2019高考英語(yǔ) 基礎(chǔ)保分篇 第一講 名詞講與練 新人教版.doc

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名詞 基礎(chǔ)保分篇 第一講　名　詞 第一課時(shí)　知識(shí)過(guò)關(guān)課 1.不可數(shù)名詞與可數(shù)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)化 (1)表示種類時(shí)：various fruits(各種水果)。 (2)表示“一場(chǎng)/段/件……”時(shí)：a timely rain(一場(chǎng)及時(shí)雨)。 (3)表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea，coffee，beer等：two beers(兩杯啤酒)。 (4)表示不同意思時(shí)：room房間(可數(shù))；余地，空間(不可數(shù))。 [注意]　有些不可數(shù)名詞無(wú)論什么情況下也沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，即使受形容詞修飾也不能加不定冠詞，可稱作“絕對(duì)不可數(shù)名詞”。例如：fun，housework，homework，advice，information，news，progress，equipment，furniture，baggage/luggage，jewellery，machinery等。 2.抽象名詞具體化 表示某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感、情緒的抽象名詞，可以具體化為可數(shù)名詞，表示這樣的“人或物”。常見(jiàn)的有： 單詞 抽象名詞意義 具體化名詞意義 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 樂(lè)趣 令人高興的事 attraction 吸引 有吸引力的人或事物 beauty 美；美麗 美麗的人或事物 fort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危險(xiǎn) 危險(xiǎn)的人或因素 delight 高興 令人高興的事 failure 失敗 失敗的人或事物 surprise 驚奇 令人驚奇的事情 shock 震驚 令人震驚的事情 pride 驕傲 令人驕傲的事或人 3.具體名詞抽象化 具體名詞可以部分喪失其一般意義，具有抽象名詞的特征，因此無(wú)單復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (1)by后跟表示交通工具一類的名詞，名詞抽象化表概念，名詞前無(wú)限定詞，也不用復(fù)數(shù)；否則要用相應(yīng)的介詞。如：by bus/car/train/bike＝on a bus/in a car/on the train等。 (2)在go to school/church/hospital和at school, in prison等短語(yǔ)中，名詞抽象化表示概念。 4.of＋use/value/help/difference/importance/benefit等某些抽象名詞，其含義相當(dāng)于對(duì)應(yīng)的形容詞useful，valuable，helpful，different，important，beneficial在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。 The book is of great use.(＝The book is very useful.)這本書(shū)很有用。(表語(yǔ)) This is a book of great use. 這是一本非常有用的書(shū)。(定語(yǔ)) I find the book of great use. 我覺(jué)得這本書(shū)非常有用。(賓補(bǔ)) 5.名詞前的修飾語(yǔ)。 (1)several，(a) few，many，many a，a great/good many，a large number of，scores of，dozens of等只能修飾可數(shù)名詞；除many a后接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞外，其余要接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 (2)a bit of，(a) little(少)，much，a great deal of，a large amount of等只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 (3)some，any，plenty of，a lot of，lots of，a large quantity of，quantities of，masses of等既可修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 讀語(yǔ)篇，悟語(yǔ)法。反復(fù)朗讀下列短文，領(lǐng)悟畫(huà)線黑體之名詞的類別。 Born on August 23, 1988 in America[1], Jeremy__Shu－How__Lin[2] is a__professional__basketball[3] player[4] with the__Huston__Rockets__of[5] the__National__Basketball__Association[6] (NBA). But, to some degree, many Chinese fans[7] and coaches[8] take him as a__Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as a__Chinese[9] just because he has a typical Chinese face and his__parents[10] were born in China. Jeremy Lin has recently bee a__success[11] and attracted the__world’s[12] attention, which gives Chinese people[13] a lot of imagination[14] and pride. As we know, in__most__people’s__eyes[15], Jeremy is a__miracle[16]. In June, 2012, when Jeremy took his__third__trip[17] to China, a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some families[18]，some children[19] and even some women__players[20]. They brought cameras[21] to take photos[22] with their idol. Jeremy had fun[23] with his supporters and expected to e back again. 1.專有名詞表示地點(diǎn)，第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。 2.專有名詞表示人名。 3.名詞作定語(yǔ)，修飾另一名詞。又如a book store。 4.表示職業(yè)或職位的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞player作表語(yǔ)，前面用不定冠詞，表示“一個(gè)”。 5. 因the Huston Rockets和the National Basketball Association都是由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞；of the National Basketball Association是名詞所有格，因無(wú)生命的東西的名詞所有格一般用“of＋名詞”表示，又如：the cover of the book(書(shū)的封面)。 6.專有名詞表示事物，這里指美國(guó)職業(yè)籃球聯(lián)盟，?？s寫(xiě)為NBA。 7.fans為fan的復(fù)數(shù)形式，可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般在后面直接加－s。 8.coaches為coach的復(fù)數(shù)形式，以－s，－x，－sh，－ch結(jié)尾的可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)形式加－es。