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題型五　閱讀理解 貴陽(yáng)五年中考命題規(guī)律及趨勢(shì) 閱讀技能是學(xué)生綜合語言應(yīng)用能力的一個(gè)重要方面，也是初中英語學(xué)業(yè)考試的重點(diǎn)。 貴陽(yáng)市中考閱讀理解部分的具體題型及賦分如下： 題號(hào) 題型 內(nèi)容 題數(shù) 小題分值 分值小計(jì) 賦分 V 閱讀理解 A.選擇填空型閱讀。(要求學(xué)生閱讀兩篇材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容選擇最佳答案。) 10 2 20 30 B.句子還原型閱讀。(要求學(xué)生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從方框中選擇五個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別填入空白處，使其文理通順。) 5 2 10 　　A部分(A)篇文體多為說明文，xx年首次出現(xiàn)了詩(shī)歌，話題主要是關(guān)于動(dòng)物介紹、中國(guó)四大文明、環(huán)境保護(hù)、回憶學(xué)校生活、國(guó)外習(xí)俗等。詞數(shù)一般在220詞左右。形式可為短文、表格、敘事詩(shī)等?？疾榉绞缴现饕校杭?xì)節(jié)理解題、主旨大意題、詞義猜測(cè)題、推理判斷題。設(shè)題形式以探究型選擇為主。 A部分(B)篇主要為說明文或記敘文，話題主要為文化、生活、環(huán)境類說明文，也有勵(lì)志故事類記敘文，考查方式上多為推理判斷題，偶爾考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題、主旨大意題或詞義猜測(cè)題，設(shè)題形式也是探究型選擇。 B部分主要為記敘文，但也可能是說明文或應(yīng)用文，話題多涉及科技類、勵(lì)志故事、人物經(jīng)歷及感受、跨文化介紹等。詞數(shù)在270～300詞，考查方式為句子還原，多為六個(gè)句子，其中有5個(gè)句子要還原在短文中。 解題方法與技巧 A．選擇填空型閱讀 選擇填空型閱讀中的篇章通常素材、題材廣泛，體裁多樣。中考英語閱讀理解著重考查通過閱讀，正確理解各種題材和體裁的書面材料以及從中獲取信息、理解信息和二次加工信息的能力。常見閱讀理解的考查方式有以下幾種形式：細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測(cè)題、主旨大意題、標(biāo)題歸納題與數(shù)字計(jì)算題。具體的解題方法與技巧如下： 1．閱讀原文，理解大意 首先讀原文，捕捉文中所提供的信息，抓住文章大意，理清文章脈絡(luò)。 2．審讀題目，正確判斷 讀懂短文內(nèi)容后再審讀題目，把握每個(gè)待判定問題的含義，通過尋讀法在原文中找出與每個(gè)問題相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞，然后尋找該關(guān)鍵詞在文章中所在的句子及段落，依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容對(duì)試題所給出的問題進(jìn)行判斷，從而得出正確答案。 3．重讀原文，復(fù)核檢查 完成各小題后必須將短文重讀一遍，加深對(duì)短文的理解，在此基礎(chǔ)上再對(duì)每一道題進(jìn)行復(fù)查，對(duì)有些似是而非的句子，一定要重新認(rèn)真識(shí)別。 B．句子還原型閱讀(六選五) 還原型閱讀主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。選項(xiàng)可分為：主旨概括句(文章整體內(nèi)容)、過渡性句子(文章結(jié)構(gòu))、注釋性句子(上下文邏輯意義)。其多余的一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)也往往從這三方面進(jìn)行設(shè)置，如主旨概括句或過于寬泛或以偏概全或偏離主題，過渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，注釋性句子與上文脫節(jié)等。具體的解題方法與技巧如下： 1．通讀全文。對(duì)文章進(jìn)行快速瀏覽，尋找主題句，抓住文章結(jié)構(gòu)及文章的寫作內(nèi)容。 在閱讀過程中，要注意文章的開始與結(jié)束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因?yàn)椤伴_門見山”與“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”的寫作方式為常見的寫作方式；首段的末句一般是全文的主題所在，如果它是文章的主題句，就可以使讀者迅速明確文章情節(jié)將如何展開，并對(duì)文章的寫作主題有了整體的了解。如果末句不是主題句，則需要繼續(xù)尋找。這時(shí)，可以考慮文章的寫作方式是否為“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”式，如兩者均可排除，則需在文章中其他段落尋找主題句，但要注意首段與末段的提示作用。 2．詳讀段落，在短時(shí)間內(nèi)，找出每段寫作內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵詞。明確各段的主題句或主旨大意。 文章正文部分通常分為若干小段落。各段落會(huì)根據(jù)整體文章寫作主題展開，對(duì)文章主體進(jìn)行的不同方面的描述。找出各個(gè)小段落中的關(guān)鍵詞，明確其描述內(nèi)容，為試題的解決做好鋪墊。 3．定位選項(xiàng)。明確各備選選項(xiàng)的含義，抓住其關(guān)鍵詞語，將選項(xiàng)填入文中。 在定位選項(xiàng)時(shí)，要特別注意空格上下段的寫作內(nèi)容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義。將所選選項(xiàng)放入空白處，看看是否與上下文構(gòu)成語義及邏輯上的直接關(guān)系，是否符合該處語境。能否承接前后的寫作線索。 4．通讀復(fù)檢。將所選答案代入文中，再次通讀全文，重點(diǎn)考查邏輯關(guān)系和關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)。 在完成選項(xiàng)定位后，應(yīng)通讀全文，檢查文章內(nèi)容是否完整，語義是否連貫合理、各段落內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題，語篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順連貫、具有一致性、合乎邏輯，寫作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用語是否恰當(dāng)貼切，從而判斷選擇的答案是否正確。 5．研究多余選項(xiàng)，確定排除理由，最終確定答案。 (xx貴陽(yáng)初中畢業(yè)生學(xué)業(yè)考試) A．閱讀下列材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容選擇最佳答案。 