增加工作效率及生產(chǎn)力。流動(dòng)性,靈活性和選擇性采礦能力構(gòu)成的一些最重要的應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)掘進(jìn)機(jī)領(lǐng)導(dǎo),以成本有效的行動(dòng)。流動(dòng)性是指容易搬遷,從一張臉到另一,以應(yīng)付日常的開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)的要求,一個(gè)沒(méi)有地雷。靈活性,允許快速變化的業(yè)務(wù)條件,如不同的開(kāi)放模式(馬鞋,矩形等) ,橫截面大小,梯度(最多 20 個(gè),有時(shí) 30度) ,以及轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑(幾乎可以作出 90°轉(zhuǎn)彎) 。選擇性是指有能力挖掘的不同部分混合面對(duì)地方礦可采分開(kāi),以減少稀釋,并盡量減少?gòu)U物處理,既有助于提高生產(chǎn)力。自掘進(jìn)機(jī)是局部的-面對(duì)機(jī)器,面對(duì)的就是方便,因此,刀具,可檢查和容易改變,和屋頂?shù)闹С挚梢园惭b在非常接近面對(duì)。在除了這些,高生產(chǎn)率在有利的地面條件,改進(jìn)安全,減少地面支持和通風(fēng)的要求,所有從而減少了開(kāi)挖的成本是其他重要的優(yōu)勢(shì), 掘進(jìn)機(jī) 。 硬石切割能力掘進(jìn)機(jī)是最重要的制約因素,影響他們的申請(qǐng)。這主要是由于高磨損所經(jīng)歷的阻力位在努力,磨料巖。現(xiàn)今,重型掘進(jìn)機(jī)可以減少在經(jīng)濟(jì)上硬巖層最多 100mpa 的單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度(UCS)和巖石最多 200mpa 的 UCS 號(hào)碼。頻率增加的接頭或其他巖石的弱點(diǎn),使巖石開(kāi)挖容易,因?yàn)闄C(jī)器根本拉或rips 出塊而不是削減。如果篤是非常磨料,或回升,消費(fèi)率較 L 型復(fù)蘇/立方米,然后掘進(jìn)機(jī)開(kāi)挖,通常成為不合算由于經(jīng)常位的變化,再加上增加了機(jī)器的震動(dòng)和維修費(fèi)用。 大量的努力,已在過(guò)去幾年就增加的能力掘進(jìn)機(jī)削減堅(jiān)硬的巖石。大部分的這些努力的重點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)性的變化,機(jī)器,如增加體重,更嚴(yán)厲的框架和更截割頭權(quán)力。廣泛的田間試驗(yàn)這些機(jī)器表明,刀具仍然是最弱的一點(diǎn),在堅(jiān)硬的巖石開(kāi)挖。除非大幅改善是取得了一點(diǎn)的生活,真正的堅(jiān)硬巖石切割仍是超越的境界的可能性與掘進(jìn)機(jī) 。地球力學(xué)研究所電磁干擾( EMI)的科羅拉多礦業(yè)學(xué)院一直在開(kāi)發(fā)一種新的刀具技術(shù),迷你光碟機(jī),執(zhí)行硬巖切削能力圓盤切割器對(duì)掘進(jìn)機(jī) ,以及其他類型的機(jī)械挖掘機(jī)(Ozdemir 等人,1995 年) 。全面大規(guī)模進(jìn)行化驗(yàn),一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的橫向截割頭表明,迷你光碟刀具可提高能力的掘進(jìn)機(jī)硬巖開(kāi)挖的同時(shí),提供較小的刀具的變化和維修停工。這一新的切削加工技術(shù)的擁有大有希望的應(yīng)用掘進(jìn)機(jī) ,以延長(zhǎng)他們的能力,成為經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)挖堅(jiān)硬巖石。此外,使用小光盤刀具,鼓礦工的概念已被開(kāi)發(fā)的 EMI 適用于硬巖礦山的發(fā)展。相關(guān)領(lǐng)域性能數(shù)據(jù)性能預(yù)測(cè)是一個(gè)重要因素,成功的掘進(jìn)機(jī)的應(yīng)用。這涉及一般與機(jī)器的選擇,產(chǎn)率和比特成本估算。成功應(yīng)用掘進(jìn)機(jī)技術(shù)的任何采礦作業(yè)起見(jiàn),準(zhǔn)確和可靠的估計(jì)數(shù)是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家為達(dá)到生產(chǎn)率,并相對(duì)降低成本。此外,它是至關(guān)重要的鉆頭設(shè)計(jì)和截割頭布局優(yōu)化的巖石條件,要挖掘過(guò)程中遇到的。 性能預(yù)測(cè)涵蓋的評(píng)估瞬時(shí)降息,鉆頭的消耗率和機(jī)器利用率,為不同的地質(zhì)單位。瞬時(shí)切割速度是生產(chǎn)速度在實(shí)際切削時(shí)間, (噸或立方米/切割小時(shí)) ?;厣?,消費(fèi)率是指有多少好轉(zhuǎn)改變,每單位體積或重量的巖石開(kāi)挖, (推薦/立方米或噸) 。機(jī)器利用率的百分比所用的時(shí)間,開(kāi)挖期間,該項(xiàng)目。 地球力學(xué)研究所科羅拉多礦業(yè)學(xué)院,共同與礦業(yè)部的伊斯坦布爾技術(shù)大學(xué)已建立了廣泛的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域的表現(xiàn)掘進(jìn)機(jī)與客觀發(fā)展的實(shí)證模型,為準(zhǔn)確和性能可靠的預(yù)測(cè)。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包含野外數(shù)據(jù)的形式眾多的采礦和民間建設(shè)項(xiàng)目在世界各地包括各種掘進(jìn)機(jī)和不同的巖土工程條件。實(shí)證性能預(yù)測(cè)方法主要是根據(jù)以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的解釋,以前的記錄病歷。以獲得所需的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)在一個(gè)實(shí)用和有意義的格式,資料收集表編寫和發(fā)送給主要承包商,業(yè)主,顧問(wèn)公司,和掘進(jìn)機(jī)制造商。此外,數(shù)據(jù)收集,從現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)對(duì)掘進(jìn)機(jī)的性能,并通過(guò)實(shí)際探訪的工作場(chǎng)所。此數(shù)據(jù)收集工作正在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包括六個(gè)類別的資料,如表-1。地質(zhì)參數(shù)在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中,構(gòu)成一般巖體和完整的巖石性質(zhì)。最重要的和相關(guān)的巖體特性載于該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包括巖體質(zhì)量稱號(hào)(RPD) ,寢具厚度,罷工和傾角聯(lián)合集和水文條件。