浙江省2020年高考英語總復習 專題十二 詞義猜測教師用書（含解析）.docx

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專題十二　詞義猜測 挖命題 【考情探究】 考點 考向 考情分析 預測熱度 考頻統(tǒng)計 考查目標 2018.11 2018.6 2017.11 2017.6 2016.10 閱讀理解 詞義猜測 1 0 1 0 0 根據(jù)文章的主題內(nèi)容及相關(guān)的上下文,判斷一個生詞、詞組或句子的含義或一個單詞或詞組在文章所指代的意義 ★★★ 分析解讀　　1.詞義猜測題考查考生根據(jù)上下文的語境推斷生詞詞義的能力,同時也考查考生對語境的正確分析和把握能力。該題型出現(xiàn)的題量不是很大,但是一般都有一定的難度,是具有區(qū)分度的題目之一。 2.所猜測內(nèi)容一般是超綱的比較生僻的單詞或詞組,有時也會是一個句子。 3.除了指代關(guān)系的設(shè)題,正確選項一般是該詞或詞組的近義詞或釋義。該近義詞或釋義能夠從該詞所在的句子上下文中得到足夠明確的信息。而錯誤選項一般也可以通過上下文的語義予以排除。 過專題 【五年高考】 A組　2018年全國高考題組 Passage 1(2018課標全國Ⅰ,C)詞數(shù):294 Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(聯(lián)系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位數(shù))of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150), Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia(one, with a question-mark):none of these seems to have much chance of survival. 1.What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times? A.They developed very fast. B.They were large in number. C.They had similar patterns. D.They were closely connected. 2.Which of the following best explains“dominant”underlined in paragraph 2? A.Complex.　　　B.Advanced. C.Powerful.　　　D.Modern. 3.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? A.About 6,800.　　　B.About 3,400. C.About 2,400.　　　D.About 1,200. 4.What is the main idea of the text? A.New languages will be created. B.People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages. C.Human development results in fewer languages. D.Geography determines language evolution. 答案 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.C Passage 2(2018課標全國Ⅱ,B)詞數(shù):258 Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白質(zhì)), iron and zinc(not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants(抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries(櫻桃), they are so delicious. Who cares?However, they are rich in vitamin C. When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat“ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve”creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party;they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 1.What does the author seem to like about cherries? A.They contain protein. B.They are high in vitamin A. C.They have a pleasant taste. D.They are rich in antioxidants. 2.Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas? A.To make them smell better. B.To keep their colour. C.To speed up their ripening. D.To improve their nutrition. 3.What is“a juicer”in the last paragraph? A.A dessert.　　　　　B.A drink.　　　　　C.A container.　　　　　D.A machine. 4.From which is the text probably taken? A.A biology textbook. B.A health magazine. C.A research paper. D.A travel brochure. 答案 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.B Passage 3(2018課標全國Ⅲ,D)詞數(shù):304 Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings?The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor). For weeks, I’ve been thinking of bigger, deeper questions:How do we make it a habit for them?And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less?Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball—simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch. We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us. 1.What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A.The more, the better. B.Enough is enough. C.More money, more worries. D.Earn more and spend more. 2.What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects? A.Saving up for her holiday. B.Raising money for a poor girl. C.Adding the money to her fund. D.Giving the money to a sick mother. 3.Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd? A.To try out an idea. B.To show a parent’s love. C.To train his attention. D.To help him start a hobby. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Take It or Leave It B.A Lesson from Kids C.Live More with Less D.The Pleasure of Giving 答案 1.A 2.C 3.A 4.C Passage 4(2018北京,D)詞數(shù):479 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放)and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy—or even worsen—the traffic of today with driverless cars?Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport—an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車)services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 1.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can　　　. A.help deal with transportation-related problems B.provide better services to customers C.cause damage to our environment D.make some people lose jobs 2.As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern? A.Safety.　　　　　B.Side effects.　　　　　C.Affordability.　　　　　D.Management. 3.What does the underlined word“fielded”in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A.Employed.　　　B.Replaced. C.Shared.　　　D.Reduced. 4.What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A.Doubtful.　　　B.Positive. C.Disapproving.　　　D.Sympathetic. 答案 1.A 2.D 3.A 4.B B組　2014—2017年全國高考題組 Unit 1 Passage 1(2017課標全國Ⅰ,D)詞數(shù):311 A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸餾器)is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 55 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圓錐體)with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates(蒸發(fā))and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 1.What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph? A.It’s delicate.　　　B.It’s expensive. C.It’s complex.　　　D.It’s portable. 2.What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher”in paragraph 2 refer to? A.The tube.　　　　　B.The still.　　　　　C.The hole.　　　　　D.The cup. 3.What is the last step of constructing a working solar still? A.Dig a hole of a certain size. B.Put the cup in place. C.Weight the sheet’s center down. D.Cover the hole with the plastic sheet. 4.When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from　　　. A.the plastic tube　　　B.outside the hole C.the open air　　　D.beneath the sheet 答案 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.D Passage 2(2017課標全國Ⅱ,D)詞數(shù):288 When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening?Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other?Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to“overhear”the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(親密的)than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on. 1.What does a plant do when it is under attack? A.It makes noises. B.It gets help from other plants. C.It stands quietly. D.It sends out certain chemicals. 2.What does the author mean by“the tables are turned”in paragraph 3? A.The attackers get attacked. B.The insects gather under the table. C.The plants get ready to fight back. D.The perfumes attract natural enemies. 3.Scientists find from their studies that plants can　　　. A.predict natural disasters B.protect themselves against insects C.talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary 4.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A.The world is changing faster than ever. B.People have stronger senses than before. C.The world is more complex than it seems. D.People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative. 答案 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C Passage 3(2017天津,C)詞數(shù):330 This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley”of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things:that a car always chooses property(財產(chǎn))damage over personal injury;that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race;and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email, say—the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,”says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律責任)issue is the biggest one of them all,”says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human“be watchful and monitoring the road”at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars,”Merat says.“You know—no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,”says Calo. 1.What does the phrase“death valley”in Paragraph 2 refer to? A.A place where cars often break down. B.A case where passing a law is impossible. C.An area where no driving is permitted. D.A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. 2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to　　　. A.stop people from breaking traffic rules B.help promote fully automatic driving C.protect drivers of all ages and races D.prevent serious property damage 3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A.It should get the attention of insurance companies. B.It should be the main concern of law makers. C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D.It should involve no human responsibility. 4.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in　　　. A.Singapore　　　　　B.the UK　　　　　C.the US　　　　　D.Germany 5.What could be the best title for the passage? A.Autonomous Driving:Whose Liability? B.Fully Automatic Cars:A New Breakthrough C.Autonomous Vehicles:Driver Removed! D.Driverless Cars:Root of Road Accidents 答案 1.D 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.A Passage 4(2017江蘇,D)詞數(shù):690 Old Problem, New Approaches While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放)peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation. When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that:“There is no ‘one-size f