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1、語法突破篇語法突破篇第四節(jié)數(shù)詞和主謂一致第四節(jié)數(shù)詞和主謂一致【命題分析】高考對數(shù)詞的考查側(cè)重于：1數(shù)詞表示確切數(shù)目和不確切數(shù)目的區(qū)別；2數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)的特殊用法；3dozen和score的特殊用法。主謂一致主要圍繞名詞、代詞、數(shù)量詞、非謂語動詞、從句來考查。主要考查點集中在：1主語從句作主語時謂語的確定；2主語被介詞with，as well as等構(gòu)成的短語分割時謂語的確定；3由不同的數(shù)詞修飾的名詞作主語時謂語的確定?！久麕熅v】.數(shù)詞1hundred，thousand，million和billion等詞的用法若hundred，thousand，million，billion等詞的前面有基數(shù)詞或se
2、veral修飾時，hundred，thousand，million，billion等只能用單數(shù)形式；若表示不確定數(shù)目的數(shù)百、數(shù)千、數(shù)百萬等時，要用它們的復(fù)數(shù)形式，還要加上of。3分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)法：分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，若分子大于1，則分母用復(fù)數(shù)。如：one-fourth(a quarter)1/4two-fifths 2/54年齡表達(dá)法表示某人的確切年齡，用“基數(shù)詞years old”或“基數(shù)詞of age”或者“at the age of基數(shù)詞”，也可直接用基數(shù)詞；表示某人幾十多歲時，用“in ones逢十的基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)”。如：teens，twenties，thirties等。5年代表達(dá)法
3、表示“幾十年代”時，在阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字后加s或s。如：在二十世紀(jì)九十年代in the 1990s/1990s。.主謂一致一、語法一致原則所謂語法一致原則，即主語和謂語的語法形式在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)當(dāng)一致。謂語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式依據(jù)主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式而定：主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；主語為單數(shù)或者是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。1主語是由and，both.and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)如果主語指的是兩個或兩個以上的人或物，則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：My mother and I have seen the film.媽媽和我看過這部電影。Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of
4、 China.在中國的這個地方既種水稻又種小麥。注意：由and連接的并列主語，前面分別有each，every，no修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country.在我國男孩和女孩都得接受教育。No student and no teacher was invited to the party.沒有學(xué)生和老師被邀請參加晚會。2主語后面接主語的修飾語主語后面接主語的修飾語如with，along with，together with，as well as，like，rather than，b
5、ut，except，besides，including，in addition to時，謂語動詞不受修飾成分的影響，仍同主語保持一致。如：The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car.這個姑娘和男孩子一起也學(xué)了開汽車。A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一個有5 000冊書的圖書館被作為禮物贈送給了國家。All but one were here just now.剛才除了一個人外所有人都在這兒。3非謂語動詞或從句作主語非謂語
6、動詞(動詞的-ing形式、不定式)或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。如： When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么時候在什么地方建新工廠還沒定下來。Checking information is very important.核對事實是非常重要的。4each和復(fù)合不定代詞作主語each和some/any/every/nobody/one/thing構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone，everybody，ev
7、erything，no one，nobody，nothing及the other作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：Each is worse than the one before.一個比一個差。Someone wants to see you.有人想見你。5“many a/more than one單數(shù)名詞”作主語“many a(很多)/more than one(不止一個)名詞單數(shù)”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Many a student has been to Beijing.很多學(xué)生去過北京。There is more than one answer to your question.