A There are about 10 million different kinds of animals on the earth and they come in all shapes and sizes.The book named Variety in the Animal Kingdom simply introduces the huge variety of the animal kingdom.It features some of the most unusual animals in the world and includes key data on each species(物種) and their habits in the wild. Some of the strangest animals in the world live in Australia and New Zealand.There is the kakapo parrot.It is a bird but it cannot fly.It is a nocturnal animal.It sleeps in the day and eats at night.There are only 131 kakapo parrots in the world. The kiwi is another bird that cannot fly.Some birds are very beautiful，but the kiwi is not.It is one of the ugliest birds in the world.But the kiwi is the most romantic bird in the world.Male and female kiwis live together for 30 years. Australia has many strange animals.The most surprising Australian animal is the platypus.It has the face and feet of a bird，the body of a rat and the tail of a beaver(河貍)．It is a mammal(哺乳動(dòng)物) but it lays eggs. The smallest mammal in the world lives in Asia.It is the bumblebee bat.It lives in Thailand.It is only 2.5 cm long and it weighs 3 g．There are only 2，000 bumblebee bats left in Thailand because people burn the forest where they live. (　　)1.The book named Variety in the Animal Kingdom mainly talks about ______． A．special animals in the world B．birds in New Zealand C．a(chǎn)nimals in Australia (　　)2.The underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 2 means “______” in Chinese. A．嗜睡的 B．夜行的 C．貪吃的 (　　)3.______ kinds of birds that cannot fly are mentioned in the passage. A．Two B．Three C．Four (　　)4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．A platypus has the body of a beaver. B．A kiwi is romantic though it is ugly. C．The number of kakapo parrot is larger than that of bumblebee bat. (　　)5.We can most probably read the passage from ______． A．a(chǎn) history book B．a(chǎn) medical report C．a(chǎn) science magazine 【主旨大意】本文主要介紹了《動(dòng)物王國(guó)多樣性》這本書中四種不同種類的動(dòng)物——鸮鸚鵡、幾維鳥、鴨嘴獸、大黃蜂蝠(豬鼻蝙蝠)。 1．A　【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：《動(dòng)物王國(guó)多樣性》這本書主要談?wù)揰_____。A.世界上特別的動(dòng)物；B.新西蘭的鳥；C.澳大利亞的動(dòng)物。第一段最后一句“It features some of the most unusual animals in the world…”中 “unusual” 一詞和 “special”為近義詞，故選A。 2．B　【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。題干意為：第二段畫線單詞“nocturnal” 的漢語意思是______。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“ It sleeps in the day and eats at night.”，故選B。 3．A　【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：文中提到了______種不會(huì)飛的鳥。A.二； B．三；C.四。根據(jù)第二段的第三句“It is a bird but it cannot fly.”和第三段第一句“The kiwi is another bird that cannot fly.”可知有兩種動(dòng)物，故選A 。 4．B　【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：根據(jù)文章，下列哪項(xiàng)是正確的？A.鴨嘴獸有著如同河貍一樣的身體；B.幾維鳥盡管很丑，但是很浪漫；C.鸮鸚鵡的數(shù)量比大黃蜂蝠的數(shù)量要多。根據(jù)第四段的第三句…the body of a rat…可知A表述不符；根據(jù)第三段第三句和第四句…one of the ugliest birds…the most romantic bird…可知B符合文意；根據(jù)第二段最后一句…only 131 kakapo parrots…和最后一段最后一句…only 2，000 bumblebee bats可知，鸮鸚鵡的數(shù)量比大黃蜂蝠的數(shù)量要少，故選B。 5．C　【解析】推理判斷題。題干意為：我們最有可能從______中讀到該篇文章。A.一本歷史書；B.一份醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào)告；C.一本科學(xué)雜志。本文主要介紹的是動(dòng)物的體形特征和生活習(xí)性，故選C。 B．閱讀短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從方框中選擇五個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別填入空白處，使其文理通順。 The Internet is shaping our lives.We already have online shopping services and mobile payment.However，this is just a start.The worlds leading tech companies are planning to build smarter online communities.1.______ It was held in Wuzhen，Zhejiang last year.The development of artificial intelligence (AI，人工智能) was a hot topic at the conference.If a machine can learn and solve problems as humans do，it can be called AI. The company Alibaba uses AI technology in its unmanned supermarket in Wuzhen.There is no salesperson in the supermarket，just a tablet on a desk that says “please smile”.2.______ The bigger you smile，the more discounts(折扣) you get.Payment is done automatically through your Alipay account.When you first enter the supermarket，the supermarkets AI recognizes your face and your account. There is also AI that can read lips.3.