高中英語(yǔ) Unit 21《Human Biology》課件2 北師大版選修7

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Module 7 Unit 21 Human Biology,重點(diǎn)單詞,1．digest vt.消化；領(lǐng)會(huì)，領(lǐng)悟 【精講拓展】 digest food 消化食物 digest the important points 領(lǐng)會(huì)要點(diǎn) have a good /poor digestion 消化能力強(qiáng)/弱 the digestive system 消化系統(tǒng) news digest 新聞?wù)?【典型例句】 As carbohydrates are digested，the body turns them into sugar and starch. 機(jī)體消化碳水化合物，并把它們轉(zhuǎn)化成糖和淀粉。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)] Cheese doesn’t digest easily.乳酪不易消化。[朗文當(dāng)代] It took me some time to digest what I had heard. 我花了一些時(shí)間才把聽(tīng)到的東西弄明白。[朗文當(dāng)代] He has a good digestion.他的消化力很強(qiáng)。[朗文當(dāng)代] Reporters must digest facts quickly in order to write their stories. 記者必須迅速弄清事實(shí)以便寫報(bào)道。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)],即學(xué)即用,完成句子 ①讀書不思考就像吃東西不消化。 Reading without reflecting is like eating without ________. ②油膩食物對(duì)你的消化系統(tǒng)有害。 The rich food is bad for your ________ system. 答案：①digesting ②digestive,2．tolerate vt.容忍；忍受 【精講拓展】 (1)tolerate (sb./one’s) doing sth.容忍(某人)做某事 (2)be tolerant of /towards sb./sth.容忍某人/某事 (3)have no tolerance for jokes of any kind 容不得開(kāi)任何玩笑 (4)the tolerable levels of pollution可接受的污染程度,警示誤區(qū) (1)tolerate常用于否定句。 (2)tolerate后接動(dòng)名詞，但不接不定式。 【典型例句】 I won’t tolerate your bad manners any longer. 我再也不能忍受你那種惡劣的態(tài)度了。[朗文當(dāng)代] Many old people have a very limited tolerance to cold. 許多老年人對(duì)寒冷的忍受力很差。[朗文當(dāng)代] Try and show some tolerance. 努力表現(xiàn)得寬容些。[朗文當(dāng)代],【詞語(yǔ)辨析】 abide/bear/endure/stand/tolerate 都可表示“忍受”的意義，但用法有所不同。 (1)在疑問(wèn)和表示極不喜歡的否定句中，abide，bear，stand和endure均與can 連用，但endure只用于表示非常嚴(yán)肅的事情。 I can’t abide/bear/stand black coffee.我喝不了濃的咖啡。 I can’t endure talking to people who are racists . 與那些種族主義分子交談，我可真受不了。 (2)表示忍受肉體上的痛苦也可用bear，endure和 stand，而endure 則指忍受長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的痛苦。如： He bore /stood the pain as long as he could. 他盡可能長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地忍著疼痛。 She had endured great pain for a number of years. 她已忍受了好幾年極大的痛苦。 (3)表示容忍人或某行為用tolerate， 但它不能用于表示痛苦。如 I won’t tolerate your rudeness.我不會(huì)容忍你的粗暴無(wú)禮。,即學(xué)即用,用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 ③I can’t tolerate my son ________(talk) at table. ④Perhaps you need to be more ________(tolerate) of your neighbours. 答案：③talking ④tolerant,3. doubtful adj.懷疑的，不肯定的 【精講拓展】 be doubtful about對(duì)……懷疑的 be doubtful whether/if.懷疑是否…… in doubt 不肯定，不確定 without doubt 無(wú)疑，確定 I don’t doubt that.我確信…… I doubt whether/if.我懷疑…… There’s no doubt that.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)……,【典型例句】 He says he can do it，but I’m rather doubtful(about it)． 他說(shuō)他能干這事，但我(對(duì)此)頗為懷疑。[朗文當(dāng)代] I’m doubtful whether she will agree to this. 我不能肯定她是否會(huì)同意這點(diǎn)。[朗文當(dāng)代] I doubt if /whether we will make a profit out of it. 我認(rèn)為我們不大可能從此事中獲利。[朗文當(dāng)代] I doubt that we’ll arrive on time. 我看我們可能無(wú)法準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)],【詞語(yǔ)辨析】 doubt/wonder (1)doubt 指對(duì)其后所述的事實(shí)表示“懷疑，不相信”，后面可接名詞或代詞作其賓語(yǔ)；也可接賓語(yǔ)從句。接從句時(shí)，其肯定句一般接 whether或 if引導(dǎo)的從句；否定句和疑問(wèn)句一般接 that 引導(dǎo)的從句。 