又如boxes，dishes，buses等。 9.句中a Chinese是名詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。Chinese指中國(guó)人，這里為單數(shù)；但它的復(fù)數(shù)與單數(shù)同形，類似的單詞有deer，sheep，fish，aircraft，means，works，Japanese等。 10.“形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞”表示“某人的……”。 11.這里的a success為抽象名詞具體化，指“一個(gè)成功人士”。 12.有生命的人或物的所有格，一般用“名詞＋s”表示。又如the teacher’s name。 13.people為集體名詞，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。又如police，class，group等。 14.不可數(shù)名詞imagination作賓語(yǔ)，在a lot of，some，any等限定詞后面通常接名詞。 15.名詞eyes作介詞in的賓語(yǔ)。 16.在冠詞(a，an，the)后通常應(yīng)有名詞。 17.在序數(shù)詞后通常加名詞。 18 families為family的復(fù)數(shù)形式，以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式是變y為i再加－es。又如country→countries。 19.children為child的復(fù)數(shù)形式，屬于不規(guī)則變化。又如ox—oxen。 20.man或woman兩個(gè)詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單、復(fù)數(shù)與所修飾的名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)一致。又如three men teachers。 21.個(gè)體名詞，表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體。又如puter。 22.photos為photo的復(fù)數(shù)形式，以－o結(jié)尾的詞一般加－s。在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)里，以－o結(jié)尾有生命的名詞，如hero，tomato，potato，其復(fù)數(shù)是加－es。 23.抽象名詞表示狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念。又如anger。 Ⅰ.完成句子(填入括號(hào)內(nèi)詞的正確形式) 1.Two months(month) ago，three heroes(hero) caught four thieves(thief).They made them plant some potatoes(potato) and bamboos(bamboo) in two zoos(zoo).They also made their wives(wife) return the four big boxes(box) with some precious photos(photo) and brushes(brush) in them. 2.Two editors－in－chief(editor－in－chief)，three men__teachers(man teacher) and five women__doctors(woman doctor)，together with their children(child)，went to the market.They decided to buy two sheep(sheep)，three deer(deer)，four oxen(ox)，five geese(goose)and six white mice(mouse) with three feet(foot) and six teeth(tooth). Ⅱ.單句填空(在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。) 1.Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives(knife) out of children’s reach. 2.In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations(examine) because it breaks the rules of schools. 3.In my opinion, no one agrees that a wealthy(wealth) person without good health can be happy.So, just do our best and keep fit. 4.Upon arrival(arrive), we began to work immediately. 5.There are more visible changes in our gestures and facial expressions(express). 6.Lang Lang is a world－class young pianist(piano) who grew up in Shenyang. Ⅲ.單句改錯(cuò)(下列每句中有一處錯(cuò)誤，每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改，請(qǐng)指出并改正。) 1.I have only been there a couple of time.time→times 2.When you visit London, one of the first thing you will see is Big Ben.thing→things 3.Mr. Wang gave us some advices on how to remember English words.advices→advice 4.I have no time to take exercise because I have a lot of homeworks to do.homeworks→homework 5.This happened four and a half century ago.century→centuries 6.More care would insure you against making so much mistakes.much→many 7.It’s about an hour drive from here to my office.hour→hour’s 8.Li Ming, a three－years－old boy, is very lovely.three－years－old→three－year－old 9.We are having dinner at my aunt tonight.aunt→aunt’s 10.In our school, there is a new lab building with lots of teaching equipments in it.equipments→equipment Ⅳ.語(yǔ)篇填空(在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)中單詞的正確形式。) A high school history teacher once told us, “ If you make one close friend in school, you will be most lucky.1.________ true friend is someone who stays with you for life. ” Experience shows that he was right.Good 2.________ (friend) are just not easily formed. To most of us, friendships are thought very important, but we need to have the kinds of friendships we want. Are they to be close or kept at arm’s 3.________ (long)? Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface? For some people，many friendships on the surface are quite enough and that’s all right. But at some point we need to make sure that our expectations are the same as our 4.