畢 業(yè) 設 計(論 文)任 務 書設計(論文)題目: 機械式立體停車庫機構設計 學生姓名:專 業(yè):所在學院:指導教師:職 稱:發(fā)任務書日期:年月日 任務書填寫要求1.畢業(yè)設計(論文)任務書由指導教師根據各課題的具體情況填寫,經學生所在專業(yè)的負責人審查、系(院)領導簽字后生效。此任務書應在畢業(yè)設計(論文)開始前一周內填好并發(fā)給學生。2.任務書內容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫,不得涂改或潦草書寫;或者按教務處統一設計的電子文檔標準格式(可從教務處網頁上下載)打印,要求正文小 4 號宋體,1.5 倍行距,禁止打印在其它紙上剪貼。3.任務書內填寫的內容,必須和學生畢業(yè)設計(論文)完成的情況相一致,若有變更,應當經過所在專業(yè)及系(院)主管領導審批后方可重新填寫。4.任務書內有關“學院”、“專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫,應寫中文全稱,不能寫數字代碼。學生的“學號”要寫全號,不能只寫最后 2 位或 1 位數字。 5.任務書內“主要參考文獻”的填寫,應按照《金陵科技學院本科畢業(yè)設計(論文)撰寫規(guī)范》的要求書寫。6.有關年月日等日期的填寫,應當按照國標 GB/T 7408—94《數據元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時間表示法》規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯數字書寫。如“2002 年 4 月 2 日”或“2002-04-02”。畢 業(yè) 設 計(論 文)任 務 書1.本畢業(yè)設計(論文)課題應達到的目的:通過設計初步掌握機械設計的方法和步驟,培養(yǎng)自己發(fā)現問題解決問題的能力。2.本畢業(yè)設計(論文)課題任務的內容和要求(包括原始數據、技術要求、工作要求等):任務:設計一種能停放小型客車的機械式立體停車庫。要求:用盡可能少的占地停盡可能多得小型汽車。成本低、使用方便、美觀。畢 業(yè) 設 計(論 文)任 務 書3.對本畢業(yè)設計(論文)課題成果的要求〔包括圖表、實物等硬件要求〕: 一、設計總圖和部分零件圖二、設計說明書三、英文翻譯資料4.主要參考文獻: 1 《無線傳感器網絡技術與應用》陳林星 編著 電子工業(yè)出版社2《自動顯示技術與儀表》何金田 張全法 編著 西安電子科技大學出版社3《單片機無線發(fā)射與接收電路設計》黃智偉 編著 西安電子科技大學出版社4《單片機 MCS-51 原理及應用開發(fā)教程》晁陽 編著 清華大學出版社5《運算放大器應用電路設計》 (日) 馬場清太郎 著 科學出版社6《城市住宅小區(qū)停車問題初探》全保軍 山西建筑 20087《對當前住宅小區(qū)“停車難”問題的剖析》吳興路 綜述 20078《居住小區(qū)停車問題研究》張東輝,張少峰 中外建筑 20049《住宅小區(qū)規(guī)劃非小事》嚴旭兵 中國房地產報 200310《居住區(qū)停車方式的選擇》陳艷品 建筑學報 199811《談住宅小區(qū)的規(guī)劃創(chuàng)新設計》王國平 建材技術與應用 200212《關于住宅小區(qū)停車問題探討》林東杰 福建建設科技出版社 200513《住宅小區(qū)內停車方式的思考》莫曼春,鄧明 山西建筑出版社 200014《魔方式停車庫自動控制系統設計》周奇才 起重機與運輸機械 200615《基于組態(tài)控制技術的智能立體停車庫》胡瑜 起重機與運輸機械 2006畢 業(yè) 設 計(論 文)任 務 書5.本畢業(yè)設計(論文)課題工作進度計劃:2015.12.16-2016.1.10 完成開題2016.2.25-2.16.3.9 畢業(yè)實習調研,完成開題報告、中英文翻譯、論文大綱2016.3.19-2016.4.25 提交論文草稿,4 月中旬中期檢查2016.4.26-2016.5.6 提交論文定稿2016.5.6-2016.5.13 準備答辯2016.5.13-2016.5.26 答辯,成績評定,修改完成最終稿所在專業(yè)審查意見:通過 負責人: 2015 年 12 月 23 日 畢 業(yè) 設 計(論 文)開 題 報 告設計(論文)題目: 機械式立體停車庫機構設計 學生姓名:專 業(yè):所在學院:指導教師:職 稱:年 月 日 開題報告填寫要求1.開題報告(含“文獻綜述”)作為畢業(yè)設計(論文)答辯委員會對學生答辯資格審查的依據材料之一。此報告應在指導教師指導下,由學生在畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作前期內完成,經指導教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)審查后生效;2.開題報告內容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務處統一設計的電子文檔標準格式打印,禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼,完成后應及時交給指導教師簽署意見;3.“文獻綜述”應按論文的框架成文,并直接書寫(或打印)在本開題報告第一欄目內,學生寫文獻綜述的參考文獻應不少于 15 篇(不包括辭典、手冊);4.