I doubt if he will come 我懷疑他是否會(huì)來(lái)。 Do you doubt that he will come ? 你懷疑他會(huì)來(lái)嗎？ I don’t doubt that it will rain today.我相信今天會(huì)下雨。 (2)wonder 表達(dá)“感到奇怪時(shí)”，其后接that從句、不定式等；當(dāng)表達(dá)“想知道”時(shí)，其后接if或whether或why，when，where等詞引導(dǎo)的從句。 Do you wonder that she speaks French so well？她法語(yǔ)講得這么好，你覺(jué)得奇怪嗎？ I wonder whether he has come.我想知道他來(lái)了沒(méi)有。,⑤There is no doubt ________ John will come on time. A．if B．why C．that D．how 解析：考查同位語(yǔ)從句。句意為：毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)約翰會(huì)按時(shí)到 達(dá)。There is no doubt that.“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)……”，故答案為C。 答案：C,4．oppose vt.反對(duì) 【精講拓展】 (1)oppose A against/to B把 A與 B相對(duì)照或相比 (2)oppose oneself to反對(duì) (3)opposed adj.相反的，對(duì)立的 (4)sb.be opposed to sth./doing sth.某人反對(duì)做某事 (5)as opposed to與……相對(duì)；與……成對(duì)比 (6)opposite adj.相對(duì)的，對(duì)面的n.對(duì)立的人(或物)；對(duì)立面 警示誤區(qū)：在be opposed to詞組中，to為介詞，后跟名詞、 代詞或動(dòng)名詞。,【典型例句】 The President opposes giving military aid to this country. 總統(tǒng)反對(duì)向該國(guó)提供軍事援助。[朗文當(dāng)代] We are opposed to the use of pesticides. 我們反對(duì)使用殺蟲劑。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)] This is a book about business practice as opposed to theory. 這是一本講商業(yè)實(shí)務(wù)，而不是講理論的書。[朗文當(dāng)代] Black is the opposite of white. 與白色相反的是黑色。[朗文當(dāng)代],【詞語(yǔ)辨析】 oppose/object/resist oppose，object 和 resist 三者都含“反對(duì)”的意思。 (1)oppose 為及物動(dòng)詞，指“對(duì)某人、某事采取積極行動(dòng)來(lái)反對(duì)”，著重指動(dòng)作，尤指“反對(duì)一種觀念、思想、計(jì)劃等”。如 The father opposed his son’s marriage.父親反對(duì)兒子的婚事。 (2)object常指“用言論或論據(jù)等表示反對(duì)”，著重指“個(gè)人厭煩”和“提出反對(duì)意見(jiàn)”，為不及物動(dòng)詞，后常與to連用。如 I objected to his plan.我反對(duì)他的計(jì)劃。 (3)resist 指“積極地反抗、對(duì)抗，用武力阻止……的前進(jìn)”。如 The villagers were resisting the enemy.村民們正在抵抗敵人。,即學(xué)即用,翻譯句子 ⑥我將反對(duì)改變這個(gè)法規(guī)。 ___________________________________________________ ⑦該國(guó)無(wú)力抵抗侵略。 _________________________________________________ 答案：⑥I will oppose changing the law./I will object to changing the law. ⑦The nation was unable to resist the invasion.,5．contradict vt.與(其他事物)相矛盾；反駁，否認(rèn)，頂嘴 【精講拓展】 contradict sth.同……矛盾/抵觸 contradict sb.反駁某人 in contradiction to與……互相矛盾 cotradictory statements矛盾說(shuō)法,【典型例句】 If you contradict me once more，you’re fired. 你再頂撞我一次，我就解雇你．[朗文當(dāng)代] The witness gave information that contradicted previous testimony. 這位證人提供的信息與之前的證言不符。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)] It’s a contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election. 你說(shuō)你支持政府，但又在選舉中不投客觀存在的票，這是自相矛盾的。[朗文當(dāng)代] Your behaviour is in (direct) contradiction to your principles. 你的行為與你的原則互相矛盾。[朗文當(dāng)代],即學(xué)即用,翻譯句子 ⑧他不敢頂撞他的父母。 ________________________________________________ ⑨他們的短期重點(diǎn)和長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)互相矛盾。 ____________________________________________ 答案：⑧He didn’t dare to contradict his parents. ⑨Their short-term priorities are in direct contradiction to their long-term goals.,6．complicated adj.復(fù)雜的 【精講拓展】 (1)complicate v．使復(fù)雜 (2)to complicate matters further(插入語(yǔ))使事情更難辦的 是…… (3)complication n．