完整的巖石性質(zhì)是單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度,抗拉強(qiáng)度,石英的內(nèi)容,紋理和研磨性 。該巖層分為單獨(dú)的區(qū),以盡量減少變化,在機(jī)械性能數(shù)據(jù),以提供更準(zhǔn)確的分析。這也簡(jiǎn)化了分類屬性為每個(gè)區(qū)域和分析領(lǐng)域的性能數(shù)據(jù)。性能預(yù)測(cè)在先前的研究(喬普爾等人, 1997 年) ,有與會(huì)者建議,而不是發(fā)展中國(guó)家的一個(gè)普遍的性能預(yù)測(cè)模型,單獨(dú)的模型不同的地質(zhì)條件和機(jī)器(按分類和隨后的正?;I(lǐng)域的數(shù)據(jù))應(yīng)制定,以改善的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性表現(xiàn)的預(yù)測(cè)。這種方法是介紹并討論了在這方面的文件,為瞬時(shí)切割速度(對(duì) ICR)和位消費(fèi)率(的 BCR) 。掘進(jìn)機(jī)和截割頭類型,巖體的起源和巖石類型是用來(lái)作為分類的主要參數(shù)。該單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度(UCS) , 截割頭功率(P )的掘進(jìn)機(jī)的重量(W)和截割頭直徑(冠心?。┦怯脕?lái)作為正?;膮?shù)。變化的 ICR 與 UCS 的基礎(chǔ)上,可用的欄位的性能數(shù)據(jù),是在數(shù)字- 3 為所有的地質(zhì)條件和所遇到的所有類型的掘進(jìn)機(jī) 。一如預(yù)期,數(shù)據(jù)顯示,顯著的散射與低相關(guān)系數(shù),不容許任何趨勢(shì)推斷之間的 UCS 和 ICR 。在離職后的數(shù)據(jù)為橫向掘進(jìn)機(jī)在沉積巖,散射成為小得多,所顯示的數(shù)字- 4 。還有,相關(guān)系數(shù)低,排除了一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)任何關(guān)系這兩個(gè)變數(shù)。由于對(duì) ICR 是成正比的 P 和W 和成反比 UCS ,正?;?,由性(P / UCS) , (u /UCS)和(PXW /UCS) ,相關(guān)性是顯著改善,顯示在數(shù)字 5 ,第 6 和 7 。由于可見(jiàn),分類和隨后的正常化,產(chǎn)生了一些明確的趨勢(shì),在數(shù)據(jù)中。但關(guān)系仍然是不準(zhǔn)確的不夠的。迄今為止的結(jié)果表明,這一方法的應(yīng)用分類和正?;綌?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)一貫導(dǎo)致更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)報(bào)方程。目前,工作正在進(jìn)行中把額外的參數(shù)(即石英內(nèi)容)到發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的方程,以進(jìn)一步改善其準(zhǔn)確性和丹的適用性。切割頭的形狀對(duì)巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)穩(wěn)定性的影響在機(jī)械化的挖掘設(shè)備之中,巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)有一個(gè)特殊角色。巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)是決定挖掘效率的一個(gè)重要參量。對(duì)于具有相等的力量和重量的巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī),如果一個(gè)比另一個(gè)更穩(wěn)定,它可能會(huì)回應(yīng)出更強(qiáng)的景氣勢(shì)力。一個(gè)新的計(jì)算機(jī)程序被開(kāi)發(fā)來(lái)分析巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的穩(wěn)定(圍繞縱軸,轉(zhuǎn)向邊緣,轉(zhuǎn)向后邊然后滑動(dòng)) 使用這個(gè)程序,可以獲得。在這項(xiàng)研究中,切割頭形狀(球狀,圓錐形和組合的截割頭) 對(duì)穩(wěn)定性的影響是通過(guò)將這個(gè)方法用于一個(gè)縱軸式巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)來(lái)調(diào)查的。發(fā)現(xiàn)在機(jī)器的縱軸附近轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)是最重要的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。在不同的切割頭形狀之中,球狀頭在相似的傾斜角下有片刻最低值。以這個(gè)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)用一個(gè)時(shí)間增量來(lái)估計(jì)所有切割頭的形狀價(jià)值。然而,采擷時(shí)常采用小傾斜角,因?yàn)樗麄兙哂懈咝?。增大采擷的傾斜角對(duì)所有切割頭形狀的巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的滑動(dòng)的狀態(tài)都有消極的影響,特別是圓錐形頭。巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)在向后和向邊緣轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)對(duì)采擷的傾斜角的變動(dòng)的有一點(diǎn)影響。所有切割區(qū)得到的結(jié)果都是合理的,然而, 90°切割區(qū)要比 180°切割區(qū)更方便是由于有較低的反作用力。關(guān)鍵詞: 巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī);穩(wěn)定性; 截割頭形狀; 機(jī)械化挖掘。數(shù)百公里的隧道正在在被采掘,并成為建造項(xiàng)目及這樣的隧道需要迅速和安全地被挖掘。所以,機(jī)械挖掘系統(tǒng)近年來(lái)替換了在地下采礦和民用挖洞項(xiàng)目的常規(guī)方法。巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)在其他機(jī)械化的挖掘系統(tǒng)中有一個(gè)特殊地方。他們有一個(gè)較低的初始投資成本比全斷面掘進(jìn)機(jī),并具有足夠的靈活性以各種形狀來(lái)挖掘。除了挖掘隧道,他們?cè)谏a(chǎn)過(guò)程中也得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用,如煤炭的挖掘,開(kāi)采,工業(yè)礦物和金屬礦石。然而,他們不適用于硬巖情況,他們主要用于挖掘低到中等硬度的穩(wěn)定的巖石。巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)通常根據(jù)它們的重量分為中型、重型、超重型。隨著重量的增加,他們可以容納更高的切削情況。