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1、R Re ea ad di in ng g & & WWr ri it ti in ng g書面表達檢測的能力書面表達檢測的能力 審題能力：審題能力：明確寫作目的、要傳遞什么信明確寫作目的、要傳遞什么信 息、要說明什么問題、思想性等；息、要說明什么問題、思想性等； 組織能力：組織能力：處理信息的能力、組織文章的邏處理信息的能力、組織文章的邏 輯性；輯性； 修改能力：修改能力：發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、糾正錯誤、提高文章發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、糾正錯誤、提高文章 檔次；檔次； 發(fā)揮能力：發(fā)揮能力：表達簡潔、地道、流暢、語言形表達簡潔、地道、流暢、語言形 式多樣、詞匯豐富、有自己的見式多樣、詞匯豐富、有自己的見 解等解等.第四
2、檔：很好地完成了試題規(guī)定地任務(wù)。能寫明全部或絕大部分內(nèi)容要點；語言基本無誤；行文連貫，表達清楚；語言結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯選用恰當、豐富；有效采用不同連接手段，層次清楚，格式和語域恰當。英語寫作要訣英語寫作要訣Theme:文章一定要切題，主題突出。 Development: 主題的發(fā)揮充分合理，詞匯、句子、段落分配使用得當。內(nèi)容要符合邏輯。 Coherence: 文理通順，前后連貫。 Key: 用適當?shù)年P(guān)鍵詞突出主題，每段都應有主題句。Brief: 文章“簡為貴”，要抓住要點，簡明扼要。合理刪除多余的不必要部分。Straight: 開門見山，直來直去。Sentence pattern: 句型要盡量多樣化。
3、Punctuation: 正確適時使用標點符號。 Style: 文體恰切，適合內(nèi)容要求。 Agreement: 主語和謂語在人稱、數(shù)上的一致，關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的一致。動詞時態(tài)要正確、一致、變化合理。 閱讀中重視英語閱讀中重視英語句子句子的表達，培養(yǎng)學生英語思維的表達，培養(yǎng)學生英語思維學生的作文主要有以下幾個方面的問題：第一、英語底子太薄。第二、詞匯量太小，且對已學詞匯記憶不清。第三、表達思想不清楚。表達思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中嚴重的中文思維和漢化的英語。此外，語言錯誤的普遍性和嚴重性十分驚人，比如，主謂不一致，名詞單復數(shù)不分，動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)濫用，常用詞拼寫錯誤比比皆是。這些嚴重地影響了思
4、想的表達。多數(shù)考生在寫作上的主要欠缺系統(tǒng)的寫作理論和方法，以及最基本的單句寫作能力。好多考生寫作成績長期得不到明顯提高的主要原因是欠缺寫好單句的能力。閱讀中注意英漢閱讀中注意英漢表達差異表達差異一、首先，英美人的思維方式是直線式，他們在遣詞造句謀篇上遵循著從一般（general）到具體（specific），從概括（summarize）到舉例（exemplify），從整體（whole）到個體（respective）的原則。先有主題句（main idea sentence），后面再用說明主題。 在單句中也是先中心，將主要思想、結(jié)果放在句首。二、英語結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，語言學家以“竹節(jié)句法”來比喻英語句子，即
5、英語句子是由斷不可缺的各種連詞銜接而成；英語重形和，句子中如果少了連接詞所要表達的意思就支離破碎了。三、就是因為英語中各種連接詞與替代詞的廣泛使用，使得英語中出現(xiàn)“多枝共干”式的長句，復合句。四、英語的另一個顯著特點是被動句多。五、時態(tài)豐富。六、詞組或短語豐富多彩，有名詞短語、動詞短語、形容詞短語、介詞短語、分詞短語、不定式短語與獨立結(jié)構(gòu)等，它們的語法功能不一而足，可做主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語與表語等。寫作的初步訓練分為以下三個步驟： 1.仿寫，仿寫即仿照有關(guān)內(nèi)容寫一篇類似的短文，內(nèi)容與課本一致。在熟練背記句型和段落的基礎(chǔ)上能舉一反三。2、改寫，改寫的方法很多，可以是將對話改寫成短文，也可
6、以是縮寫課文等。3、擴寫，擴寫即用同一題材通過數(shù)次擴展、補充從而完成短文的寫作練習。一篇短文分次擴寫，每次的寫作量不大，讓學生將課文中的詞語和句型變成英語技能并保證較高的正確率，一周練習擴寫兩次完成一篇短文。1、控制性寫作、控制性寫作。為學生寫作提供較詳細的內(nèi)容，要求學生將它們包含在寫作中。從文章結(jié)構(gòu)（分幾個段落、每段的要點）到動詞的時態(tài)，必須包括的單詞、短句和句型。引導和幫助他們學會基本的寫作方法。 2、引導性寫作、引導性寫作。允許學生在內(nèi)容與語言形式上作必要發(fā)揮。如給出第一段，繼寫；或給出第一段與最后一段，要學生寫中間幾段。給出的段落內(nèi)容可以靈活多樣，學生的寫作方法和觀點可完全不同。有時可
7、以通過提供圖片，給出提綱或以提問的形式，要求學生按圖、提綱或回答問題的順序進行寫作。3、自由寫作、自由寫作。放手讓學生表達自己的思想。要求學生掌握根據(jù)不同的寫作目的，閱讀作文的對象，選擇確切的表達方式等語用規(guī)則。互動讀寫互動讀寫1、擴展句子、擴展句子。2、分頭閱讀，合作完稿、分頭閱讀，合作完稿。讓學生在閱讀過程收集材料，是解決學生無話可說的一條有效途徑。老師先給學生出一題目，讓學生分頭查閱資料，然后在寫作課上進行小組討論，整理材料，最后合作完成文章。老師可摘錄學生習作中的精彩部分讓學生傳閱。在此基礎(chǔ)上，可要求學生閱讀一篇短文后，以小組為單位，合作寫出一篇一百多字的摘要，以鍛煉學生的閱讀、概括和