復(fù)雜化；(使復(fù)雜的)因素 (4)add a further complication to給……增加困難,【典型例句】 These new rules have complicated the tax system even further. 這些新規(guī)定使稅收制度更加復(fù)雜。[劍橋高階] It’s rather complicated to explain，but I’ll try. 這事解釋起來(lái)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜，不過(guò)我試試吧。[朗文當(dāng)代] There are six candidates and，to complicate matters still further，every voter has four votes. 有六名侯選人，使事情更為復(fù)雜化的是，每個(gè)選民可以投四個(gè)人的票。[朗文當(dāng)代] If any complications arise，let me know and I’ll help. 如果發(fā)生什么麻煩事，告訴我一聲，我會(huì)幫忙的。[劍橋高階],【詞語(yǔ)辨析】 comlex/complicated (1)complex指“包含許多尤其是不同的部分，因而比較難懂或難解釋的”。 This is a complex problem.這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。 (2)complicated 指“各部分相互交錯(cuò)而變得錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜”。 The story is extremely complicated. 這個(gè)故事情節(jié)特別錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。,即學(xué)即用,完成句子 ⑩That’s a really ________ machine. ?Plans for the release of political prisoners ________ ________ by a fresh outbreak of terrorist activity. 答案：⑩complicated ?were complicated,7．seek vt.尋求；設(shè)法，試圖 【精講拓展】 (1)seek (for) sth./sb.尋找某物/某人 (2)seek in vain for sth.尋找某物徒勞無(wú)功 (3)seek employment求職 (4)seek advice/help/permission/approval from sb.詢問(wèn)某 人的意見(jiàn)/尋求某人的幫助/征求某人的許可/同意 (5)seek to do sth.設(shè)法做某事 (6)seek one’s fortune外出尋找發(fā)財(cái)機(jī)會(huì)；外出闖蕩 (7)seek sb./sth.out挑選出；物色,【詞語(yǔ)辨析】 seek/look for/search/hunt for (1)seek 一般用于抽象意義，有時(shí)也表示渴望得到某一具體的東西，是比較正式的書面用法。可構(gòu)成seek for，seek after等短語(yǔ)，作“尋找，設(shè)法得到”等講。其后可接動(dòng)詞不定式，此時(shí)表示“試圖，企圖”。 They seek information from various sources. 他們從各種來(lái)源收集信息。 (2)look for強(qiáng)調(diào)找的過(guò)程。 He is looking for his dictionary bought yesterday. 他在找昨天買的那本詞典。 (3)search 通常指對(duì)某處、某地進(jìn)行搜查或搜索；對(duì)象為人時(shí)指“搜身”。常接for構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)search for，作“尋找；搜尋”講，其對(duì)象多為人或物，如找礦，找資料，找文件，找工作等。它強(qiáng)調(diào)尋找的行為，不著重結(jié)果。 The police searched him but nothing was found on him. 警方搜了他的身，但什么也沒(méi)找到。 They are searching for the missing child. 他們正在尋找那個(gè)失蹤的孩子。,(4)hunt for指竭力搜尋，其搜尋對(duì)象往往是某種迫切需要的東西或人。 This is just the thing I am hunting form. 這正是我在找的東西。 They’ve been hunting for you everywhere. 他們一直在到處找你。 (5)find 通常強(qiáng)調(diào)找的結(jié)果，其后可跟名詞，復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或that從句。 find fault“挑剔”，為固定搭配。 Use your head，and then you’ll find a way. 開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋，就會(huì)有辦法的。 He found his home village unchanged. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)家鄉(xiāng)還是老樣子。 (6)find out指通過(guò)觀察、調(diào)查、詢問(wèn)等方式找出(原因等)，或發(fā)現(xiàn)(秘密、錯(cuò)誤等)情況，其后一般跟名詞、代詞或從句。 Have you found out his address？你查到他的住址了嗎？ Please find out when the train leaves. 請(qǐng)打聽(tīng)一下火車什么時(shí)候開(kāi)。,【典型例句】 We are earnestly seeking after the truth. 我們?cè)谡J(rèn)真地尋找真理。[朗文當(dāng)代] The travelers sought shelter from the rain. 旅行者在找地方躲雨。[朗文當(dāng)代] You should seek advice from your lawyer on this matter. 在這件事情上你應(yīng)征求你律師的意見(jiàn)。[朗文當(dāng)代] While he was at the library，Steve decided to seek out some information on accommodation in the area. 史蒂夫在圖書館的時(shí)候，決定查找一些有關(guān)該地區(qū)住宿的信息。[劍橋高階],即學(xué)即用,?He wondered whether he chose to make a further study abroad or found a stable job，so he ________ advice from his parents. A．