________ (friend) expectations.The sharing of 5.________ (person) experience is the surest way 6.________ (deepen) friendships.But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are signs of interest and action in return. What are some of the difficulties in forming friendship? The greatest is to expect too much too soon. Deep relationships take time.7.________ main difficulty is the 8.________ (selfish) to think one “owns” the other, including his time and attention. Similarly，friendships need actions in return. In other words, you must give as much as you take. Finally there is a question of taking care of each other.9.________ you spend reasonable time together, talking on the phone，writing 10.________ (letter) or doing things together，friendships will die away. 【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】　本文主要講如何加深友誼(how to deepen friendships)。 1.A　[由語(yǔ)境可知，此處指類別，泛指“一個(gè)”真正的朋友，故填不定冠詞A。] 2.friendships　[在句中作主語(yǔ)，用名詞形式；又根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are formed是復(fù)數(shù)及搭配可知，作主語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞應(yīng)當(dāng)是“友誼”，而不是“朋友”，故填friendships。] 3.length　[在名詞所有格后，要用名詞形式。keep sb at arm’s length意為“不使自己太靠近某人；與某人保持距離”。] 4.friends’　[根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，應(yīng)當(dāng)指“我們的朋友的”，應(yīng)當(dāng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式的所有格，故填friends’。] 5.personal　[在名詞前作定語(yǔ)，用形容詞形式。] 6.to deepen　[在way后用不定式作定語(yǔ)。] 7.Another　[根據(jù)前面的The greatest和后面的Finally可知，此處是指多者中的“另一個(gè)”，故填another。] 8.selfishness　[在冠詞后，要用名詞。] 9.Unless　[根據(jù)“you spend...”和“friendships will die away”兩個(gè)句子的邏輯關(guān)系可知，應(yīng)填unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。] 10.letters　[名詞作賓語(yǔ)。因?yàn)槭强蓴?shù)名詞，且沒(méi)有限定詞，故用復(fù)數(shù)。] 第二課時(shí)　高考研究課 名詞在語(yǔ)法填空中的考查點(diǎn) 規(guī)律方法 1.由位置知詞性：若所給名詞處于主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的位置，則考慮使用名詞的適當(dāng)形式。 2.由語(yǔ)境定詞形：語(yǔ)境中含有下面要素時(shí)，常常使用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式： ①含有one of； ②含有few, several, many, all, both等詞； ③所填空后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)形式； ④使用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示一類。 真題驗(yàn)證1 1.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ________(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work. (2017全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) 答案　crowds　[根據(jù)空前面的形容詞terrible可知此處填名詞，crowd表示“人群”，是可數(shù)名詞，前面沒(méi)有不定冠詞a，所以用復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 2.This development was only possible with the ________(introduce) of electric－powered engines and lifts.(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) 答案　introduction　[根據(jù)空前面的with和定冠詞the可知此處需要填名詞。with the introduction of表示“隨著……的引進(jìn)”。] 3.This trend, which was started by the medical munity(醫(yī)學(xué)界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ________(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical munity was trying to fight.(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) 答案　effects　[此處根據(jù)空前面的some以及空后面列舉的兩個(gè)副作用可知，用effect的復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 4. She is determined to carry on with her ________(educate).(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) 答案　education　[前面有形容詞性物主代詞her，此處應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)詞educate的名詞形式education作賓語(yǔ)。] 5.She has turned down several ________(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) 答案　invitations　[由于前有several，故應(yīng)該使用名詞復(fù)數(shù)invitations，表示“邀請(qǐng)”。] 6.Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________(carrot)and was about to throw them away.(2017浙江卷) 答案　carrots　[根據(jù)前面的a handful of可知，此處要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 7.The nursery team switches him every few ________(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle－fed, the other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) 答案　days　[此處表示每隔幾天。] 