但是,增加的重量不但增加了機(jī)器的成本,也會(huì)在潮濕的地面出現(xiàn)下沉的問(wèn)題。相反的,在切割高強(qiáng)度的巖石時(shí),一些穩(wěn)定性的問(wèn)題可能在重量輕的機(jī)器上發(fā)生。為此,在這些機(jī)器的邊和后面安裝起重器,但是在寬和濕的隧道里可能不能解決這些問(wèn)題。有些研究員強(qiáng)調(diào)了穩(wěn)定的重要性并且比較了縱軸式和橫軸式巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)??v軸式截割頭有一個(gè)單一的頭平行中軸線固定著。然而,橫軸式截割頭在垂直中軸線的兩側(cè)對(duì)稱分布。據(jù)稱,縱軸式巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)比橫軸式更敏感在水平方向上的穩(wěn)定性,這是因?yàn)榭v軸式的水平方向截割力與可比較的機(jī)器產(chǎn)量和切截容量的橫軸式相比比較大。因此,可以證明在相同的切割條件下,縱軸式掘進(jìn)機(jī)需要比橫軸式加重 20-25%。據(jù)報(bào)道,在相同的切削功率下,橫軸式掘進(jìn)機(jī)可以切割更高強(qiáng)度的巖石,因?yàn)樗谒椒较蛏嫌休^高的穩(wěn)定性。相反的,橫軸是掘進(jìn)機(jī)截割頭在垂直方向比縱軸式更穩(wěn)定,這是因?yàn)樗休^高的垂直截割力。這些研究是基于實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)或者是掘進(jìn)機(jī)穩(wěn)定的定性策略。必須詳細(xì)學(xué)習(xí)巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),以生產(chǎn)可以切割高強(qiáng)度巖石的更加緊湊的機(jī)器。為此,一個(gè)定量分析巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)穩(wěn)定性的方法被開(kāi)發(fā),并且,把這個(gè)方法編程。在相同的切割條件和不同的工作狀態(tài)下的各種掘進(jìn)機(jī)可以用這個(gè)程序來(lái)計(jì)算價(jià)值進(jìn)行比較。機(jī)器和切割頭的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)對(duì)掘進(jìn)機(jī)穩(wěn)定性的影響也可以用這個(gè)程序來(lái)確定。截齒在截割頭上以組來(lái)排列,因此截割頭的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)影響著巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的表現(xiàn)。截齒的位置決定了截割頭的幾何(形狀) 。當(dāng)改變截割頭的幾何形狀時(shí),機(jī)器的轉(zhuǎn)矩、重力和具體能量也會(huì)改變。三個(gè)不同的切割頭形狀(球形,圓錐形,圓柱形)和組合型截割頭是常用的。重力作為截割頭幾何參數(shù)而變化,我們通過(guò)一臺(tái)縱軸式掘進(jìn)機(jī),進(jìn)行了截割頭形狀對(duì)機(jī)器穩(wěn)定性的調(diào)查。巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)穩(wěn)定性分析的開(kāi)發(fā)方法:這個(gè)新開(kāi)發(fā)的方法根據(jù)作為 x,y,z 軸的三個(gè)變量計(jì)算和巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的滑動(dòng)狀態(tài)。方法為:(1)平面上 y 軸上的 C 點(diǎn)作為重力中心點(diǎn)來(lái)估計(jì)變量如圖 1 示。這個(gè)演算示表明了變量值與掘進(jìn)機(jī)繞本身軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)。(2)估計(jì)掘進(jìn)機(jī)從平面底端沿 z 軸的滑動(dòng)狀態(tài)如圖 1 示。這個(gè)演算表明作用力與掘進(jìn)機(jī)的滑動(dòng)有關(guān)。(3)機(jī)器底面 z 軸上的 B 點(diǎn)作為變量值來(lái)進(jìn)行估計(jì)如圖 1 示。這個(gè)演算表明變量值與掘進(jìn)機(jī)的水平擺動(dòng)有關(guān)。(4)機(jī)器底面 x 軸上的 A 點(diǎn)作為變量值來(lái)進(jìn)行估計(jì)如圖 1 說(shuō)明。這個(gè)演算表明變量值與掘進(jìn)機(jī)的進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)。在切割過(guò)程中施加的力用于對(duì)巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的穩(wěn)定性分析。這些力中有一個(gè)是由機(jī)器自身重量產(chǎn)生的重力。其它的作用力是由作用在截割頭上的三個(gè)分力組成的合力如圖 1 示。這些力是通過(guò)在截割頭旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)保持平穩(wěn)的截割力在正交軸線上的投影獲得的。他們被命名軸向力(AR),徑向力(SR)和法向力(VR)。當(dāng)AR 平行與中心軸運(yùn)動(dòng), SR 沿截齒尖端并向 AR 垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)。 VR 和 SR 在一個(gè)平面內(nèi)并且向它垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)。這些力受截割頭形狀變動(dòng)的影響。使用這些機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)和被定義的力量,建立了三個(gè)時(shí)刻等式和一個(gè)滑動(dòng)狀態(tài)的等式為所有方式截割頭的橫軸式及縱軸式巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)。改變截割方式影響巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)穩(wěn)定,因?yàn)榱Φ姆较蛞彩艿接绊?。在一個(gè)縱軸式巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的切割過(guò)程中,機(jī)器首先進(jìn)入隧道面然后做水平和垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)形成弧狀。在相同表面情況下,中軸線平行隧道軸線,然后廢油坑是被安置為對(duì)面孔的外形。如果截割頭反向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),截割頭朝右切割,因?yàn)榻佚X超出截割面。如果頭在切削面下截割,這個(gè)方式被命名面下切割方式。如果頭方向向下,它稱降低截割方式,并且,如果方向是向上的則稱為舉起截割方式。這四種切割的方式見(jiàn)表 2 說(shuō)明。例如,建立了在超出截割模式下縱軸式截割頭穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的價(jià)值的等式如式(1-4);其他方式的等式在別處被提供。