電大《藥物化學(xué)》期末復(fù)習(xí)簡(jiǎn)答題考試資料.doc

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電大《藥物化學(xué)》期末復(fù)習(xí)簡(jiǎn)答題考試資料小抄 1、試寫出下列藥物在相應(yīng)條件下的分解產(chǎn)物 H+或OH- 答：2-甲氨基-5氯-二苯酮 甘氨酸 2.藥物的雜質(zhì)是指哪些物質(zhì)？有哪些來(lái)源？為什么要制定藥物中雜質(zhì)的限度？ 答：藥物的雜質(zhì)是指在生產(chǎn)、貯藏過(guò)程中引進(jìn)或產(chǎn)生的藥物以外的其他化學(xué)物質(zhì)，包括由于分子手性存在而產(chǎn)生的非治療活性的光學(xué)異構(gòu)體。 來(lái)源有生產(chǎn)過(guò)程和貯藏過(guò)程。雜志的存在不僅影響藥物的純度，同時(shí)還會(huì)帶來(lái)非治療活性的副作用，必須加以控制，通常要規(guī)定藥物的雜志限度 3.麻醉藥主要分為哪兩大類？作用機(jī)制有何不同？ 答：麻醉藥分為全麻藥和局麻藥，全麻藥作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，局麻藥作用于外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。 4.局麻藥是如何發(fā)展起來(lái)的?按化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)可分為哪幾類? 答：局麻藥是從古柯樹葉中提取的可卡因進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)改造改造而來(lái)，按化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)可分為：1.芳酸脂類，2.酰胺類，3.氨基酮和氨基醚類 5.鹽酸普魯卡因有哪些化學(xué)性質(zhì)?與哪些結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)有關(guān)? 答：分子中含脂鍵，易被水解 含芳伯胺基，易被氧化變色，有重氮化-偶合反應(yīng) 具有叔胺結(jié)構(gòu)，具有生物堿樣性質(zhì) 6.巴比妥類藥物有哪些化學(xué)性質(zhì)?為什么苯巴比妥鈉要做成粉針劑? 答：具有弱酸性，可溶于氫氧化鈉和碳酸鈉溶液，生成苯巴比妥鈉，其水溶液為堿性，與酸性藥物或吸收空氣中的CO2，可析出苯巴比妥沉淀 本品為丙二酰脲衍生物，顯丙二酰脲類藥物的顯色反應(yīng)。 本品鈉鹽溶液放置易分解，產(chǎn)生苯基丁酰脲沉淀失去活性。故配置成粉針劑 7.如何用化學(xué)方法區(qū)別地西泮和奧沙西泮?說(shuō)明其原理. 答：將兩種藥品分別放入酸、堿中加熱水解，地西泮分解產(chǎn)物沒(méi)有芳伯氨基，奧沙西泮產(chǎn)物中含有芳伯胺基，對(duì)兩者分解產(chǎn)物經(jīng)重氮化后與β-萘酚偶合，生成橙色沉淀者即為奧沙西泮。 8.抗癲癇藥物主要分為哪些結(jié)構(gòu)類型?說(shuō)明代表藥物的作用特點(diǎn). 答：苯巴比妥（巴比妥類）用于癲癇大發(fā)作;苯妥因（乙內(nèi)酰脲類）對(duì)癲癇大發(fā)作和精神運(yùn)動(dòng)型發(fā)作有效對(duì)小發(fā)作無(wú)效；三甲二酮（惡唑烷酮類）用于失神性小發(fā)作，對(duì)大發(fā)作無(wú)效；乙琥胺（丁二酰亞胺類）是癲癇小發(fā)作首選 9.抗精神藥物主要有哪些結(jié)構(gòu)類型?各舉一例藥物. 答：吩噻嗪類： 氯丙嗪 噻噸類：氯普噻噸 丁酰苯類 ：氟哌啶醇苯酰胺類： 舒必利 二苯并氮雜卓： 氯氮平 10.抗抑郁藥主要分為哪幾類?各舉一例藥物. 答：三環(huán)類 多賽平 單胺氧化酶抑制劑 異煙肼 5-H再攝取抑制劑 氟西汀 11.利尿藥有哪些結(jié)構(gòu)類型？各舉一例藥物。 .答：利尿藥結(jié)構(gòu)類型主要有：（1）磺酰胺類及苯并噻嗪類 如 氫氯噻嗪 （2）苯氧乙酸類 依他尼酸 （3）甾類 螺內(nèi)酯（4）其他類 甘露醇 12.咖啡因在水中的溶解度很小，如何能增加其在水中的溶解度？ .答：咖啡因可與有機(jī)酸或其堿金屬鹽，如苯甲酸鈉、水楊酸鈉、枸櫞酸鈉等形成復(fù)鹽而增加水中溶解度。 13.H1受體拮抗劑主要有哪些結(jié)構(gòu)類型？個(gè)舉一例藥物。 答：H1受體拮抗劑的結(jié)構(gòu)類型主要有：（1）乙二胺類 ： 西替利嗪（2）氨基醚類： 鹽酸苯海拉明（暈海寧） （3）丙胺類 ：馬來(lái)酸氯苯那敏（撲爾敏）（4）三環(huán)類：異丙嗪（5）哌啶類 ： 阿司咪唑（息斯敏） 14.苯海拉明的主要副反應(yīng)是什么？為什么將其和8-氯茶堿成鹽使用？ 答：苯海拉明的主要副反應(yīng)是嗜睡和中樞抑制副作用。 中樞興奮藥8-氯茶堿可以降低苯海拉明的不良反應(yīng) 。 15.從結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)分析為什么麻黃堿的作用比腎上腺素弱，但作用較持久？ 答：該類藥結(jié)構(gòu)中苯環(huán)上羥基可顯著地增強(qiáng)擬腎上腺素作用。腎上腺素具有兒茶酚結(jié)構(gòu)，活性大，但不穩(wěn)定，作用時(shí)間短暫。麻黃堿苯環(huán)上無(wú)羥基，作用減弱，作用時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。 16.試比較阿托品，東莨菪堿，山莨菪堿及樟柳堿的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的差異，并說(shuō)明與生理活性大小的關(guān)系。 