8、你的問題不止一個答案。6“one ofthe名詞復(fù)數(shù)定語從句”之前有the等限定詞和修飾語“one ofthe名詞復(fù)數(shù)定語從句”之前有the only，the very，the等限定詞和修飾語時，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如沒有這些限定詞和修飾語，定語從句的謂語動詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Tom is the only one of the boys who is always ready to help others.湯姆是唯一的一個樂于助人的男孩。Tom is one of the boys who are always ready to help others.湯姆是樂于幫助別人的男孩中的
9、一個。7表示成雙的物體的名詞作主語英語中有些表示成雙的物體的名詞如glasses眼鏡，scissors剪刀，shorts短褲，shoes鞋子，trousers褲子等作主語，其后的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His glasses were broken，so he cant see well.他的眼鏡碎了，因此他看不太清楚。His trousers are made of cotton.他的褲子是用棉布做的。注意：若這類名詞前有數(shù)量詞pair，則以pair的單、復(fù)數(shù)決定動詞的形式。如：Two pairs of trousers are missing.兩條褲子不見了。This pair of sh
10、oes is not on sale.這雙鞋不出售。8倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂一致在倒裝句中，其他成分放到句子前部，而主語則被置于句子后部。這時要辨認(rèn)出主語，謂語動詞同主語保持一致。如：After the exams is the time for rest.考試過后就可以休息。二、意義一致原則意義一致是指謂語動詞與主謂的一致取決于主語所表達(dá)的意義。若主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上是單數(shù)，動詞要用單數(shù)；若主語形式上為單數(shù)，而意義上為復(fù)數(shù)，則動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。1由and連接兩個并列主語(1)由and連接兩個并列主語時，如果兩個單數(shù)名詞指同一個人、同一事物或通常由兩個部件配成的物品時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)，此時兩個名
11、詞共用一個冠詞。如：The worker and writer has written a new novel.這位工人兼作家寫了一部新小說。(兩個名詞共用一個冠詞)There is a knife and fork on the table.桌上有一副刀叉。(2)成對的名詞作主語時用單數(shù)形式。如：Bread and butter is a daily food in the West.面包加黃油是西方人的日常食品。Truth and honesty is always the best policy.真誠總是上策。注意：算式中表示數(shù)字的主語一般視為單數(shù)，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)，但也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：T
12、hree and five makes/make eight.三加五等于八。2形復(fù)意單的名詞作主語(1)復(fù)數(shù)形式的專有名詞(國名、城市名、機(jī)構(gòu)名、組織名以及書名、報紙名、雜志名等)作主語，通常作為整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The United States is in North America.美國在北美洲。The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.天方夜譚在世界各地廣為閱讀。注意：表示山脈、群島、瀑布等的專有名詞，和以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的表示同姓的一家人或同名、同姓的若干人，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The Alps stretch four coun
13、tries.阿爾卑斯山脈跨越了四個國家。Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亞加拉瀑布沒有維多利亞瀑布高。The Smiths were also invited.史密斯一家人也受到了邀請。There are three Marys and two Roberts in my class.我班有三個叫瑪麗、兩個叫羅伯特的學(xué)生。(2)以-s結(jié)尾的名詞和表示學(xué)科的名詞，如news，maths，plastics，works，means(方法)，politics，physics，mathematics，economics，athletics
14、，electronics等，雖然以-s結(jié)尾，但意義上作為單數(shù)看待。如：Politics is now taught in all schools.現(xiàn)在所有學(xué)校都開設(shè)政治課。Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution，but the sky is still not clear.所有可能制止空氣污染的方法都用了，但天空還是不明凈。(3)“one and a half復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：One and a half days is all I can spare.一天半是我所能擠出的全部時間。注意
15、：“one or two復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：One or two days are enough to see the city.參觀這座城市一兩天就足夠了。There are one or two things I want to talk over with you.我有一兩件事想跟你商量。3有生命的集體名詞作主語有生命的集體名詞(如people，police，cattle，militia)作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：The police are looking for the thief.警察正在搜尋那個小偷。All the people of the world