式(1-4)表示在最大承受力和掘進(jìn)機(jī)瞬間操作力之間的區(qū)別。如果從等式的值小于零時(shí),則機(jī)器不再將是穩(wěn)定的。 當(dāng)價(jià)值比零大時(shí),巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)將有更高的穩(wěn)定性?;谶@個(gè)方法。 使用 C++程序語(yǔ)言,計(jì)算機(jī)程序被開(kāi)發(fā)了。用這個(gè)程序,可以被確定各種各樣穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下的定值:(i)繞縱軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng); (ii)轉(zhuǎn)向邊和 向后退; 并且(iii)在所有截割方式下橫軸式和縱軸式巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)滑動(dòng)。這分析既可以用于隧道面孔的特殊點(diǎn)也可用于整體面。如在圖 3 種顯示的流程圖上,第一個(gè)巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)類型和它的截割方式被選擇。然后,選擇為分析做出在隧道.face 的特殊點(diǎn)或沿整體面孔。然后,選擇為分析做出的在隧道面孔上的特殊點(diǎn)或沿整體面孔。如果穩(wěn)定性分析將為整體隧道面孔被做,必須輸入在水平和垂直面上的截割最大位置角。程序通過(guò)選擇 5°的位置角在間隔時(shí)間內(nèi)計(jì)算整體面孔的值。如果分析為隧道面孔上的一點(diǎn)被做,必須輸入水平和垂直面的截割位置角。最終,機(jī)器和隧道參量被輸入程序。穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的結(jié)果與截割位置值由程序?qū)懙捷敵鑫募=馗铑^形狀和巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)穩(wěn)定:估計(jì)不同形狀的截割頭的軸線上的作用力。在實(shí)際中,截割頭形狀分類為球形,圓錐形,圓柱形和這些的組合。截割頭幾何形狀取決于采擷的傾斜角。傾斜角是采擷面和頭旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的垂直面之間的角度。當(dāng)改變采擷的傾斜角時(shí),截割頭形狀也改變。為了分析截割頭形狀對(duì)穩(wěn)定性的影響,頭的作用力(SR, AR, VR)必須在相似的切割情況下估計(jì)。這些是從通過(guò)作用在頭上的截割力計(jì)算的。相同的巖石,不同的截割頭形狀的截割力值從 Hekimoglu 的早先研究被采取了。這個(gè)作者首先塑造了球形頭然后獲得了圓錐形和組合的頭。所有頭的研究都符合 16形成弧的采掘。巖石切割試驗(yàn)用一套全方位切割工具,使用 43 Mpa UCS 砂巖塊的樣品。截割頭的傾斜角由采掘壁角的傾斜角來(lái)定義的。壁角采掘是第一采掘,被安置在頭前面。不同的截割頭通過(guò)改變采掘的傾斜角設(shè)計(jì)從壁角采掘開(kāi)始往頭的后面的采掘。六個(gè)不同球形頭和圓錐形頭被設(shè)計(jì)了有 64°, 69°,74°, 78°,83° 和 87°的壁角采掘的傾斜角。球形頭是通過(guò)減少隨后采掘傾斜角設(shè)計(jì)的由4°步的。在圓錐形頭,所有采掘由有安置壁角采掘的同一個(gè)傾斜角。組合的頭用球狀和圓錐形頭的特點(diǎn)的組合設(shè)計(jì)的。這些頭,壁角采掘傾斜角首先被選擇設(shè)計(jì)球狀頭和左部分為圓錐形頭。所有這些球狀,圓錐形和組合的頭都被用于分析截割頭形狀對(duì)巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)穩(wěn)定的影響。90°和 180°的切削角對(duì)巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的穩(wěn)定的影響在這項(xiàng)研究中也被調(diào)查了。像所知的,切削類型可以被分為直線碾碎和攀登碾碎。攀登碾碎在截割類型中用途更廣泛。為此,直線碾碎的截割類型也用于這項(xiàng)研究中。所以,所有截割頭形狀的截割作用力為直線碾碎的截割類型被計(jì)算了 90°和 180°截割區(qū)段。截割作用力(SR , AR, VR)的值在直線碾碎有 90°和 180°截割區(qū)段的所有截割頭通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)程序來(lái)估計(jì)軸線上的截割力。球狀,圓錐形和組合的頭的作用力在表 1 中給出。機(jī)器和隧道參量在表 2.顯示。使用實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)為一臺(tái)操作的縱軸式巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)在土耳其 Beypazari 的褐煤礦。所有截割頭類型用穩(wěn)定性程序分析,為了估計(jì)在 90°and 180°切割區(qū)段所有切割方式下,巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)截割頭繞垂直軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),轉(zhuǎn)向邊和滑動(dòng)的狀態(tài)下的不同的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的穩(wěn)定性值。當(dāng)位置角改變了 5°步,整體隧道面孔被分析。分析極小的片刻價(jià)值是通過(guò)不同的截割頭形狀的比較獲得了。結(jié)果和討論:穩(wěn)定性分析的結(jié)果指定的巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)用不同的球狀和圓錐形頭和 180°切割區(qū)段在表 4-7 顯示。如這些圖所顯示,最低值的片刻為穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)是機(jī)器在垂直的軸附近轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)得到的。換句話說(shuō),機(jī)器最脆弱的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)是在垂直的軸附近轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)。穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的最低值的片刻是機(jī)器在垂直的軸附近轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)通過(guò)面下截割和超出截割方式得到了。在所有截割方式中球狀頭比圓錐形頭有更加低值的片刻如圖 4。當(dāng)增加球狀和圓錐形頭的采掘的傾斜角時(shí),片刻值也增加,并且機(jī)器穩(wěn)定性也在增加。在組合的頭,球狀和圓錐形頭的共同的作用被觀察了。截割頭形狀對(duì)機(jī)器的滑動(dòng)的狀態(tài)的影響在表 5.