答：四種藥物化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)非常相似，均是莨菪醇和莨菪酸所成的酯，所不成的只是有無(wú)6、7位氧橋、6位羥基或莨菪酸α位羥基。氧橋的存在使分子的親脂性增強(qiáng)，易透過(guò)血腦屏障，增強(qiáng)中樞作用。而6位羥基或莨菪酸α位羥基的存在，使分子的親水性增強(qiáng)，中樞作用減弱。東莨菪堿分子中有氧橋，中樞作用最強(qiáng)；樟柳堿雖也有氧橋，但其莨菪酸α位還有羥基，綜合影響的結(jié)果是中樞作用弱于阿托品；山莨菪堿6β位多一羥基，作用最弱。東莨菪堿>阿托品>樟柳堿>山莨菪堿 17.為什么內(nèi)源性的乙酰膽堿不能成為臨床上的治療藥物？ 答：（1）乙酰膽堿對(duì)所有的膽堿能受體無(wú)選擇性，導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生副作用 （2）乙酰膽堿為季銨化合物，不易通過(guò)生物膜，因而生物利用度低 （3）乙酰膽堿的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性差，在體內(nèi)易被酯酶水解而失活 18.抗高血壓藥物可分為哪幾大類？各舉一例藥物。 答：（1）作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的藥物 如甲基多巴 （2）神經(jīng)節(jié)阻斷藥 美加明 （3）作用于神經(jīng)末梢的藥物 利舍平（利血平）（4）血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑 卡托普利 （5）腎上腺素受體拮抗劑 美托洛爾（6）作用于血管平滑機(jī)的藥物 地巴唑（7）利尿藥 氫氯噻嗪（8）鈣拮抗劑 氨氯地平 19.分別說(shuō)明鈣拮抗劑，β-受體拮抗劑，ACE抑制劑及羥甲戊二酰輔酶A還原酶抑制劑的主要臨床用途，各舉一例藥物。 答：β-受體拮抗劑：抗高血壓或抗心絞痛或抗心律失常 鈣拮抗劑：抗高血壓或抗心絞痛或抗心律失常 ACE抑制劑：抗高血壓或充血性心衰 磷酸二酯酶抑制劑 ：抗心力衰竭 20.試簡(jiǎn)述利舍平的不穩(wěn)定性。 答：在光和熱的影響下，利舍平的3β-H能發(fā)生差向異構(gòu)化，生成無(wú)效的3-異利舍平。在光和氧的作用下發(fā)生氧化，生成3-去氫利舍平及3，5-二烯利舍平。 21.為什么SMZ常和TMP組成復(fù)方制劑使用？ 答：磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）可以抑制二氫葉酸合成酶，阻斷細(xì)菌合成二氫葉酸，甲氧芐啶抑制二氫葉酸還原酶，阻斷二氫葉酸還原成四氫葉酸，兩者合用時(shí)，可使細(xì)菌體內(nèi)的四氫葉酸的合成受到雙重阻斷，因而產(chǎn)生協(xié)同抗菌作用，作用增強(qiáng)，因此兩者常合用。 22.簡(jiǎn)述喹諾酮類藥物的構(gòu)效關(guān)系。 答：通過(guò)對(duì)喹諾酮類藥物的結(jié)構(gòu)和生物活性的研究，可將其構(gòu)效關(guān)系總結(jié)如下： （1） B環(huán)是抗菌作用的必需結(jié)構(gòu)，變化小；而A環(huán)可作較大改變，可以是苯環(huán)，吡啶環(huán)，嘧啶環(huán)等。 （2） 3位COOH和4位C=O是藥效必不可少的部分，被其他取代基取代時(shí)活性消失。 （3） 1位取代基對(duì)抗菌活性影響較大，可以為脂肪烴基和芳烴基。若為脂肪烴基，以乙基或與乙基體積相近的取代基為好；若為脂環(huán)烴基，以環(huán)丙基最好；若為芳烴基，可以是苯基或其他芳香基。 （4） 5位取代基以氨基為最好。 （5） 6，7，8位的取代基變化范圍較大。6，8位分別或同時(shí)引入氟原子，抗菌活性增大，7位引入五元或六元雜環(huán)，抗菌活性明顯增強(qiáng)，以哌嗪基為最好。 23.試寫出青霉素在酸，堿，β-內(nèi)酰胺酶作用下的分解產(chǎn)物。 答：在稀酸條件下，生成青霉二酸；在強(qiáng)酸并加熱條件下生成青霉胺和青霉醛酸。堿性或β-內(nèi)酰胺酶條件下生成青霉酸、青霉酰胺和青霉酸酯。 24.什么是烷化劑？主要包括哪些結(jié)構(gòu)類型？ 答：烷化劑是在體內(nèi)能形成缺電子的活潑中間體或其他具有活潑的親電性基團(tuán)的化合物，進(jìn)而與細(xì)胞中的生物大分子中含有豐富電子的基團(tuán)發(fā)生共價(jià)結(jié)合，使其喪失活性或使DNA分子發(fā)生斷裂，導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡，抗腫瘤活性強(qiáng)。烷化劑按化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)可分為：氮芥類、乙撐亞胺類、甲磺酸酯及多元醇類、亞硝基脲類。 25.氮芥類藥物的結(jié)構(gòu)是由哪兩部分組成？各自發(fā)揮什么作用？ 答：烷基化部分和載體部分。烷基化部分（即通式中的雙β-氯乙胺基，也稱氮芥基）是抗腫瘤活性的功能基團(tuán)；載體部分主要影響藥物在體內(nèi)的吸收、分布等藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)性質(zhì)，通過(guò)選擇不同的載體，可以達(dá)到提高藥物選擇性和療效、降低毒性的目的。 26.試從環(huán)磷酰胺在正常組織及腫瘤組織中代謝產(chǎn)物的不同說(shuō)明為什么其毒性比其他氮芥類藥物小。 答：環(huán)磷酰胺是利用前藥化原理設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的藥物。由于氮原子上連有吸電子的磷酰基，降低了氮原子的親核性，因此在體外對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞無(wú)效。