16、want peace.全世界人民都渴望和平。注意：family，team，class，government，audience，crew，committee等集體名詞，如果作整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果作個別成員看待，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。people作“民族”講時，作單數(shù)用。如：Zhangs family is rather big，with twelve people in all.張家相當(dāng)大，共十二口人。The family are sitting at the breakfast table.這家人正坐在早餐桌旁。4“the形容詞”作主語“the形容詞”作主語，如果指一類人，謂語動詞
17、用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果指一個人或抽象概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。這類形容詞有：old，young，rich，poor，blind，deaf，dead，sick等。如：The rich are not always happy.富人也有不開心的時候。The wounded is a policeman.受傷者是一名警察。The beautiful is not always the same as the good.漂亮不總是等同于好。5表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、度量、容量、溫度等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、度量、容量、溫度等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，通?？醋饕粋€整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：
18、Twenty years has passed since we left school.我們離開學(xué)校已經(jīng)20年了。Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money.一萬美元是一大筆錢。Thirty kilometres is a good distance.30公里是一個相當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)的距離。注意：如果說話人側(cè)重個體，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Twenty years have passed since we parted.自從我們分手以后20年已經(jīng)過去了。6“a number of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”與“the number of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語“a number of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”意
19、為“一些，許多”，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；“the number of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”意為“的數(shù)目，數(shù)量”，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The number of pages in this book is three hundred.這本書的頁數(shù)是300。7none of和neither of后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)代詞作主語none of和neither of后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)代詞作主語時，多作單數(shù)看待，有時也作復(fù)數(shù)看待，主要根據(jù)說話人的意思決定。如：None of them has arrived yet at the settlement.他們中還沒有一個到達(dá)住宅區(qū)。None of them have arriv
20、ed yet.他們都還沒到。8“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)of短語”作主語“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)of短語”作主語，這時謂語動詞的數(shù)要依of短語中名詞的數(shù)而定。如：Two fifths of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.該地區(qū)五分之二的土地被樹木和草所覆蓋。Eighty nine percent of smokers are male.89%的吸煙者是男性。9表示部分概念或不定數(shù)量的名詞、代詞作主語表示部分概念或不定數(shù)量的名詞、代詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)后面名詞的數(shù)而定。這些名詞或代詞有all，any，enough，half
21、，more，most，the rest，part，some等。如：The rest of the buildings are easy to get to.其余的建筑物并不難上。The rest of his life was happy.他的晚年生活很幸福。Most of my time was spent in reading.我的大部分時間被用在讀書上。Most of the people are aware of it.大部分人都知道它。三、就近原則就近原則是指謂語動詞要與它最鄰近的名詞或代詞保持人稱與數(shù)的一致。1由or，either.or等連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語由or，either.o
22、r，nor，neither.nor，not only.but also，not.but連接的并列主語，通常按照就近原則，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)依照它靠近的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。如：Either his friends or his brother is wrong.不是他的朋友們錯了，就是他哥哥錯了。Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having examinations one after another.不僅我而且簡和瑪麗都討厭一個接一個的考試。2在主謂倒裝句中在主謂倒裝句中，主語并列，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與其最靠近的主語相一致。由here
23、或there引導(dǎo)的句子，若有并列主語，謂語也和與其最靠近的那個主語一致。如：There is a desk，a table and three chairs in the room.房間里有一張書桌、一張飯桌和三把椅子。There are three chairs，a desk and a computer in the room.房間里有三把椅子、一張書桌和一臺電腦。1(2012安徽高考)Walmart，which is one of the largest American supermarket chains，_some of its stores open 24 hours on Mo