顯示。在球狀頭的在所有切割方式中采掘的傾斜角的增量導(dǎo)致了在滑動(dòng)力量的小減退。在圓錐形頭,滑動(dòng)力值隨采掘傾斜角的增加而減小。在 83°和 87°采掘傾斜角時(shí)影響最大。在組合的頭,球狀和圓錐形頭的共同的作用也被觀察了。截割頭形狀對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的影響在表 6.顯示。在球狀頭采掘的傾斜角的增量導(dǎo)致片刻值輕微的增量。然而,在圓錐形頭,采掘的傾斜角的增量導(dǎo)致片刻值輕微的減退。最低值的片刻為一個(gè)圓錐形頭在所有切割方式的采掘的87°傾斜角時(shí)得到的。在組合的頭,球狀和圓錐形頭的共同的作用也被觀察了。截割頭形狀對(duì)向后轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的影響在表 7.顯示。球狀和圓錐形頭在采掘的傾斜角的增量下片刻值有一點(diǎn)被減少了,所以它消極地影響了機(jī)器的穩(wěn)定。對(duì)有圓錐形的頭的消極影響在采掘的 87°傾斜角時(shí)最高。所有結(jié)果為 180°切割區(qū)段包括這里。整體穩(wěn)定性分析為 90°切割區(qū)段在所有截割頭形狀中在別處報(bào)道了。一般來(lái)說(shuō),所有切割方式下,90°比 180°切割區(qū)段找到切割區(qū)段的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)更方便。巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)和計(jì)算機(jī)程序的一個(gè)穩(wěn)定性分析方法被開(kāi)發(fā)來(lái)估計(jì)不同的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)值。使用這個(gè)程序,球狀,圓錐形和組合的頭對(duì)一臺(tái)指定的縱軸式巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的影響是確定的。從結(jié)果看,巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)最重要的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)是在垂直的軸附近轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。任何截割頭形狀的巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的穩(wěn)定都受采掘傾斜角的增量的影響。在最重要的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)—機(jī)器在垂直的軸附近轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)的片刻值,圓錐形頭低于球狀頭。截割頭形狀也有對(duì)其他穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的影響,巷道掘進(jìn)機(jī)的滑動(dòng)狀態(tài)是受截割頭形狀的影響的。采掘傾斜角的增量消極地影響了機(jī)器的滑動(dòng)狀態(tài)在所有截割頭形狀中,特別是圓錐形截割頭的高采掘傾斜角。結(jié)論:評(píng)估和分析的數(shù)據(jù)匯編,在掘進(jìn)機(jī)領(lǐng)域的高性能的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)已成功地取得了一套方程可以用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)瞬時(shí)切割速度(對(duì) ICR)和位消費(fèi)率(的 BCR) 掘進(jìn)機(jī) 。良好的關(guān)系,被發(fā)現(xiàn)之間存在著這兩個(gè)參數(shù)和機(jī)器的權(quán)力性(P) ,體重(W)和本篤壓縮強(qiáng)度(UCS) 。方程的發(fā)展為這些參數(shù)作為一個(gè)函數(shù)的 P , W 和 UCS。這些方程被發(fā)現(xiàn),主要是適用于軟巖的 evaporatic 原產(chǎn)地。目前的分析是正擴(kuò)展到包括困難巖石或無(wú)接縫,使方程更具有普遍性。在節(jié)理巖體,RQD 的價(jià)值將被用來(lái)作為衡量巖體的特點(diǎn),從掘進(jìn)機(jī)切割能力的觀點(diǎn)。據(jù)認(rèn)為,這些努力將導(dǎo)致制定一項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)確的掘進(jìn)機(jī)的性能預(yù)測(cè)模型可以用來(lái)在不同的巖石類型的地方掘進(jìn)機(jī)經(jīng)濟(jì)適用。鳴謝:本文根據(jù) O.Acaroglu phD 論文。 伊斯坦布爾技術(shù)大學(xué) (ITU)研究基金支持研究( 項(xiàng)目 no.30176)。附錄 B 外文文獻(xiàn)The mechanical boring machine is mining and tunneling industry application the mechanical boring machine has the unique performance and the flexibility, can the tunneling softly to the medium intensity rock layer, therefore, widely uses in the underground mining and tunnel's tunneling. Mechanical boring machine's success applies a crucial question is development ability accurate and the reliable estimate digit, machine production ability and the correlation position cost. Recently this article introduced and discusses the work which completed to take the forecast model which in the geomechanics research institute Colorado Mining Academy on the use historical data use displayed. This model is based on the data which widespread collects on the spot, from different mechanical boring machine motion, in various geological stratum. This document also discussed has developed this database, as well as produced from this real diagnosis performance prediction equation obtained estimate mechanical boring machine cutting rate and bit expense. widely uses