8、表達能力。 3話題寫作。話題寫作。以教材為中心，圍繞所學的課文進行練習，就課文內(nèi)容寫出一連串的問題，再進行筆頭回答，或?qū)懗稣n文的中心句，從不同角度、用不同的人稱轉(zhuǎn)述課文大意，或概括出課文的主要故事情節(jié)。另外結(jié)合此單元的內(nèi)容，寫出相應的符合實際的小短文。怎樣才能寫好作文呢？閱讀閱讀優(yōu)秀范文優(yōu)秀范文首先要搞好閱讀。閱讀是寫作的基礎(chǔ)，首先要搞好閱讀。閱讀是寫作的基礎(chǔ)，教科書要讀透教科書要讀透，因為教，因為教科書中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文筆流暢，語言規(guī)范，精科書中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文筆流暢，語言規(guī)范，精彩的一些課文段落要背誦。再就是要進行大量課外閱讀，并記彩的一些課文段落要背誦。再就是要進
9、行大量課外閱讀，并記住一些好文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。住一些好文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。寫寫閱讀閱讀筆記筆記其次，在其次，在大量閱讀大量閱讀的基礎(chǔ)上要加強的基礎(chǔ)上要加強練詞造句練詞造句的訓練。詞句對作的訓練。詞句對作文相當于造房的材料，無好材料就造不出好房子。平時在學習文相當于造房的材料，無好材料就造不出好房子。平時在學習閱讀時要注意收集積累，把好的詞語、短語、句型做好筆記。閱讀時要注意收集積累，把好的詞語、短語、句型做好筆記。平時在練習中的錯誤也要做好記錄，再對照正確句子，使地道平時在練習中的錯誤也要做好記錄，再對照正確句子，使地道的英語句子如同條件反射，落筆就對。的英語句子如同條件反射，落筆就對。用英語用英語
10、寫寫日記日記經(jīng)常用英語記日記，等于天天在經(jīng)常用英語記日記，等于天天在練筆練筆，在記日記時，要有意識，在記日記時，要有意識地用一些好的詞組、句型、關(guān)聯(lián)詞和復合句等?？砂磿项}目地用一些好的詞組、句型、關(guān)聯(lián)詞和復合句等。可按書上題目或所給情景練筆，寫好后或所給情景練筆，寫好后對照對照書上書上范文范文，找出差距，然后再練，找出差距，然后再練習，這對提高英語作文也很有幫助，在游泳中學會游泳，只有習，這對提高英語作文也很有幫助，在游泳中學會游泳，只有多練習才能練好。多練習才能練好。 任務(wù)型閱讀任務(wù)型閱讀 填表格，提問填表格，提問 任務(wù)型寫作任務(wù)型寫作 閱讀閱讀 提綱，重點詞提綱，重點詞 寫作寫作寫作任務(wù)
11、寫作任務(wù) 閱讀，找材料閱讀，找材料 寫作寫作頭腦風暴頭腦風暴 閱讀體驗閱讀體驗 學習寫作學習寫作閱讀閱讀 頭腦風暴頭腦風暴 開放寫作開放寫作讀寫結(jié)合的五種嘗試教學模式 任務(wù)型任務(wù)型閱讀閱讀 填表格，答問填表格，答問 任務(wù)型任務(wù)型寫作寫作Dave is a student. He likes clothes that are cool. He likes to listen to the music. His favorite band is Guns and Roses because he likes music that is loud and energetic. He cant sta
12、nd the music that makes him want to sleep. He likes reading books and watching movies. Titanic is his favorite movie. He thinks it is very romantic. He likes books that are interesting and exciting, so he likes reading Harry Potter. Daves favorite Name ReasonBandBooksMoviesDaves favorite Name Reason
13、Band Guns and Roses loud, energeticBooks Harry Potter interesting, excitingMovies Titanic romanticDave is a student. He has many interests. He likes to listen to the music. His favorite band is Guns and Roses because he likes music that is loud and energetic. He cant stand the music that makes him w
14、ant to sleep. He likes reading books and watching movies. Titanic is his favorite movie. He thinks it is very romantic. He likes books that are interesting and exciting, so he likes reading Harry Potter. 閱讀閱讀提綱，重點詞提綱，重點詞 寫作寫作HOW I LEARNED TO LEARN ENGLISH Last year my English class was difficult for
15、 me . First of all , it wasnt easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to the class . To begin with , she spoke too quickly , and I couldnt understand every word . Later on , I realized that it doesnt matter if you dont understand every word . Also I was afraid to speak in class , becau
16、se I thought my classmate might laugh at me . I couldnt always make complete sentences , either . Then I started to English language TV. It helped me a lot. I think doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of becoming a good language learner . Another thing that I found very difficult