______ It recognizes your mouths movements and turns them into voice or text messages.This could be very useful when you are trying to talk to someone on your phone in a noisy place.Police could also use the technology to help them find criminal suspects by lipreading recordings from video cameras. 4．______ Microsofts chatbot XiaoIce can not only provide useful information，but also chat with people like a real friend.XiaoIce has a WeChat account.After following the account，users can start talking with her.5.______ She keeps improving herself by talking with users. These technologies are being put into wider use.We may see a smarter world and better lives in the near future. A．She knows when to comfort you or tell jokes. B．They discussed this at the World Internet Conference. C．AI technology will take jobs away from humans one day. D．Sougou brought its lipreading system to the conference. E．If you smile，it will give you a special discount for your goods. F．Another type of AI focuses on understanding human emotions. 【主旨大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了人工智能的用途。 1．B　【解析】選項(xiàng)意為：他們?cè)谑澜缁ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)大會(huì)上討論這個(gè)計(jì)劃(構(gòu)建更加智能的線上社區(qū))。根據(jù)設(shè)空后一句“It was held in Wuzhen，Zhengjiang last year.”中“held”一詞可推測(cè)“ It”指代是某會(huì)議，故選B。 2．E　【解析】選項(xiàng)意為：如果你微笑，它會(huì)為你的商品提供特別的優(yōu)惠。設(shè)空處前后兩句都在圍繞“smile ”一詞進(jìn)行敘述，故選E。 3．D　【解析】選項(xiàng)意為：搜狗把它的讀唇系統(tǒng)帶到了大會(huì)上。根據(jù)第三段談?wù)摰闹饕獌?nèi)容和設(shè)空后一句“It recognizes your mouths movements…”可推測(cè)這里“It”指代的是選項(xiàng)中的 “l(fā)ipreading system”，故選D。 4．F　【解析】選項(xiàng)意為：另一種人工智能關(guān)注理解人類的情感。根據(jù)文章總分總結(jié)構(gòu)可知，中間三段為并列段，都在談?wù)撊斯ぶ悄艿挠猛?，故選F。 5．A　【解析】選項(xiàng)意為：她知道什么時(shí)候安慰你，什么時(shí)候講笑話。根據(jù)第四段設(shè)空前后句所用代詞“her”和“She”可推測(cè)出答案，故選A。 (xx貴陽(yáng)適應(yīng)性考試) A．閱讀下列材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容選擇最佳答案。 Some people say that childhood is the best time of your life.However，being a child has both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side，you have very few responsibilities.For example，you dont have to go to work，pay bills，go shopping，cooking，or cleaning.This means you have plenty of free time to do whatever you want—watch TV，play on the computer，go out with friends，play sports，or pursue other hobbies.On top of that，public transport，cinema and sports centers cost much less for children.All in all，being a child is an exciting，actionpacked time in life. However，for every plus there is a minus.For one thing，you have to spend all day，Monday to Friday，at school.Studying usually means you have to do homework.And you have to take exams.Whats more，you may have a lot of free time，but you are rarely allowed to do whatever you want.You usually have to ask your parents if you can do things，from going shopping in town to staying out late or going to a party.Last of all，although there are often cheaper prices for children，things are still expensive and parents are not always generous with pocket money.Theres never enough to do everything you want.The reality is that sometimes theres not enough to do anything at all. To sum up，although some people see childhood as the best time in life，I think that children have no real choice，independence or money.Nevertheless，it is true that choice，money and independence all bring responsibilities and restrictions—which increase with age. ( A )1.Some people think children neednt ______． A．clean or go to work B．cook or watch TV C．go shopping or play sports ( C )2.The underlined word “actionpacked” in Paragraph 2 means ______ in Chinese. A．令人沮喪的 B．令人欽佩的 C．令人激動(dòng)的 ( C )3.According to the passage，children have to get their parents ______ if they want to stay out late. A．