the machinery to excavate the system is more and more tremendous pressure which one tendency subscribes, leaves the tradition to mining and the civil construction profession to drill digs and demolishes the method, enhances the productive forces and reduces the cost. The extra advantage, the mining machine, including the remarkable improvement security, reduced the ground safeguard request and the few personnel. These superiority, in addition recently strengthened in the mechanical machine's performance and the reliability, has caused in the mechanical miner to adopt the big share ledge excavation market. the mechanical boring machine is the most widespread use underground portion cross section excavates machine, softly to medium intensity rock, specially sedimetary rock. They are use in expanding and the production in soft rock mining industry (i.e. main haulage drift, tunnel, cross reduces and so on), specially in coal, industry mineral and evaporite. In the civil construction, the widespread utilization which they find, excavates the tunnel (railroad, road, sewage treatment, conduction current hole and so on), in the soft ground situation, as well as to expand each kind of underground structure which and be restored to health. Their ability, excavation, nearly any individual opening, also causes them to be attractive, these mining and civil construction project's each kind of open size and the configuration files need to construct. in addition, its high fluidity and the flexibility, the mechanical boring machine is the universal somewhat low capital cost system compares, other mechanical excavators. Because of the high cutting power density, as a result of the small cutting drum, they provides ability, the excavation rock is more difficult and the grinding compound compared to theirs colleague, like continual miner and clothes eating insect.Past 50 year mechanical boring machine the mechanical boring machine developed for the first time the machinery excavated the coal in the early 50s. Today, its application domain expanded, surpasses coal mining, because increases unceasingly the performance brings new technological development and design improvement. The major betterments measure has obtained increase which with steady steps constituted in the past 50 years, the machine weight, the size and a cutting authority, the improvement design upsurge, the solemn gram took up the load system, a more effective cutting design, the metallurgy development, was cutting the drill bit, the progress, the hydraulic pressure and the electrical system, and widely used the automation and the remote control function. All these, have caused the intense enhancement, in cutter's ability, system's usability and service life. the machine's weight has reached as high as 120 tons, provides is stabler and severer (few vibrations, few services) the platform, from a higher thrust force, may produce an attack more difficult rock layer. Should cut head's authority already to have obvious increase, the close 500 kilowatts let the high torque ability. The modern machine has ability to reduce the cross section to surpass 100 square meters from a fixed point. The computer auxiliary cutting lacing design already developed a stage, causes the design the most superior position layout, will achieve the maximum efficiency will meet in the rock and the geological condition. Cuts the drill bit