24、ndays through Saturdays.AkeepsBkeepChave kept Dhad kept解析：句意：沃爾瑪，美國最大的超市連鎖店之一，讓部分店從星期一24小時營業(yè)一直到星期六。顯然，這是個經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時，主語為Walmart，為第三人稱單數(shù)，故選A項。本題易錯選B項或C項，有的考生錯把supermarket chains當(dāng)成主語，認(rèn)為主語為復(fù)數(shù)。本題的解題關(guān)鍵在于認(rèn)清題干中which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。答案：A2(2012湖南高考)All the scientific evidence_that increasing use of chemica
25、ls in farming_damaging our health.Ashow；are Bshows；areCshow；is Dshows；is解析：句意：所有的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明，農(nóng)業(yè)中越來越多化學(xué)物質(zhì)的使用正在危及我們的健康。該句為復(fù)合句，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。主句的主語為不可數(shù)名詞evidence，其謂語動詞應(yīng)使用單數(shù)形式。從句的主語為increasing use of chemicals in farming，其中心詞為名詞use，所以其謂語動詞也應(yīng)使用單數(shù)形式。答案：D3(2012陜西高考)The basketball coach，as well as his team，_intervie
26、wed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.Awere BwasCis Dare解析：句意：那位籃球教練以及他的球隊在比賽后不久就因為他們杰出的表現(xiàn)而受到采訪。as well as連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)由第一個名詞或代詞決定，本題中as well as連接the basketball coach與his team，the basketball coach為第三人稱單數(shù)，故謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，排除A，D兩項；另外，由關(guān)鍵信息shortly after the match可知動作發(fā)生在過去，句
27、子采用一般過去時，排除C項。答案：B4(2013石家莊模擬)Some modern teaching equipment as well as hundreds of books_to the rural schools.Ahad been donated Bwas donatedChave donated Dwere donated解析：句意：一些現(xiàn)代的教學(xué)設(shè)備連同幾百本書被捐給了農(nóng)村學(xué)校。本題考查主謂一致。句中主語為some modern teaching equipment，是單數(shù)，所以排除C、D兩項；A項表示過去的過去，題干中沒有過去的時間作參照，故排除，所以B項正確。答案：B5The
28、 writer and teacher Smith _ through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.Ahave gone Bhad goneCwent Dhas gone解析：考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。語意表示既是作家又是教師的史密斯自從搬到悉尼經(jīng)歷了無數(shù)的成敗，由句中since可知主句要用現(xiàn)在完成時，且主語表示史密斯身兼兩職，為單數(shù)，故選D項。答案：D6Its ones bad habits，rather than a certain natural disaster，_ones life-span for most of
29、the time.Athat affects Bwhich affectCwhich affects Dthat affect解析：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句和主謂一致。從文意和結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷，第一空用that和前面的Its構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)；由rather than引導(dǎo)的主語，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)前面那個名詞，所以用復(fù)數(shù)。答案：D7But for the fact that China _ also affected by the global economic crisis，we _ fewer unemployed workers now.Ais；would have Bare；would haveCwas；woul
30、d have had Dwere；would have had解析：句意：中國要不是受全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的影響，我們現(xiàn)在就會有更少的工人失業(yè)。第一個空考查主謂一致，China是單數(shù)，謂語用is；第二個空考查與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣。答案：A8All the students but one in Senior Three _ the coming examinations on this weekend.Aare to take part in Bis to take part inChas taken part in Dhave taken part in解析：考查主謂一致。but連接并列主語時，
31、謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與前者保持一致。根據(jù)時間狀語on this weekend排除C和D項，all the students是復(fù)數(shù)，因此選A項。答案：A9_wants to keep fit needs to exercise often and pays more attention to every meal.AAnyone BThose whoCWhoever DWhichever解析：考查主語從句。A選項缺少定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，不正確；B選項可構(gòu)成定語從句，但不符合主謂一致的原則；D選項表示在特定范圍內(nèi)選擇，而該句沒有指定的范圍，可以排除。Whoeveranyone who。句意：想保持健康