17、was English grammar . So I decided to take lots of grammar notes in every class. Then I started to write my own original sentences using the grammar I was learning. Its amazing how much this helped . Now I am enjoying learning English and I got an A this term. My teacher is very impressed . How I le
18、arned to learn English Beginning (1) Last year (tense) Body (12) Problems Solutions Listening (3) First of all Later on To begin with Speaking (5) Also Then (supporting) either I think (gains) Grammar (4) Another thing So Then (supporting)3. Ending (2) Now (supporting)168OutlineSequencing: first of
19、all, to begin with, first, second, third ,next, then, later on, at last, the following day, Exemplifying: thus, for example, such as,Focusing: generally speaking, in my opinion, as for me, I think, I agreeSummarizing: to sum up, in short, in a word, in briefAdditive: besides, also, whats more, moreo
20、ver, furthermore, on the other hand, Adversative: but, yet, though, however, on the contrary, Causal: so, therefore, because, for this reason, in that case, Key words It wasnt easy for me to understand The writer found learning English difficult because I think doing lots of listening practice is on
21、e of the secrets of becoming a good language learner.Key words and sentence structures Today Im so happy to stand here to introduce my ways of learning English. Maybe you cant believe that I got 70 points in an English test last year. So I was very worried about my English. To begin with, I couldnt
22、understand people when they talked to me in English, because they always spoke very fast. Later on I began to talk to my oral English teacher. She was very happy when I talked to her. Its a good way to improve my speaking skill. I also found my vocabulary very poor, so I decided to memorize the Engl
23、ish words every day to expand my vocabulary. Its amazing hour much this helped! I could always come up with good sentences when I did writing exercises. But another thing I found very difficult was the English grammar, because Ive made a lot mistakes in grammar. Then I began to read grammar books an
24、d wrote my own original sentence using the grammar I was learning. I also summarized the sentence structures after leaning a unit. I felt I improved a lot! I got 90 in the recent test. Ill keep trying to come top in English. Thank you. English is so important and useful that most people speak Englis
25、h as a second language nowadays. Its especially popular around the world for computer and science . If you are good at English, you can understand many new books and movies . So, we should study English hard. However, some students dont like English, because they have some problems learning English.