to evolve, from simple chisel strong cone-shape position. This silt's collection and the transportation system have also experienced the significant improvement, increases productivity which can achieve. Loads the aircraft parking area, now may make takes a delaying merely provides the mobility and the flexibility. The machine may provide with the rock anchor rod supports and protections and suppresses the dust automatically the equipment, enhances the trouble-free service personnel's title. They may also provide the laser guidance linear control system, lets the camp manage business the sensitivity to reduce, in addition increases the working efficiency and the productive forces. Chart - 1 has demonstrated one modern crosswise mechanical boring machine and the expansion arm and the anchor rod supports and protections system.Fluidity, flexible and selective mining ability constitution some most important application superiority mechanical boring machine leadership, by cost effective motion. The fluidity is refers to easily to move, from a face to another one, deals with the daily development and the production request, does not have the land mine. The flexibility, the permission fast change's service condition, like the different open pattern (horse shoes, rectangle and so on), the lateral section size, the gradient (most 20, sometimes 30 degrees), as well as the radius of turn (may make 90° curve nearly). The selectivity is refers to has the different partial mixings which ability unearths to be possible to pick facing the place ore separates, reduces dilutes, and reduces the waste treatment as far as possible, is also helpful in enhancing the productive forces. Is partial - faces the machine from the mechanical boring machine, facing is convenient, therefore, the cutting tool, may inspect and easy change, may install with the roof support in faces very close. In except these, the high productivity in the advantageous surface condition, the improvement security, reduces the ground support and the well ventilated request, all, thus reduced the cost which excavates is other important superiority, mechanical boring machine. the adamant cutting ability mechanical boring machine is the most important restriction factor, affects their application. This is mainly because wears high the resistance position which experiences in diligently, grinding compound crag. Nowadays, the heavy mechanical boring machine may reduce in the economy hard rock layer most 100mpa (14500 PSI) single axle compressive strength (UCS) and rock most 200mpa (23000 PSI) UCS number. The frequency increases the attachment or other rock's weakness, makes ledge excavation to be easy, because the machine pulls or rips radically leaves the block, but is not reduces. If sincere is the unusual grinding compound, or the rise, the consumption rate compares the L recovery/cubic meter, then the mechanical boring machine excavates, usually becomes does not reckon up as a result of frequently the position change, in addition increased machine's vibration and the maintenance cost. the substantial efforts, ability mechanical boring machine which increases in the past several years reduced the hard rock. The majority of these endeavor's key point is the constitutive change, the machine, if puts on weight, a severer frame and cuts an authority. Widespread field test these machines indicated that the cutting