進(jìn)入體內(nèi)后，由于正常組織和腫瘤組織中所含的酶的不同，導(dǎo)致代謝產(chǎn)物不同，在正常組織中的代謝產(chǎn)物是無(wú)毒的4-酮基環(huán)磷酰胺和羧基化合物 ，而腫瘤組織中缺乏正常組織所具有的酶，代謝途徑不同，經(jīng)逆Michael加成反應(yīng)生成丙烯醛和磷酰氮芥，后者經(jīng)非酶水解生成去甲氮芥，這三個(gè)代謝產(chǎn)物都是較強(qiáng)的烷化劑。因此環(huán)磷酰胺對(duì)正常組織的影響較小，其毒性比其它氮芥類藥物小。 27.抗代謝腫瘤藥物主要分為哪幾類？各舉一例藥物。 答：嘧啶拮抗物 阿糖胞苷 嘌呤拮抗物 巰嘌呤 葉酸拮抗物 甲氨蝶呤 28.試舉出五例抗腫瘤天然藥物。 答：博萊霉素、絲裂霉素C、阿霉素、喜樹堿、長(zhǎng)春新堿 29.如何用化學(xué)方法區(qū)別炔雌醇和地塞米松？試以反應(yīng)式表示。 答：炔雌醇中存在乙炔基 地塞米松存在α-羥基酮結(jié)構(gòu)，其甲醇溶液與堿性酒石酸銅共熱，生成氧化亞銅的橙紅色沉淀。反應(yīng)式見(jiàn)書P238 30.糖皮質(zhì)激素有哪些臨床用途。 答：糖皮質(zhì)激素具有調(diào)節(jié)糖、脂肪、和蛋白質(zhì)的生物合成和代謝的作用，還具有抑制免疫應(yīng)答、抗炎、抗毒、抗休克作用。 31.分別什么維生素A,D,E,K,B1,B2,B6及維生素C的臨床用途。 答：維生素A臨床上主要用于因維生素A缺乏引起的夜盲癥、角膜軟化、皮膚干燥、粗糙及粘膜抗感染能力低下等癥的治療；還用于妊娠、哺乳期婦女和嬰兒等的適量補(bǔ)充。 維生素D臨床上主要用于因維生素D缺乏引起的佝僂病或軟骨病、嬰兒手足搐搦癥、老年性骨質(zhì)疏松癥等的治療和預(yù)防。 維生素E臨床上主要用于習(xí)慣性流產(chǎn)、不孕癥及更年期障礙、進(jìn)行性肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、間歇性跛行及動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等的防治。 維生素K臨床上主要用于凝血酶原過(guò)低癥、新生嬰兒出血癥等的防治。 維生素B1臨床上主要用于因維生素B1缺乏引起的腳氣病及消化不良等疾病的治療。 維生素B2臨床上主要用于因維生素B2缺乏引起的各種粘膜和皮膚炎癥，如口角炎、唇炎、舌炎等。 維生素B6臨床上主要用于治療因放射治療引起的惡心、妊娠嘔吐、異煙肼等藥物引起的周圍神經(jīng)炎、白細(xì)胞減少癥、座瘡脂溶性濕疹等。 維生素C臨床上主要用于壞血病的預(yù)防與治療，及肝硬化急性肝炎和砷、汞、鉛、苯等慢性中毒時(shí)的肝臟損害急慢性傳染病等的輔助治療。 32.藥物與受體的結(jié)合有哪幾種方式？ 答：化學(xué)的方式通過(guò)共價(jià)鍵結(jié)合形成不可逆復(fù)合物。物理的方式通過(guò)離子鍵、氫鍵、離子偶極、范德華力和疏水性等形成可逆的復(fù)合物。 33.藥物的手性構(gòu)型對(duì)藥物的活性產(chǎn)生哪些影響？ 答：（1）對(duì)映體具有等同的藥理活性和強(qiáng)度。（2）對(duì)映體產(chǎn)生相同的藥理活性，但強(qiáng)弱不同。 （3）對(duì)映體中一個(gè)有活性，一個(gè)沒(méi)有活性。（4）對(duì)映異構(gòu)體之間產(chǎn)生相反的活性。 （5）對(duì)映異構(gòu)體之間產(chǎn)生不同類型的藥理活性。 34.為什么青霉素G鈉鹽(或鉀鹽)須做成粉針劑？ 答：青霉素鈉鹽或鉀鹽水溶液的堿性較強(qiáng)，β-內(nèi)酰胺環(huán)會(huì)開環(huán)，生成青霉酸，失去抗菌活性。因此青霉素的鈉鹽或鉀鹽必須做成粉針劑，使用前新鮮配制。 35.簡(jiǎn)述非甾體抗炎藥的作用機(jī)理？ 答：非甾體抗炎藥有解熱鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎作用，但以抗炎作用為主，臨床上側(cè)重于風(fēng)濕性、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、紅斑狼瘡等癥的治療。目前臨床使用的大部分非甾體抗炎藥是通過(guò)抑制花生四烯酸環(huán)氧酶的活性，阻斷前列腺素的生物合成而發(fā)揮抗炎抗風(fēng)濕作用。 36.為什么阿司匹林及撲熱息痛在保存過(guò)程中顏色會(huì)加深？ 答：阿司匹林在空氣中較穩(wěn)定，遇濕氣即緩緩水解生成水楊酸和乙酸，遇堿和加熱水解更快。其成品中由于原料殘存或儲(chǔ)存時(shí)保管不當(dāng)，可能含有過(guò)多水楊酸雜質(zhì)，該雜質(zhì)不僅對(duì)人體有毒性，而且較易氧化成一系列醌式有色物質(zhì)，因此顏色逐漸變?yōu)榈S、紅棕甚至黑色。撲熱息痛在空氣中穩(wěn)定，水溶液的穩(wěn)定性與Ph值有關(guān)，在pH值=6時(shí)最為穩(wěn)定，半衰期為21.8年（25℃），在酸性及堿性條件下穩(wěn)定性較差，水解產(chǎn)物為對(duì)氨基酚，可進(jìn)一步發(fā)生氧化降解生成醌亞胺類化合物，顏色逐漸變成粉紅色、棕色、最后成黑色，故制劑及保存要注意。 37.簡(jiǎn)述擬腎上腺素藥物的構(gòu)效關(guān)系？ 答：主要有以下幾點(diǎn)： (1) 必須具有苯乙胺的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。 (2) 苯環(huán)上羥基可顯著地增強(qiáng)擬腎上腺素作用，而3，4-二羥基化合物比4-羥基化合物的活性大。 (3) 多數(shù)擬腎上腺素藥在氨基的 位具有羥基（多巴胺、多巴酚丁胺例外），此羥基的存在對(duì)活性有顯著影響，一般R構(gòu)型光學(xué)異構(gòu)體具有較大活性。 (4) 側(cè)鏈氨基被非極性烷基取代時(shí)，基團(tuán)的大小與受體的選擇性有密切關(guān)系，在一定范圍內(nèi)，取代基愈大，對(duì) 受體的選擇性愈大，對(duì) 受體的親和力就愈小。 (5) 側(cè)鏈氨基的碳原子上引入甲基，則由于甲基的位阻效應(yīng)，阻礙單胺氧化酶（MAO）對(duì)氨基的氧化代謝脫氨從而使藥物的作用時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。 38.什么是代謝拮抗？舉例說(shuō)明代謝拮抗原理在藥物設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。 答：所謂代謝拮抗就是設(shè)計(jì)與生物體內(nèi)基本代謝物的結(jié)構(gòu)有某種程度相似的化合物，使之競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地和特定的酶相作用，干擾基本代謝物的被利用，從而干擾生物大分子的合成；或以偽代謝物的身份摻入生物大分子的合成中，形成偽生物大分子，導(dǎo)致致死合成，從而影響細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)。例如：尿嘧啶是體內(nèi)正常的嘧啶堿基，其摻入腫瘤組織的速度比其它嘧啶快，利用生物電子等排原理，以氟原子代替尿嘧啶5位上的氫原子，得到氟尿嘧啶。由于氟尿嘧啶和尿嘧啶的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)非常相似，在代謝過(guò)程中能在分子水平代替正常代謝物尿嘧啶，抑制了胸腺嘧啶合成酶，從而干擾了DNA的合成，導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡。 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(∩_∩)O謝謝?。?！2015年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek.Huangpu River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a commercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began In-between the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss-cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire complex of this historical site comprises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a two-storey masonry building on an H-shaped plan in typical English renaissancestyle. The building is designed with a five-arch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf where dinner and afternoonteaare available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees. Yuanmingyuan Road behind the complex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and high-end brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for commercialfashionphoto shoots. New Tian’an Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2007. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filled-in and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place that’s more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot ofmovies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their pre-wedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soon-to-be-wed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect shot.Colorful lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for pre-wedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British company, the 106-meter-long bridge was the first-ever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to complaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overcome all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smooth throughout his or her life. "Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because