有關年月日等日期的填寫,應當按照國標 GB/T 7408—94《數據元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時間表示法》規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯數字書寫。如“2004年 4 月 26 日”或“2004-04-26”。5、開題報告(文獻綜述)字體請按宋體、小四號書寫,行間距 1.5 倍。畢 業(yè) 設 計(論文) 開 題 報 告 1.結合畢業(yè)設計(論文)課題情況,根據所查閱的文獻資料,每人撰寫不少于1000 字左右的文獻綜述: 隨著汽車的急增致使城市停車難問題不斷惡化,而作為解決城市靜態(tài)交通的有效措施——向空間、向高層發(fā)展的自動化立體停車設備,以其占地面積少、停車率高、布置靈活、高效低耗、性價比高、安全可靠等優(yōu)點,越來越受到人們的青睞。 車輛無處停放的問題是城市的社會、經濟、交通發(fā)展到一定程度產生的結果,立體停車設備的發(fā)展在國外,尤其在日本已有近 30~40 年的歷史,無論在技術上還是在經驗上均已獲得了成功?,F在所知的最早的立體車庫建于 1918 年,位于美國伊利諾斯州芝加哥市華盛頓西大街 215 號的一家賓館(Hotel La Salle)的停車庫,設計師是 Holabird 和 Roche,該車庫于 2005 年被推到,在該原址上,后來由 Jupiter Realty Corp.興建了一座 49 層的公寓大樓。在第十五屆全國發(fā)明展覽會項目中交通、建筑類提到不占地立體車庫的第一發(fā)明人:劉玉恩,該發(fā)明是一種不占地位立體車庫,包括:通行架,其可允許車輛正常通行;固設于通行架上的車庫群,其為多層結構,每層至少包括有兩個或兩個以上可存放車輛的單元車庫;縱向升降機,其設于車庫群及通行架中;橫向移動架,其可在升降機與單元車庫之間移動;推舉式交換裝置,其可將橫向移動架上的車輛放置于單元車庫上或可將單元車庫上的車輛取回于橫向移動架上;控制機構,其控制存放或取出車輛。 我國也于 90 年代初開始研究開發(fā)機械立體停車設備,距今已有十年的歷程。由于很多新建小區(qū)內住戶與車位的配比為 1:1,為了解決停車位占地面積與住戶商用面積的矛盾,立體機械停車設備以其平均單車占地面積小的獨特特性,已被廣大用戶接受。 立體車庫與地下車庫相比可更加有效地保證人身和車輛的安全,人在車庫內或車不停準位置,由電子控制的整個設備便不會運轉。應該說,機械車庫從管理上可以做到徹底的人車分流。在地下車庫中采用機械存車,還可以免除采暖通風設施,因此,運行中的耗電量比工人管理的地下車庫低得多。機械車庫一般不做成套系統,而是以單臺集裝而成。這樣可以充分發(fā)揮其用地少、可化整為零的優(yōu)勢,在住宅區(qū)的每個組團中或每棟樓下都可以隨機設立機械停車樓。這對眼下車庫短缺的小區(qū)解決停車難的問題提供了方便條件。目前,立體車庫主要有一下幾種形式:升降橫移式、巷道堆垛式、垂直提升式、垂直循環(huán)式、圓形水平循環(huán)式等。在國內外各種同類產品進行分析的基礎上,再結合造價、技術難度以及用戶需求等各方面的因素??梢园l(fā)現升降橫移式立體車庫形式比較多,規(guī)??纱罂尚。覍龅氐倪m應性較強,同時采用這類設備的車庫十分普遍。因此,最終確定研究對象為升降橫移式立體車庫。畢 業(yè) 設 計(論文) 開 題 報 告 2.本課題要研究或解決的問題和擬采用的研究手段(途徑): 研究的主要內容:(1) 升降橫移式立體車停車設備的總體結構的設計與研究:確定垂直升降是立體停車設備的總體布局、運行方式,然后進行存取車方式、提升系統、鋼結構等各部分的總體設計。(2) 升降橫移式立體停車設備的存取機構設計:在分析比較的基礎上,確定車庫的存取車形式,然后詳細的設計停車位、載車板和存取機構。(3) 升降橫移式立體停車設備的升降驅動機構的研究:通過分析比較,選定曳引驅動方式作為整個車庫的升降方式,然后設計升降平臺、安全機構等。并計算升降系統電機所需要的曳引能力、平衡配重的重量等。研究手段:(1) 結合現實生活中已經建成的升降橫移式立體車庫的項目,了解立體車庫;參觀大酒店的立體車庫,了解車庫運行的基本原理,了解轎車停車流程等。(2) 查閱國內外的幾種升降橫移式立體車庫的相關資料,對當前的車庫技術發(fā)展前沿有一個大概的了解,從而能夠把握車庫技術的發(fā)展趨勢和方向;通過網上檢索,了解立體車庫的最新發(fā)展概況等。以及了解立體車庫的鋼材選用,電機選擇,建設方法等。(3) 根據以上的了解提出相應立體車庫的要求,再由此設計出立體車庫的控制部分,并編寫 PLC 控制程序,對相應的控制部分進行控制。(4) 對立體車庫的關鍵部位進行強度校核,并繪制出總裝圖和相應的零部件圖。(5) 歸納、總結并完善論文。畢 業(yè) 設 計(論文) 開 題 報 告 指導教師意見:1.對“文獻綜述”的評語:文獻綜述寫的缺少新意,希望多看一些新的資料。 2.對本課題的深度、廣度及工作量的意見和對設計(論文)結果的預測:要防止只設計一個方案,要設計好具體結構。 3.是否同意開題:√ 同意 □ 不同意指導教師: 2016 年 03 月 08 日所在專業(yè)審查意見:同意 負責人: 2016 年 03 月 09 日畢 業(yè) 設 計(論 文)外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文譯文題目: 機械式立體停車庫設計 學生姓名:專 業(yè):所在學院:指導教師:職 稱:Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wronglyA good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?