tool was still a weakest spot, in hard ledge excavation. Only if improved largely has obtained a point life, genuine hard rock cutting was still the surmounting boundary possibility and the mechanical boring machine. Geomechanics research institute electromagnetic interference (EMI) the Colorado Mining Academy has been developing one kind of new cutting tool technology, the miniature disc machine, carries out the hard crag cutting power disc cutter bar to the mechanical boring machine, as well as other type mechanical excavator (Ozdemir et al., in 1995). Carries on the chemical examination massively comprehensively, standard crosswise cutting indicated that the miniature disc cutting tool may enhance at the same time which ability the mechanical boring machine hard crag excavates, provides the small cutting tool's change and the service work suspension. This new machining technology has the greatly hopeful application mechanical boring machine, lengthens their ability, becomes the economy to excavate the hard rock. In addition, uses the small compact disc cutting tool, the drum miner's concept EMI which develops has been suitable for the hard crag mine development.Related domain performance data the performance prediction is an important attribute, the success mechanical boring machine's application. This involves general and machine's choice, the production rate and the bit cost estimate. The success using in order to the mechanical boring machine technology's any mining work, accurate and the reliable estimate number is the developed country to achieve the productivity, and reduces the cost relatively. In addition, it is the rock condition which the very important drill bit design and a cutting layout optimize, must unearth in the process to meet. the performance prediction covering appraisal instant reducing the interest rate, drill bit's consumption rate and the machine use factor, are the different geological units. The instantaneous cutting speed is the output velocity in the actual cut time, (ton or cubic meter/cutting hour). The rise, the consumption rate is refers to has how many change for the better change, each unit volume either weight ledge excavation, (recommendation/cubic meter or ton). The machine use factor's percentage uses the time, excavates the period, this project. the geomechanics research institute Colorado Mining Academy, has established the widespread database related domain performance mechanical boring machine and the objective development real diagnosis model together with the mining industry department Istanbul Technology University, for accurate and perform reliably forecast. the database contains the field data form numerous mining and the folk items of basic construction in the world including each kind of mechanical boring machine and the different ground project condition. The real diagnosis performance prediction method is mainly the basis former experience and the statistical data explanation, beforehand record medical record. Obtains the field data which needs in one practical and the meaningful form, the acquisition of information table compilation and the transmission for the prime contractor, the owner, the Consultant firm, with mechanical boring machine manufacturer. In addition, data collection, from existing literature to mechanical boring machine's performance, and through actual visitation operational sit