高中語法過去完成時(shí)詳解.doc

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過去完成時(shí) （1）表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，可以用by, before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句(在復(fù)合句中，由時(shí)間連接詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句叫做時(shí)間狀語從句)來表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。 例；By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨天晚上9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。 （2）表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。 例；I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在車站已經(jīng)等了20分鐘,一輛公共汽車終于來了。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說他自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。 （3）敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)充以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過去完成時(shí)。 例；Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天就去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無所知，因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。 （4）在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。 例；I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。 She found the key that she had lost.她發(fā)現(xiàn)她失去了的鑰匙。 （5）過去完成時(shí)常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句（或間接引語）中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。 例；He said that he had known her well.他說他早就很了解她了。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6）狀語從句：在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，“發(fā)生在過去的過去”，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的 e.g：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒來時(shí)雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。 注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)?這 時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時(shí)可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。 e.g：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。 （7）動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。 e.g：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我們本來希望能來看看你。 （8）過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly when no sooner than It was the first time…等固定句型中。 e.g：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。 時(shí)間狀語 before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than，yet，already等。 例句 Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他是我的好朋友 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無所知,因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。[1] He said that he had known her well.他說,他很了解她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before我以為前一周我寄了那封信的。 After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到英國(guó)后,他努力提高他的英語水平。 When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.當(dāng)我醒來時(shí),雨已經(jīng)停了。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you我們希望能被允許來看你。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)。 I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我已經(jīng)讀完這本小說。 4語法區(qū)別編輯 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，以now的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，但側(cè)重對(duì)now產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響；過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，以過去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。 比較：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。 — Im sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。 與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 1. 時(shí)間狀語不同：過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。 比較：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2.過去完成時(shí)表示過去的過去，不單獨(dú)使用，一般和一般過去式一起使用。 3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 5語法判定編輯 由時(shí)間狀語來判定 一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有： （ 1 ） by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 由“過去的過去”來判定 過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： （ 1 ）賓語從句中 當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）狀語從句中 在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如： After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如： After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （3）表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing. 1.表示在將來某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。 例：{1}Pick me up at 8 oclock,I will have had breakfast by then. 早上8點(diǎn)鐘你來接我，到時(shí)我已經(jīng)吃完早飯了。 {2}We shall（will） have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到這個(gè)學(xué)期末，我們將學(xué)完12個(gè)單元。 {3}By the time you get home， I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我將把房子徹底打掃一遍。 2.表示推測(cè)，相當(dāng)于"must have done"結(jié)構(gòu)。 例：{1}You will have heard of this, I guess. 我猜你已經(jīng)聽說過這件事了。 {2}I am sure that he will have got the information. 我相信他一定會(huì)得到這個(gè)信息。 3.表示某種狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到說話人所提及的時(shí)間。 例：We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我們倆結(jié)婚就滿1年了。 （一）表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，并且還將持續(xù)下去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中國(guó)有2000年的造紙歷史。（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） I have been learning English since three years ago. 自從三年前以來我一直在學(xué)英語。（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） I have been studying for English since 10 years ago. 自從十年前以來我一直在學(xué)英語。（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） （二）表示在說話時(shí)刻之前到現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我們已經(jīng)等你半個(gè)鐘頭了(人還沒到，如同在電話里說的，還會(huì)繼續(xù)等) （三）有些現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子等同于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子。 They have been living in this city for ten years. They have lived in this city for ten years. 他們?cè)谶@個(gè)城市已經(jīng)住了10年了。（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） I have been working here for five years. I have worked here for five years. 我在這里已經(jīng)工作五年了。（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） （四）大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子。 I have been writing a book.（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） 我一直在寫一本書。 I have written a book.（動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成） 我已經(jīng)寫了一本書。 They have been building a bridge. 他們一直在造一座橋。（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） They have built a bridge. 他們?cè)炝艘蛔鶚?。（?dòng)作已經(jīng)完成） （五）表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 I have known him for years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)好幾年了。 * I have been knowing... 這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還有：love愛，like喜歡，hate討厭，think想等等。 （六）一些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子也與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子含義相同 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)中使用，句意相同。例如： She has slept for 6 hours and still can not wake up. She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up. 她已經(jīng)睡了6個(gè)小時(shí)，到現(xiàn)在還沒有醒來。 (七）表示現(xiàn)在以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的未完成性 It has been raining for 3 days。 已經(jīng)下了3天的雨了（現(xiàn)在還沒停止） 2構(gòu)成形式編輯 I / we / they have been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 He / she / it has been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 3基本句型編輯 肯定式 第一人稱 have been doing sth. 疑問式 Have 第一人稱 been doing sth？ 簡(jiǎn)略回答 Yes， 第一人稱 have. No， 第一人稱 havent. 肯定式 第三人稱 has been doing sth. 疑問式 Has 第三人稱been doing sth？ 簡(jiǎn)略回答 Yes， 第三人稱has. No， 第三人稱hasnt. 1） 表示一個(gè)在過去開始而在最近剛剛結(jié)束的行動(dòng)，如： Ann is very tired. She has been working hard. Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 2) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始但仍在進(jìn)行的行動(dòng)，如： It has been raining for two hours. (現(xiàn)在還在下) Jack has been feeling very well recently. 3) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi)，重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng)，如： She has been playing tennis since she was eight. 4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為的結(jié)果、影響，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為本身，如： Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car. The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it. 標(biāo)志:1句中常有延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞2時(shí)間點(diǎn)前有since