protection B．money C．permission ( B )4.From Paragraph 3，we know that children ______． A．can do everything they want B．a(chǎn)re hardly allowed to do whatever they want C．can get enough pocket money from their parents ( B )5.What does the passage mainly tell us? A．Seeing is believing. B．Every coin has two sides. C．Practice makes perfect. B．閱讀短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從方框中選擇五個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別填入空白處，使其文理通順。 It is a country in northern Europe.It is Europes most forested country.It has 37 national parks.It is home to Santa Claus and the game Angry Birds.1.__B__ It attracts thousands of tourists every year.Its Finland! According to this years United Nations World Happiness Report，F(xiàn)inland topped 156 countries to get the title of worlds happiest country.2.__A__ They are income，freedom，trust，healthy life expectancy，social support，and generosity respectively. What made Finland stand out？Why are its 5.5 million people so happy? 3．__F__ The Finnish government has worked hard to reach a balance between men and women，workers and bosses，and immigrants and locals. Finland cut the size of its homeless population between xx and xx gradually.The lifestyles of the rich and poor in Finland are not too different，The Economist noted.4.__E__ Over 80 percent of Finns trust the countrys police，education and health care systems.People there live in a harmonious and safe environment. The Finns also have a positive attitude towards life.There is a word that describes this attitude—“sisu” 5.__D__ This helps the Finns deal with stress and keeps them energetic，according to the Daily Mail. A．The ranking considers six key factors. B．It is called the “Land of a Thousand Lakes”． C．Finland is the eighthlargest country in Europe. D．It means the ability to stay strong during difficult time. E．Trying to make everyone equal encourages people to build trust. F．One reason is the countrys history of equality，The Guardian reported. 2019備考猜押 A There was a young flower in the desert where all was dry and sad looking.It was growing by itself，enjoying every day and saying to the sun，“When shall I grow up？” And the sun would say，“Be patient！Each time I touch you，you will grow a little.” She was so pleased because she would have a chance to bring beauty to this corner of sand.And this is all she wanted to do—bring a little bit of beauty to this world. But one day a hunter came by and stepped on the flower.She was going to die and she felt so sad.Not because she was dying，but because she would never have a chance to bring a little bit of beauty to this corner of the “hell”． The Great God saw her，thinking that she should be living.So he reached down and touched her—and gave her a second life. Finally she grew up to be a beautiful flower.And this corner of the desert also became so beautiful because of the small flower. ( A )1.The young flower lived in the ______ where all was dry and sad looking. A．desert B．grassland C．sky ( C )2.If the sun touches the flower，she will ______． A．be sad B．die C．grow ( C )3.______ walked by and stepped on the flower. A．The Great God 　　　B．No one C．A hunter ( B )4.The underlined word “hell” means ______ in Chinese. A．地面 B．地獄 C．天堂 ( B )5.The best title of the passage is ______． A．Sad and Dry Desert B．A Kind and Lovely Flower C．