8.Recent ________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) 答案　studies　[由空前形容詞recent斷定所填詞性為名詞；由謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞show確定所填名詞的形式為復(fù)數(shù)。] 9.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ________(painting).(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) 答案　paintings　[painting意為“圖片，圖畫(huà)”，是可數(shù)名詞，由于其前有so many修飾，故使用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 名詞在短文改錯(cuò)中的考查點(diǎn) 規(guī)律方法 ?第一步：尋找名詞； ?第二步：以該名詞為中心，搜尋其輻射區(qū)域的關(guān)鍵信息； ?第三步：根據(jù)所搜尋的信息，確定名詞的正確形式。其信息形式常常有以下形式： 1.使用可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的相關(guān)信息 (1)可數(shù)名詞前面有數(shù)詞，several, many或復(fù)數(shù)意義的不定代詞(some, both, these)等修飾； (2)通常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的單詞； (3)上下文語(yǔ)境暗示應(yīng)使用可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式； (4)有些名詞作為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)意義不同，如可數(shù)名詞time意為“次數(shù)”，不可數(shù)名詞time意為“時(shí)間”。 2.使用可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式的相關(guān)信息 (1)不定冠詞a/an后用可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)； (2)上下文語(yǔ)境暗示應(yīng)使用可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。 3. 兩類不可數(shù)名詞(記牢＝答對(duì)) (1)抽象名詞不可數(shù)； (2)物質(zhì)名詞不可數(shù)。 真題驗(yàn)證2 1.Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)________ 答案　informations→information　[information是不可數(shù)名詞，所以沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 2.The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turning left！”(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)________ 答案　word→words　[根據(jù)后面的幾處話語(yǔ)可知，此處用word的復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 3.If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. (2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)________ 答案　knowledges→knowledge　[knowledge是不可數(shù)名詞，所以沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 4.The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)________ 答案　year→years　[由“from 13 to 19”及謂語(yǔ)were可知此處year應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 5.When I was a very young children, my father created a regular practice I remember well years later.(2016浙江卷)________ 答案　children→child　[由children前面的冠詞a可知此處應(yīng)該使用單數(shù)形式。] 6.The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)________ 答案　airs→air　[air是不可數(shù)名詞，所以沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 7.One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)________ 答案　parent→parents　[parent指代父母兩人，故要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 第三課時(shí)　寫(xiě)作增分課 名詞在寫(xiě)作中的增分點(diǎn) 一、利用抽象名詞具體化寫(xiě)美句子 1.被邀請(qǐng)來(lái)參加這次聚會(huì)我深感榮幸。(consider, invite) I__consider__it__a__great__honor__to__be__invited__to__this__party. 2.結(jié)果試驗(yàn)成功了。(turn out, experiment) It__turned__out__that__the__experiment__was__a__success. 3.作為一名作家他是失敗的。(failure) As__a__writer,__he__was__a__failure. 4.新汽車是全家人引以為豪之物。(pride) The__new__car__is__the__pride__of__the__whole__family. 二、利用“be of＋抽象名詞”靚化句子 1.我的確希望這些建議會(huì)對(duì)你有用。 I__do__hope__these__suggestions__will__be__of__great__use/useful__to__you. 2.學(xué)好英語(yǔ)對(duì)我們大家都大有益處。 Learning__English__well__will__be__of__great__benefit__to__us__all. 3.這次考試對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要。 The__exam__is__of__great__importance__to__me. 三、巧妙表達(dá)名詞的量 1.我們學(xué)校占地400畝。(an area) Our__school__covers__an__area__of__400__mu. 2.他收集了許多郵票。(collection) He__has__a__large__collection__of__stamps. 3.他月收入上萬(wàn)，過(guò)著富裕的生活。(ine) With__an__ine__of__more__than__ten__thousand__yuan__a__month,__he__lives__a__rich__life. 4.這個(gè)城市人口超過(guò)200萬(wàn)，是這個(gè)國(guó)家的第二大城市。(a population) With__a__population__of__over__2__million,__the__city__is__the__second__largest__in__the__country. 5.建于20世紀(jì)50年代末，我們學(xué)校有將近70年歷史。(a history) Set__up__in__the__late__1950s,__our__school__has__a__history__of__nearly__70__years.