seeked B．listened C．looked for D．tried finding 解析：“尋求建議”用seek advice表示。B項(xiàng)中l(wèi)isten為不 及物動(dòng)詞，要加to可表示“聽(tīng)取”；C項(xiàng)中l(wèi)ook for意為“尋 找”，不符合語(yǔ)境；D項(xiàng)中try finding改為try to find即可 選，意為“試圖尋找。” 答案：A,8.prohibit vt.禁止；阻止 【精講拓展】 prohibit.from doing sth.禁止……做某事 prohibit smoking禁止吸煙 prohibition against selling drugs禁止賣毒品的法令 stop/prevent.(from)doing sth.禁止……做某事 keep.from doing sth.禁止……做某事 【典型例句】 We are prohibited from drinking alcohol during working hours. 工作時(shí)間內(nèi)我們不得喝酒。[朗文當(dāng)代] The price prohibited us from buying it. 這東西價(jià)錢太高，我們買不起。[朗文當(dāng)代] Environmental groups want a total prohibition on the dumping of nuclear waste. 環(huán)保組織要求徹底禁止傾倒核廢料。[朗文當(dāng)代] The environmental group is demanding a complete prohibition against the hunting of whales. 該環(huán)保組織要求徹底禁止捕獵鯨魚。[劍橋高階],即學(xué)即用,翻譯句子 ?辦公樓內(nèi)禁止抽煙。 ________________________________________________ ?這機(jī)器價(jià)格昂貴，很難普及使用。 _______________________________________________ 答案：?Smoking is prohibited in the office building. ?The high cost of the machine prohibits it from being widespread.,9．identify vt.確認(rèn)，認(rèn)出；找到，發(fā)現(xiàn) 【精講拓展】 identify sb./sth.(as sb./sth.)確認(rèn)，鑒定 identify oneself透露身份 identify the problem areas找問(wèn)題所在 identify what is wrong with.弄清問(wèn)題(弊端……) identify with sb.與某人產(chǎn)生共鳴；諒解；同情 be identified with與……關(guān)系緊密 identify sth.with sth.認(rèn)為某物等同于,【詞語(yǔ)辨析】 identify/recognize (1)詞義和搭配 identify vt.認(rèn)出；識(shí)別；鑒定(后接sth.與with連用)認(rèn)為同一；(后接sb.與with 連用)與……有關(guān)系；(常與with連用)同情；理解 recognize vt.(常與as 連用)認(rèn)識(shí)；認(rèn)出 ；辨認(rèn)；承認(rèn)；認(rèn)可；認(rèn)識(shí)到；公認(rèn)；賞識(shí) (2)表示詞義不同 recognize側(cè)重于認(rèn)出某人的結(jié)果。而identify有仔細(xì)辨別的意思，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程。 The markings are so blurred that it is difficult to identify.標(biāo)記模糊不清，難以識(shí)別。 recognize an old acquaintance認(rèn)出一位老相識(shí),【典型例句】 She was asked to identify the criminal. 她被要求辨認(rèn)罪犯。[朗文當(dāng)代] She identified herself to the police as the driver of the vehicle. 她向警察確認(rèn)自己是這輛汽車的駕駛員。[朗文當(dāng)代] Reading this book，we can identify with the main character. 閱讀這本書，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己與書中主人公有同感。[朗文當(dāng)代] Many football fans are unfairly identified with violent behaviour. 許多足球迷被不公正地與暴力行為相提并論。[劍橋高階],即學(xué)即用,完成句子 ?她認(rèn)出襲擊她的人。 She was able to ________ ________ ________. ?迄今為止他們還沒(méi)有找到公司的買主。 As yet they ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________. ?你不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為財(cái)富就等于幸福。 You should not ________ wealth ________ happiness. 答案：?identify her attacker ?have not identified a buyer for the company ?identify；with,10．foresee vt.預(yù)見(jiàn) 【精講拓展】 foresee(sth./that/wh-clause)預(yù)知…… foreseeable risks/consequences可預(yù)料的危險(xiǎn)/后果 in/for the foreseeable future在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的未來(lái) foresight n．預(yù)見(jiàn)，先見(jiàn)之明；深謀遠(yuǎn)慮 foretell(foresee的同義詞)預(yù)言，預(yù)測(cè) 【典型例句】 I don’t foresee any difficulities so long as we keep within budget. 只要我們不超出預(yù)算，我看不出會(huì)有什么困難。[劍橋高階] He foresaw that his journey would be delayed by bad weather. 