浙江省2020年高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 專題十 主旨要義教師用書(shū)（含解析）.docx

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專題十　主旨要義 挖命題 【考情探究】 考點(diǎn) 考向 考情分析 預(yù)測(cè)熱度 考頻統(tǒng)計(jì) 考查目標(biāo) 2018.11 2018.6 2017.11 2017.6 2016.10 閱讀理解 主旨要義 1 1 1 1 0 考綱要求考生能夠理解文章或某段落的主要內(nèi)容,能歸納文章要點(diǎn),概括中心思想 ★★★ 分析解讀　　1.主旨要義題主要考查考生理解文章或特定的段落并概括大意的能力。它不僅考查考生的文章理解能力,也考查考生在理解文字的基礎(chǔ)上的歸納、概括能力。 2.主旨要義題有兩個(gè)設(shè)題方向:歸納主旨和提煉最佳標(biāo)題。 3.主旨要義題目考查比較穩(wěn)定,每年都會(huì)考到1—2題。 過(guò)專題 【五年高考】 A組　2018年全國(guó)高考題組 Passage 1(2018浙江6月,B)詞數(shù):279 Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收銀臺(tái)). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers’ arguments:many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement:reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists don’t dispute(質(zhì)疑)these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years. 1.What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A.Help increase grocery sales. B.Recycle the waste material. C.Stop things falling off trucks. D.Argue for the use of plastic bags. 2.What does the word“headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to? A.Bans on plastic bags. B.Effects of city development. C.Headaches caused by garbage. D.Plastic bags hung in trees. 3.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers? A.They are quite expensive. B.Replacing them can be difficult. C.They are less strong than plastic bags. D.Producing them requires more energy. 4.What is the best title for the text? A.Plastic, Paper or Neither B.Industry, Pollution and Environment C.Recycle or Throw Away D.Garbage Collection and Waste Control 答案 1.D 2.A 3.D 4.A Passage 2(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ,B)詞數(shù):264 Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. In Save Money:Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack,11. “We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.” The eight-part series(系列節(jié)目), Save Money:Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money:Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes. 1.What do we know about Susanna Reid? A.She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B.She has started a new programme. C.She dislikes working early in the morning. D.She has had a tight budget for her family. 2.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna? A.He buys cooking materials for her. B.He prepares food for her kids. C.He assists her in cooking matters. D.He invites guest families for her. 3.What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4? A.Summarize the previous paragraphs. B.Provide some advice for the readers. C.Add some background information. D.Introduce a new topic for discussion. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B.Balancing Our Daily Diet C.Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D.Cooking Well for Less 答案 1.B 2.C 3.C 4.D Passage 3(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ,C)詞數(shù):294 Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday. While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading. According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion(比例)who say they ‘hardly ever’read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.” The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session. When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建議)parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time. The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read. As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近)ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore. 1.What is the Common Sense Media report probably about? A.Children’s reading habits. B.Quality of children’s books. C.Children’s after-class activities. D.Parent-child relationships. 2.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”? A.In paragraph 2. B.In paragraph 3. C.In paragraph 4. D.In paragraph 5. 3.Why do many parents limit electronic reading? A.E-books are of poor quality. B.It could be a waste of time. C.It may harm children’s health. D.E-readers are expensive. 4.How should parents encourage their children to read more? A.Act as role models for them. B.Ask them to write book reports. C.Set up reading groups for them. D.Talk with their reading class teachers. 答案 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A Passage 4(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ,D)詞數(shù):312 We’ve all been there:in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What’s the problem?It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(潤(rùn)滑劑)for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,”he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.” In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動(dòng))with its waiter;the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.“It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,”says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also.” Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners,”he says. 1.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A.Addiction to smartphones. B.Inappropriate behaviours in public places. C.Absence of communication between strangers. D.Impatience with slow service. 2.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A.Showing good manners. B.Relating to other people. C.Focusing on a topic. D.Making business deals. 3.What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk? A.It improves family relationships. B.It raises people’s confidence. C.It matters as much as a formal talk. D.It makes people feel good. 4.What is the best title for the text? A.Conversation Counts B.Ways of Making Small Talk C.Benefits of Small Talk D.Uncomfortable Silence 答案 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C Passage 5(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅲ,B)詞數(shù):312 Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野).But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000. Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives. But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go—to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City—its present population is 762. 1.What attracted the early settlers to New York City? A.Its business culture. B.Its small population. C.Its geographical position. D.Its favourable climate. 2.What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson? A.Two-thirds of them stayed there. B.One out of five people got rich. C.Almost everyone gave up. D.Half of them died. 3.What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson? A.They found the city too crowded. B.They wanted to try their luck elsewhere. C.They were unable to stand the winter. D.They were short of food. 4.What is the text mainly about? A.The rise and fall of a city. B.The gold rush in Canada. C.Journeys into the wilderness. D.Tourism in Dawson. 答案 1.C 2.B 3.B 4.A Passage 6(2018北京,A)詞數(shù):319 MyFirstMarathon(馬拉松) A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead. I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was“not athletic”. The idea that I was “not athletic”stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills! The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn’t even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself. Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋帶)became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted! At mile 3, I passed a sign:“GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!” By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again. By mile 21, I was starving! As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running. I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had. Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽), I can now call myself a “marathon winner”. 1.A month before the marathon, the author 　　　. A.was well trained B.felt scared C.made up his mind to run D.lost hope 2.Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year? A.To acknowledge the support of his teacher. B.To amuse the readers with a funny story. C.To show he was not talented in sports. D.To share a precious memory. 3.How was the author’s first marathon? A.He made it.　　　B.He quit halfway. C.He got the first prize.　　　D.He walked to the end. 4.What does the story mainly tell us? A.A man owes his success to his family support. B.A winner is one with a great effort of will. C.Failure is the mother of success. D.One is never too old to learn. 答案 1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B Passage 7(2018天津,C)詞數(shù):365 There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus:food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there. Food production With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that—it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to“re-create forms and pieces”of food that are“exactly the same,”freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table. Sustainability(可持續(xù)性) The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解膠體)from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類)and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪?cè)?. 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock“food”that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements. Nutrition Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said,“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.” Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊狀物)before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants. 1.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production? A.It helps cooks to create new dishes. B.It saves time and effort in cooking. C.It improves the cooking conditions. D.It contributes to restaurant decorations. 2.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3? A.It solves food shortages easily. B.It quickens the transportation of food. C.It needs no space for the storage of food. D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food. 3.According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food　　　. A.is more available to consumers B.can meet individual nutritional needs C.is more tasty than food in supermarkets D.can keep all the nutrition in raw materials 4.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely? A.The printing process is complicated. B.3D food printers are too expensive. C.Food materials have to be dry. D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing. 5.What could be the best title of the passage? A.3D Food Printing:Delicious New Technology B.A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C.The Challenges for 3D Food Production D.3D Food Printing:From Farm to Table 答案 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A Passage 8(2018江蘇,B) In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有)a special meat soup called consomm. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze’s chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat:diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食)when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty. Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn’t tell how much they’d had:those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert. Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round:put on some Mozart(莫扎特). When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect:diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草)stayed