(4) product service is whether convenient?(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposalUsually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.機械設計理論機械設計是一門通過設計新產品或者改進老產品來滿足人類需求的應用技術科學。它涉及工程技術的各個領域,主要研究產品的尺寸、形狀和詳細結構的基本構思,還要研究產品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。進行各種機械設計工作的人員通常被稱為設計人員或者機械設計工程師。機械設計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性,還必須在機械制圖、運動學、工程材料、材料力學和機械制造工藝學等方面具有深厚的基礎知識。如前所訴,機械設計的目的是生產能夠滿足人類需求的產品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處,只有當它們被應用在產品上才能產生效益。因而,應該認識到在一個特定的產品進行設計之前,必須先確定人們是否需要這種產品。應當把機械設計看成是機械設計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進行產品設計、系統分析和制定產品的制造工藝學的一個良機。掌握工程基礎知識要比熟記一些數據和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數據和公式是不足以在一個好的設計中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面,應該認真精確的進行所有運算。例如,即使將一個小數點的位置放錯,也會使正確的設計變成錯誤的。一個好的設計人員應該勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承擔一定的風險,當新的方法不適用時,就使用原來的方法。因此,設計人員必須要有耐心,因為 所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設計,要求屏棄許多陳舊的,為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī),這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機械設計師應該不斷地探索改進現有的產品的方法,在此過程中應該認真選擇原有的、經過驗證的設計原理,將其與未經過驗證的新觀念結合起來。新設計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預料的問題發(fā)生,只有當這些缺陷和問題被解決之后,才能體現出新產品的優(yōu)越性。因此,一個性能優(yōu)越的產品誕生的同時,也伴隨著較高的風險。應該強調的是,如果設計本身不要求采用全新的方法,就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。在設計的初始階段,應該允許設計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性,不受各種約束。即使產生了許多不切實際的想法,也會在設計的早期,即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣,才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,要提出幾套設計方案,然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理學家經常談論如何使人們適應他們所操作的機器。設計人員的基本職責是努力使機器來適應人們。這并不是一項容易的工作,因為實際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程另一個重要問題,設計工程師必須能夠同其他有關人員進行交流和磋商。在開始階段,設計人員必須就初步設計同管理人員進行交流和磋商,并得到批準。這一般是通過口頭討論,草圖和文字材料進行的。為了進行有效的交流 ,需要解決下列問題(1) 所設計的這個產品是否真正為人們所需要?(2) 此產品與其他公司的現有同類產品相比有無競爭能力?(3) 生產這種產品是否經濟? (4) 產品的維修是否方便?(5) 產品有無銷路?是否可以盈利?只有時間能對上述問題給出正確答案。但是, 產品的設計、制造和銷售只能在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎上進行。設計工程師還應該通過零件圖和裝配圖,與制造部門一起對最終設計方案進行磋商。通常 ,在制造過程中會出現某個問題??赡軙髮δ硞€零件尺寸或公差作一些更改,使零件的生產變得容易。但是,工程上的更改必須要經過設計人員批準,以保證不會損傷產品的功能。有時,在產品的裝配時或者裝箱外運前的試驗中才發(fā)現設計中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設計是一個動態(tài)過程??偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O計工作,設計人員應該不斷努力,尋找這些更好的方法。近些年來,工程材料的選擇已經顯得重要。