他預(yù)知他的旅行將會(huì)受惡劣天氣的耽誤。[朗文當(dāng)代],It’s impossible to foresee whether she’ll be well enough to come home from hospital next month. 現(xiàn)在還無(wú)法預(yù)知下個(gè)月她是否可以康復(fù)出院。[朗文當(dāng)代] The house certainly needs a new roof , but we can’t afford one in the foreseeable future 這座房子確實(shí)需要換新屋頂?shù)诳深A(yù)見(jiàn)的將來(lái)我們沒(méi)有足夠的錢. He had the foresight to invest his money carefully. 他深謀遠(yuǎn)慮，投資謹(jǐn)慎。,即學(xué)即用,用foresee的適當(dāng)形式填空 ?He ________ that prices would drop next year. ?The statue will remain in the museum for the ________ future. 答案：?foresaw ?foreseeable,11．temporary adj.臨時(shí)的，短暫的 【精講拓展】 a temporary job一項(xiàng)臨時(shí)工作 a temporary speaker臨時(shí)演講者 be temporarily unavailable暫時(shí)得不到 警示誤區(qū)：temporary的反義詞為permanent adj.“永久 的，持久的”。,【典型例句】 Students often find temporary jobs during their summer holidays. 學(xué)生們常常在暑假打臨時(shí)工。[朗文當(dāng)代] We apologize for the temporary inconvenience caused by these building works. 對(duì)于建筑施工造成的短期不便，我們謹(jǐn)致歉意。[朗文當(dāng)代] Her position is being filled for now by a temporary person. 她的職位暫時(shí)由一位臨時(shí)工作人員頂替。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)] The daily flight to Dallas has been temporarily suspended. 每天飛往達(dá)拉斯的航班暫停。[朗文當(dāng)代],即學(xué)即用,翻譯句子 ?半數(shù)以上的職員是臨時(shí)雇員。 _________________________________________________ 她是臨時(shí)在這兒工作。 ________________________________________________ 答案：?More than half of the staff are temporary. She’s only working here temporarily.,21,21,12.decline vt.下降；婉拒，婉言謝絕 【精講拓展】 decline steadily持續(xù)下降 decline an offer婉拒提議 decline to do sth.婉拒做某事 decline n．下降，減少 a decline in.在……的方面的減少 fall/go into a decline不景氣 in decline＝on the decline在下降，在衰退 declining adj.越來(lái)越少的；越來(lái)越差的 警示誤區(qū)：decline作“婉言謝絕”講時(shí)，不能用人作賓 語(yǔ)。即不能說(shuō)成I declined him.或He was declined。,【典型例句】 His influence declined as he grew older. 隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，他的影響力降低了。 I asked them home for a snack，but they declined. 我請(qǐng)他們來(lái)家里吃頓便飯，他們謝絕了。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)] The official at first declined to make a statememt，but later she agreed. 這位官員起初拒絕發(fā)表聲明，但后來(lái)她又同意了。[朗文當(dāng)代] The birthrate is on the decline.出生率在下降。[朗文當(dāng)代] There has been a sharp decline in profits this year. 今年的利潤(rùn)大幅度下降。[朗文當(dāng)代],【詞語(yǔ)辨析】 refuse/decline/reject/turn down (1)上述動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)皆指“拒絕”，指不去做別人要求你所做的事或不接受別人提供的某物。但拒絕不同的事物要用不同的動(dòng)詞。 refuse/decline an invitation拒絕邀請(qǐng) refuse permission拒絕批準(zhǔn) decline/reject/turn down a suggestion拒絕一項(xiàng)建議 refuse/decline/reject/turn down an offer拒絕提議或報(bào)價(jià) reject/turn down a plan/a proposal拒絕一個(gè)計(jì)劃或建議 (2)decline比refuse更禮貌些，而且口氣不很堅(jiān)決。 I offered to give them a lift but they declined. 我主動(dòng)邀請(qǐng)他們搭車，但他們婉言謝絕了。 The prisoner refused to give his name.那個(gè)囚犯拒絕說(shuō)出他的姓名。 (3)用decline表示用言辭拒絕，而reject或refuse則不一定用言辭表示。 The horse rejected/refused the apple.這匹馬不肯吃蘋果。 The minister declined to comment on the rumours. 部長(zhǎng)拒絕對(duì)那些傳言發(fā)表評(píng)論。,即學(xué)即用,翻譯句子 他對(duì)電腦游戲的興趣開(kāi)始減退。 ________________________________________________________________________ 他婉言謝絕了我的邀請(qǐng)。 ________________________________________________________________________ 答案： His interest in computer games is now in decline. He declined my invitation.,22,23,22,23,13．submit vt.提交 【精講拓展】 submit sth.to sth.將……提交給…… submit oneself to sth.自愿服從…… submit to sth.忍受…… submit to.向……認(rèn)輸/屈服 make a submission to.向……作出陳述 in submission投降 警示誤區(qū)：在submit.to詞組中，to為介詞。 【典型例句】 He was losing the fight but he would not submit.他正節(jié)節(jié)敗 退，但是他并不服輸。[朗文當(dāng)代] We are submitting the proposal to the committee for their approval. 我們把建議提交委員會(huì)審批。[朗文當(dāng)代],They submitted themselves to his judgment. 他們服從他的判決。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)] June the third is the last date for submission of entries for the competition. 6月3日是提交參賽表格的最后期限。[朗文當(dāng)代] He expects his wife to be meek and submissive. 他期望妻子溫順而且完全聽(tīng)他擺布。[朗文當(dāng)代],即學(xué)即用,完成句子 我把試卷交給主考老師。 I ________ my papers ________ the examiner. 我聽(tīng)從你的明智的判斷。 I ________ ________your superior judgement. 答案： submitted；to submit to,24,24,25,25,重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ),1．a(chǎn)t random隨便地，隨意地 【精講拓展】 (1)random adj.胡亂的，任意的，隨機(jī)的 (2)a random sample of voters隨機(jī)抽樣挑出的投票者 (3)the random killing of innocent people對(duì)無(wú)辜者的隨意殺戮 (4)randomly selected/distributed隨意挑選的/任意分配的 (5)an element of randomness to the situation 形勢(shì)的不穩(wěn)定因素 【典型例句】 The people for the experiment were chosen completely at random. 用來(lái)作實(shí)驗(yàn)的人完全是隨意挑選的。[朗文當(dāng)代] He fired a few random shots.他亂放了幾槍。[朗文當(dāng)代] The books were randomly arranged on the shelves. 書被胡亂地放在書架上。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)],即學(xué)即用,He opened the book ________ and started reading. A．in vain B．full of faith C．a(chǎn)t once D．a(chǎn)t random 解析：本題考查介詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意為：他隨意地打開(kāi)一本書就開(kāi)始讀起來(lái)。in vain“徒然”；full of faith“滿懷信心”；at once“立刻”；at random“隨便地，隨意地”。根據(jù)句意，答案為D。 答案：D He was not listening and made a ________ answer to the teacher’s question. A．random B．careful C．strict D．a(chǎn)t random 解析：本題考查詞義辨析。句意為：他沒(méi)聽(tīng)講，對(duì)教師的問(wèn)題亂答一通。random意為“胡亂的，隨便的”；careful“仔細(xì)的，認(rèn)真的”；strict“嚴(yán)格的”；at random為介詞短語(yǔ)“隨意地，隨便地”。根據(jù)句意，答案為A。 答案：A,26,27,2．stop sth.in its tracks終止，消滅 【精講拓展1】 stop n．&v.停止 come to a stop停止，停下來(lái) put a stop to sth.停止運(yùn)動(dòng)，停下 stop doing sth.停止做某事 stop to do sth.停下來(lái)去做某事 警示誤區(qū)：注意stop to do sth.與stop doing sth.的區(qū)別。如： He stopped to listen.他停下來(lái)聽(tīng)。 He stopped listening.他不再聽(tīng)了。,【典型例句】 They stopped dead in their tracks when they saw the bull charging towards them. 他們看到公牛向他們沖來(lái)時(shí)，猛地站住了。[朗文當(dāng)代] Her parents are trying to stop me seeing her. 她父母企圖阻止我見(jiàn)她。[朗文當(dāng)代] Stop by if you’re in town. 如果你在城里就過(guò)來(lái)坐坐。[美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)] Work on the project has come to a stop. 該工程的施工已經(jīng)停下來(lái)了。[朗文當(dāng)代] The new law put a stop to all the tax evasion that had been going on. 新法律制止了一直存在的各種偷稅漏稅活動(dòng)。[朗文當(dāng)代],即學(xué)即用,單句改錯(cuò) If the paper factories go on putting the waste water into the river，the fish will be stop in their tracks.________ They stopped to work and went to have lunch.