26、 Here are some suggestions for you. First, if you cant get the pronunciation right, you should listen to the cassettes. Second, if you always forget new words, you can memorize them by making a vocabulary list. Third, if you have some difficulties in learning grammar, you can take grammar notes in e
27、very class and try to make sentences by using the grammar you have learned. Also you can write to your pen pal to practice writing. What s more , why dont you join an English club to study English? In short, where there is a will , there is a way .Im sure that you will get an A this term if you stud
28、y English that way .Lets enjoy learning English理由型議論文理由型議論文1. Topic Thesis: My attitude2. Thesis (more specific) Reason 1 Supporting detail Reason 2 Supporting detail Reason 3 Supporting detail3. Conclusion Outline隨著人們的生活水平的提高，越來越多的人擁有私家汽車。請從下面表格中所給兩個題目中選擇其中一個題目，寫一篇議論文，簡述你的觀點。字數(shù)100字左右。The car-a usef
29、ul toolConvenient, comfortable, quick, get around freely, save timeStop using cars!Expensive, hard to find a parking place, need repairing, slow in rush hour, cause pollution and accidentsAs the standard of living is getting higher, more and more people are buying cars. _比較型議論文比較型議論文1. The subjects
30、to be compared Thesis: your preference for B over A2. Concede As advantages But As disadvantage 1 2 3 Illustrate Bs advantage 1 2 33. Conclusion Outline As the standard of living is getting higher, more and more people are buying cars. Cars are becoming part of our life. First, its very convenient.
31、You dont have to wait a long time for buses and you neednt suffer from standing on a crowded bus. Second, we can get around freely by car. Third, its very comfortable. You can get the air condition turned on in summer and you can protect yourself from rain and wind. However, some people think cars c
32、ause pollution or accidents. But do you believe there would be no pollution or accidents without cars? In my opinion, cars have brought us more advantages than disadvantages. I like cars. As the standard of living is getting higher, more and more people are buying cars. It seems that the car has bec
33、ome an important part of our life. Some people even think that they cant live without it. But I think the car is a great burden rather than a tool for us. Its very expensive to buy a car. Besides, youll spend lots of money repairing the cars. And youll find it hard to find a parking place because mo
34、re and more people buy cars. Whats more, cares can cause air pollution and accidents. Indeed it is quick. But do you think it can save your time in rush hour? In my opinion, cars bring us more trouble than convenience. Stop using cars, and well have a better life.記敘文記敘文說明文說明文議論文議論文書信，演講，發(fā)言，留言，招書信，演講
35、，發(fā)言，留言，招聘聘Outline 寫作任務(wù)寫作任務(wù) 閱讀，找材料閱讀，找材料 寫作寫作請?zhí)顚懴铝斜砀瘢瑢懸黄P(guān)于穿校服的文章，并簡述你的觀請?zhí)顚懴铝斜砀?，寫一篇關(guān)于穿校服的文章，并簡述你的觀點。點。Reasons for wearing school uniforms Reasons for most students dislike wearing them What should be done Although in many countries school uniforms have been abolished , school children in Britain and o
36、ther countries still have to wear them. This shows that on one can agree on wearing school uniform . It is clear then, that there are both advantages and disadvantages to wearing one . There are many good reasons for wearing a school uniform. Firstly , students do not need to concern themselves with
37、 what they are going to wear to school every day . Secondly , uniforms cost less than if students had to buy a variety of clothes . In addition , when students wear a uniform, they feel that they belong to a group and are proud to present their school . However , not everyone likes the idea of weari
38、ng a school uniform. One reason why students dislike uniforms is that they are not considered fashionable . What is more, sometimes uniforms may not be comfortable or even appropriate in extreme weather conditions . They may be too hot to wear in summer or not warm enough in winter . On the whole ,