The Hunter and the Great God B Beijing Opera is the most representative of all Chinese traditional dramatic art forms and the largest Chinese opera form.Having a history of about 200 years，it is developed from absorbing(吸收) many other dramatic forms，mostly from the local drama ‘Huiban’，which was popular in South China during the 18th century.It is a scenic art integrating music，performance，literature，aria and face painting. Theatrical(戲劇的) art forms in many other countries do not present singing，dancing and spoken parts in one single drama.An opera singer，for example，neither dances nor speaks on stage；there are no dancing or singing parts in a modern play；in a dance drama，the dancer has no speaking role and does not sing either.Traditional Chinese drama，including Beijing Opera，is a kind of entertainment which includes spoken parts，singing，dancing and acrobatics(雜技)． In addition to its presence in China，Beijing Opera has spread to many other places.Mei Lanfang，one of the most famous performers of all time，was the first to introduce Beijing Opera to foreigners and made it highly successful tours to foreign countries. “You will be puzzled(困惑) all the way through and a little bored from time to time，but you will be charmed and interested.You will be strongly attracted to Beijing Opera even if you know nothing of the dramatic background.” This is how one American traveller described his first experience in watching Beijing Opera. Beijing Opera is Chinas national opera and it is full of Chinese cultural traditions.Welcome to China and enjoy Beijing Opera! ( C )1.What makes Beijing Opera different from theatrical art forms in many other countries? A．It has one opera singer on stage. B．It has one dancer who has no speaking role. C．It includes spoken parts，singing，dancing and acrobatics. ( A )2.People think Mei Lanfang played an important role in the spread of Beijing Opera because ______． A．he was the first to introduce Beijing Opera to foreigners. B．he made many tours to a foreign country C．he was a famous Beijing Opera performer ( B )3.From Paragraph 4 we can know that the American traveller ______． A．felt bored all the day B．thought highly of Beijing Opera C．found Beijing Opera interesting at first ( C )4.Beijing Opera is a scenic art integrating music，performance literature，aria and ______ painting. A．hand B．back C．face ( A )5.What does the underlined word “it” mean in the passage? A．Beijing Opera.　　　　　B．Local drama. C．An opera singer. C It was the first day of class.Two of her new ESL(非母語) classmates wanted to know where Tara was from.They were both from Iraq(伊拉克)．Because Tara looked like Iraqi，one of the women asked Tara，in English，if she was from Iraq.Tara replied，“No，Im not.” Then the women took turns to ask Tara if she was from Iran，or Syria，or Jordan.1.__B__ Laughing，one woman said to the other，“Shes not from anywhere！” The two went to their desks，talking to each other in Arabic. The next day，the teacher divided the students into four groups.2.__C__A student in Taras group asked her，“Where are you from？” Tara answered that she was from Iraq.The two women who had questioned Tara the day before were sitting only a few feet away.3.__A__ “Aha！” they both exclaimed.“You are from Iraq！” Tara smiled and said yes.4.__F__ She explained that she had not wanted to get into an Arabic conversation with them.It had been her experience that many ESL students continued to speak their native language in ESL class，and Tara had not come to ESL class to practice her Arabic.5.__E__“I agree.” said Rose.“Youre 100 percent right.” agreed Jennifer.“Rose and I must stop speaking Arabic to each other.Right，Rose？” Rose nodded，and then said something in Arabic.All three women laughed. Over the next four months，Tara became friendly with all women，although she never spoke a word of Arabic to them during class or break. A．Both of them heard Taras response. B．To each question，Tara answered with a simple “no”． C．The students in each group asked introductory questions of each other. D．They didnt like Tara. E．In her opinion，ESL students should try to speak English only. F．Then she apologized to both of them for lying yesterday.