________ 答案： stop→stopped to work→working 【精講拓展2】 (1)track v．跟蹤n.蹤跡，跑道，車轍 (2)track down追蹤到，追查到 (3)on the track of跟蹤 (4)keep/lose track of sb./sth.與……保持/失去聯(lián)系；了解/不 了解……的動(dòng)態(tài)；掌握/失去……的線索 (5)track the plane by radar用雷達(dá)追蹤那架飛機(jī),28,28,29,29,【典型例句】 The dog tracked the wolf to its lair. 狗追蹤那匹狼一直到它的巢穴。 I finally managed to track down the book you wanted in a shop near the station. 我在車站附近的一家書店里終于找到了你想要的那本書。 Police are on the track of a gang that has robbed five post offices in the last month. 警察正在追蹤過(guò)去一個(gè)月里搶劫了五家郵局的一幫匪徒。,即學(xué)即用,He tries hard to keep ________ the two pandas：Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan. A touch of B．track of C．the track D．the track of 解析：keep track of.“了解……的動(dòng)態(tài)；跟蹤……的進(jìn)展”，所以答案為B。 答案：B,30,重點(diǎn)句型,1．Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months，with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old，the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most acute epidemic in history.西班牙流感在18個(gè)月內(nèi)使多達(dá)5 千萬(wàn)人喪命，并且發(fā)病的傾向?yàn)椋耗贻p力壯的而不是老 年人容易發(fā)病，它被認(rèn)為是歷史上最嚴(yán)重的流行性傳染 病。 【精講拓展】 (1)be believed to do sth.“被認(rèn)為是……”，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為某物 或某人時(shí)，后用動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。,(2)具有相同用法的動(dòng)詞有：hope，report，think，suggest，order，require，suppose，know，say等 (3)此種用法可轉(zhuǎn)換為下列句型： It’s believed that從句＝ Sb./Sth.is believed to do sth. It’s said that the book has been translated into French.＝People say that the book has been translated into French.＝The book is said to have been translated into French. 據(jù)說(shuō)那本書已經(jīng)被譯成法語(yǔ)。 警示誤區(qū)：It’s suggested /required/demanded that從句中，that從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should ＋動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。,【典型例句】 The banks are widely believed to be planning a cut in interest rates. 人們普遍認(rèn)為銀行正在計(jì)劃降低利率。[朗文當(dāng)代] He’s said to be the richest man in the world. 據(jù)說(shuō)他是世界上的頭號(hào)富翁。[朗文當(dāng)代] The government is thought to be planning an election in June. 據(jù)認(rèn)為政府正計(jì)劃在六月舉行大選。[朗文當(dāng)代] He is reported to have been seen in Brighton. 據(jù)說(shuō)有人在布賴頓見(jiàn)到他了。[朗文當(dāng)代] All passengers are required to show their tickets. 所有乘客都要交驗(yàn)車票。[朗文當(dāng)代],即學(xué)即用,His sister is said ________ in the supermarket when she was doing shopping there yesterday. A．to be badly treated B．badly treating C．being badly treated D．to have been badly treated 解析：考查sb.be said to have done 結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“據(jù)說(shuō)某人已經(jīng)做過(guò)某事”；并且his sister 與 treat 為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。 答案：D,31,2．When he went to the doctor that day，he could not have known what was about to happen to him.當(dāng)那天他去看 病時(shí)，他一定不知道什么事將會(huì)發(fā)生在他身上。 【精講拓展】 (1)could not have done sth.“過(guò)去一定沒(méi)有做某事”，是 對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為進(jìn)行推測(cè)。 (2)can/could have done sth.表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的懷 疑和不肯定，通常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。 (3)could have done sth.可用于肯定句，表示“可能已 經(jīng)……”之意。此外，還可以表示過(guò)去本來(lái)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)卻沒(méi) 有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性，含有遺憾的意思，意為“本來(lái)可 以……”。 (4)must have done sth.表示對(duì)過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為進(jìn)行 推測(cè)，意為“想必/準(zhǔn)是/一定做了某事”。,(5)may /might have done sth.表示對(duì)過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)，意為“也許/或許已經(jīng)(沒(méi)有)……”。一般只用于肯定句或否定句中(在否定句中表示“可能不”，不用于疑問(wèn)句。用might則表示語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。) (6)should /ought to have done sth.用于肯定句時(shí)，表示“過(guò)去本該做某事，而實(shí)際上未做”；用于否定句時(shí)，則表示“過(guò)去不該做某事反而做了”。 (7)needn’t have done sth.表示過(guò)去做了其實(shí)不必做的事，可譯為“本可不必，滿可以不”等。 (8)would rather have done sth.表示“當(dāng)時(shí)寧愿做某事”，其否定式 would rather not have done sth.表達(dá)相反的含義，兩者都表示“后悔”之意。 (9)would like/ love to have done sth.表示過(guò)去愿意做某事，但未做成。 (10)would have done sth.“原想……”表示原本并不期望發(fā)生，而事實(shí)上已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事。,【典型例句】 We couldn’t have picked a worse day for the picnic—it rained nonstop. 我們挑選去野餐的日子挑選得再遭不過(guò)了——那天雨一直下個(gè)不停。[朗文當(dāng)代] In my view，this accident could have been prevented. 依我看，這次事故本來(lái)是可以避免的。[朗文當(dāng)代] There’s nobody here—they must have all gone home. 這里一個(gè)人也沒(méi)有——他們必定全都回家了。[朗文當(dāng)代] You needn’t have told him the news；he knew it already. 你本來(lái)不必告訴他那消息，他早就知道了。[朗文當(dāng)代] He oughtn’t to have said that (but he did)． 他就不該說(shuō)那些話。[朗文當(dāng)代],即學(xué)即用,—My cat’s really fat. —You ________ have given her so much food. A．wouldn’t B．couldn’t C．shouldn’t D．mustn’t 解析：本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should have＋過(guò)去分詞的用法。句意為：——我的貓真肥?！惚緛?lái)不該給她如此多的食物。should not have done sth.表示本不應(yīng)該做，而事實(shí)上做了。根據(jù)句意，答案為C。 答案：C,32,3.Ben Johnson would still be in the 100 meters world record holder if he had not been caught taking drugs in the 1988 Olympics. 【精講拓展】 該句中if 引導(dǎo)的錯(cuò)綜條件句，屬虛擬語(yǔ)氣的一種。其結(jié)構(gòu)是： if從句謂語(yǔ)用had done(過(guò)去完成時(shí))假設(shè)過(guò)去的情況；主句謂 語(yǔ)用would / could /might ＋ do，講述現(xiàn)在的情況。,【典型例句】 He would not stand here talking to you if he had died in the car accident. 他要是已經(jīng)在車禍中死了的話，他就不會(huì)站在這兒跟你說(shuō)話了。(事實(shí)：他在車禍中沒(méi)死，現(xiàn)在在跟你說(shuō)話) If you had finished your homework yesterday，you could go out to play now. 要是你昨天就把作業(yè)做完的話，現(xiàn)在不就可以出去玩了嗎？(事實(shí)：昨天沒(méi)把作業(yè)做完，現(xiàn)在不能出去玩),即學(xué)即用,If you ________ my advice，you would not feel sorry now. A．followed B．had followed C．was following D．would follow 解析：本題考查if引導(dǎo)的錯(cuò)綜條件句。句意：如果你當(dāng)初聽(tīng)我的建議的話，你現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)后悔了。(事實(shí)：當(dāng)初沒(méi)有聽(tīng)我的建議，所以現(xiàn)在后悔了。) 答案：B,33,4．Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic， especially as scientists who studied tissue from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu proved that Bird Flu is a modern adaptation of the same virus. 【精講拓展】 這是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的句子。結(jié)構(gòu)分析：as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 從句，“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”。在該從句中scientists.proved.是 主句；其中又含有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。 (1)who studied tissue from the bodies of people是定語(yǔ)從 句，修飾先行詞scientists。 (2)who died of the 1918 Spani