39、there are advantages and disadvantages to wearing a School uniform. In my opinion ,each school should have the right to choose whether its students should have to wear a uniform or not . Believe or not , there are good reasons for wearing a school uniform. It makes students feel proud of their schoo
40、l . It builds a common spirit of unity among students and reminds them of the value and history of their school. But for most of the students , school uniforms are not something to be proud at all . They dont like school uniforms because of their simple colors , boring designs and bad quality . I th
41、ink the quality of school uniforms should be improved . I wish to wear colorful and good looking uniforms. 作文提綱和所需詞組 Although . This shows , it is clear then , there are both advantages and disadvantages to doing sth; There are many good reasons for wearing a school uniform Firstly , Secondly , In a
42、ddition , . However , like the idea of doing sth., One reason why . Whats more , tooto . Warm enough On the whole , there are advantages and disadvantages to doing sth. In my opinion,. The mobile phone is more and more popular, many teenagers have their own phones. Now my mobile phone is Philips 535
43、. I think having a mobile phone is very fashionable. And since mobile phones are getting cheaper, most people can buy one. Your mobile phone is like a status symbol-it says if you are cool or not. What phone you have says a lot about you to some people these days. If your mobile phone is old-fashion
44、ed, behind the times, and outdated, you will be ashamed for your old phone. But mobile phones will harm peoples physical health. In a word, I am glad to be like my friends who all have mobile phone. My mobile phone helps me a lot.Dear Helen, (優(yōu)） I am writing this letter in response to your advertise
45、ment. I am a girl of the same age with you. And I come from a happy and warm family, which includes my father, my mother, my sister and I. I am studying in a key school far from my hometown, but I never regretted for my own choice, for the life here is very colorful and challenging. I am interested
46、in stamp collection and I have colleted more than three thousand stamps. I also like swimming, playing tennis and some other sports. I wish that one day we could be good friends. Yours Truly, Wang Lin 頭腦風暴頭腦風暴 閱讀體驗閱讀體驗 學習寫作學習寫作When I was a little girl, I used to be outgoing and lovely. Also, I used
47、to be very happy, Do you think so?When I was in the kindergarten, I was taller than before, but I was still shy.I used to like to listen to pop music. I used to like to play some games that were very exciting. And I really wanted to be a pathfinder at that time.When I was in the primary school, I us
48、ed to have long hair,I used to be a little childish and I used to be afraid of speaking in front of a lot of people. Also I used to be afraid of the dark and high places.Now I have short hair and I am more outgoing than before. And I dont want to be a pathfinder anymore, and I want to be a translato
49、r or a computer programmer.Also I am afraid of being alone, because I dont like being lonely.Everyone expects a bright future, and so do I. Although I know its not easy, I believe myself.Also I must set some aims, right? 閱讀閱讀 頭腦風暴頭腦風暴 開放寫作開放寫作Hello, everybody,my name is Kanny. See, Im a cat, but not
50、 a common cat. Now ,let me tell you something about my childhood.I used to be a lovely kittenI used to be very smallI used to have brown soft hairI used to have little red noseEveryone used to like mecause I used to be clever and littleMy dad wasnt a good fatherBecause he used to drink a lotI dont l
51、ike a drunk father So I left him foreverBut I used to be luckyBecause I have a good brotherWe used to run in the field under the lightWe used to play like two little knights We used to have happy time allHowever , he now becomes a round ball .So hes unhappy.But we must say,”they all has passed.”Im still a happy cat! 周記 摘抄 資源渠道多方面 增加閱讀量 手抄報 每天一個詞匯或句子的積累. e.g. It is never too old to learn. I enjoy making mistakes 深入挖掘 3a內(nèi)容 3a仿寫 口頭作文
山東省濱州市鄒平實驗中學九年級英語 Unit 16綜合讀寫課件 人教新目標版