32、的人必須經(jīng)常鍛煉而且要更加注意每一餐的飲食。答案：C10Hey！Here is a message on my cell phone，telling me to send money to.Delete it！Its a trick.Many a person_by such tricks.Ahas been cheated Bhave been cheatedCwere cheated Dwas cheated解析：考查時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。答話人之所以讓對方刪除手機(jī)上要求匯款的信息是因為到目前為止已經(jīng)有很多人上當(dāng)受騙，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)，排除C、D兩項；many a表示“大量”，修
33、飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，故排除B項選A項。答案：A11Large quantities of water _ for cooling purpose in the only one of the plants that _ steel in the city.Ahas been needed；produceBare deeded；producesCin needed；producesDhave been needed；produce解析：考查主謂一致。句意：這個城市唯一生產(chǎn)鋼材的工廠需要大量的水用于冷卻。第一個空謂語動詞應(yīng)與quantities一致，用復(fù)數(shù)，由于陳述的是目前的狀況，因此
34、，要用一般現(xiàn)在時；第二個空定語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)與the only one保持一致。答案：B12Small as it is，the ant is as much a creature as _ all other animals on the earth.Aare BisChave Ddo解析：考查主謂一致。根據(jù)句子的意義可知，第二個as引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，修飾先行詞a creature，定語從句用了倒裝語序，as在從句中作表語，從句的謂語動詞的形式由后面的主語all other animals決定，因此用are，故選A項。答案：A13More than one _ the people hea
35、rt and soul.Aofficial has served Bofficials have servedCofficial has served for Dofficials have served for解析：考查主謂一致問題。more than one后跟動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。serve此處為及物動詞。答案：A14I told him what I was surprised _ his attitude towards the old.Awere Bat wereCwas Dat was解析：what I was surprised at是賓語從句中的主語從句，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，故
36、選D項。句意：我告訴他讓我感到驚訝的事情是他對待老人的態(tài)度。答案：D15The drunken driver，rather than the passers-by _ for the traffic accident.Awas to be blamed Bwas to blameCwere to blame Dwere to be blamed解析：句意：是醉駕的司機(jī)，而不是過路者對那起交通事故負(fù)責(zé)?？疾橹髦^一致。謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與rather than前面的the drunken drive一致，故用單數(shù)并且be to blame常用主動表示被動，故選B項。答案：B16The troubl
37、e with resources as coal，oil and gas _ that they are not renewable.Ahas been BisChave been Dare解析：考查主謂一致。句意：像煤礦、石油和天然氣之類的資源方面的問題是它們不是再生資源。the trouble是主語，因此謂語用單數(shù)，又因為是陳述的事實，故選B項。答案：B17Jim，as well as his sisters，_ to talk to his parents at present because of misunderstanding.Ais prepared Bwas preparedC
38、are prepared Dwere prepared解析：句意：Jim，還有他的妹妹們都準(zhǔn)備和他的父母談?wù)劊驗樗麄冎g有誤會。as well as連接并列主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與as well as前面的部分一致，故選A項。答案：A18Some equipment as well as a number of maps and books _ to the area since the earthquake occurred.Ahas been offered Bhave been offeredCis being offered Dare offered解析：由時間狀語since the
39、 earthquake occurred可知，主句要用現(xiàn)在完成時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式與as well as前面的主語保持一致，故選A項。答案：A19A survey of the opinions of experts _ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ good for ones health.Ashow；are Bshows；isCshow；is Dshows；are解析：考查主謂一致。第一個空的主語是a survey第三人稱單數(shù)，第二個空的主語是exercise“鍛煉”不可數(shù)，因此兩個空都填單數(shù)形式。答案：B20A quarter of the residents in this area _ no access to health service.Ais reported having Bis reported to haveCare reported to have had Dare reported to have解析：考查主謂一致。句意：據(jù)報道這個地區(qū)的四分之一的居民得不到醫(yī)療服務(wù)。主語a quarter of the residents是復(fù)數(shù)，因此謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。又因為報道的是一個普遍現(xiàn)象，所以用不定式的一般式，故選D項。答案：D
高考英語總復(fù)習(xí) 語法突破 第4節(jié) 數(shù)詞和主謂一致課件 新人教版