此外,選擇過程應該是一個對材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評價過程。新材料不斷出現,而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數量可能會減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經常會對材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源,可能會要求使用不同的材料。來自國內和國際競爭、對產品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力,都會促使人們對材料進行重新評價。由于材料選用不當造成的產品責任訴訟,已經產生了深刻的影響。此外,材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關系已經被人們認識得更清楚。因此,為了能在合理的成本和確保質量的前提下獲得滿意的結果,設計工程師的制造工程師都必須認真仔細地選擇、確定和使用材料。制造任何產品的第一步工作都是設計。設計通??梢苑譃閹讉€明確的階段:(a)初步設計;(b)功能設計;(c)生產設計。在初步設計階段,設計者著重考慮產品應該具有的功能。通常要設想和考慮幾個方案,然后決定這種思想是否可行;如果可行,則應該對其中一個或幾個方案作進一步的改進。在此階段,關于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是:是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇;如果沒有的話,是否有較大的把握在成本和時間都允許的限度內研制出一種新材料。在功能設計和工程設計階段,要做出一個切實可行的設計。在這個階段要繪制出相當完整的圖紙,選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機或者實物模型,并對其進行試驗,評價產品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗可能會表明,在產品進入到生產階段之前,應該更換某些材料,但是,絕對不能將這一點作為不認真選擇材料的借口。應該結合產品的功能,認真仔細地考慮產品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機時,所選用的材料應該和其生產中使用的材料相同,并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術。這樣對公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機如果不能根據預期的銷售量經濟地制造出來,或者是樣機與正式生產的裝置在質量和可靠性方面有很大不同,則這種樣機就沒有多大的價值。設計工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作,而不是將其留到生產設計階段去做。因為,在生產設計階段材料的更換是由其他人進行的,這些人對產品的所有功能的了解不如設計工程師。在生產設計階段中,與材料有關的主要問題是應該把材料完全確定下來,使它們與現有的設備相適應,能夠利用現有設備經濟地進行加工,而且材料的數量能夠比較容易保證供應。在制造過程中,不可避免地會出現對使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經驗表明,可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而,在大多數情況下,在進行生產以后改換材料要比在開始生產前改換材料所花費的代價要高。在設計階段做好材料選擇工作,可以避免多數這樣的情況。在生產制造開始后出現了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當然,這些新材料可能降低成本、改進產品的性能。但是,必須對新材料進行認真的評價,以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應當記住,新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產品失效和產品責任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前,沒有真正了解它們的長期使用性能而引起的。產品的責任訴訟迫使設計人員和公司在選擇材料時,采用最好的程序。在材料過程中,五個最常見的問題為:(a)不了解或者不會使用關于材料應用方面的最新最好的信息資料;(b)未能預見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途(如有可能,設計人員還應進一步預測和考慮由于產品使用方法不當造成的后果。在近年來的許多產品責任訴訟案件中,由于錯誤地使用產品而受到傷害的原告控告生產廠家,并且贏得判決);(c)所使用的材料的數據不全或是有些數據不確定,尤其是當其長期性能數據是如此的時候;(d)質量控制方法不適當和未經驗證;(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。通過對上述五個問題的分析,可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產品責任訴訟,設計人員和工業(yè)界按照適當的程序進行材料選擇,可以大大減少訴訟的數量。從以上的討論可以看出,選擇材料的人們應該對材料的性質,特點和加工方法有一個全面而基本的了解。