it’s the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. It’s like a family tradition," says Wang Xuefen, a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changning Riverside There is a 5-km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has become a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei Road for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3-km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. "Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residential highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle," says Xiao Xu, a 27-year-old woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be completely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrialization but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. "Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a little girl. We didn’t know it was pollution. We thought it was a red waterfall," says Huang Qi, a 57-year-old Shanghai resident. "So the residential houses along the creek were unpopular, and only migrants with low incomes would live in that area," she says. However, things have changed. The plants were closed and turned into riverside parks and the apartments in the new highrises, especially those facing the creek, are much sought after. East China University of Political Science and Law This is the famous former Saint John’s University, China’s first-ever modern institution of higher education established by missionaries from the United States in 1879. The buildings combine Chinese and Western elements. Address: 1575 Wanhangdu Road, Changning district The old residential area After you leave the university from its east gate you will enter a shabby neighborhood that retains its original look. The alleys are narrow and the houses are overcrowded. Some things have not changed for many generations, such as raising chickens at home. Address: West Guangfu Road Moganshan Road This is anartsy street that has become very popular among artists and fashionistas in recent years. Graffiti covers the walls on the winding street, where you can find a cluster of art galleries and creative industry offices. Sihang Warehouse Four banks jointly funded the construction of this warehouse, so it is named sihang, or four banks. The warehouse, built in 1931, was used for the storage of food, first-aid supplies and ammunition during the years of war. The building, which is also a masterpiece left by the Hungarian architect Laszlo Hudec in the 1930s, has been recently transformed into a center of creative industry workshops. Address: 1 Guangfu Road, Zhabei district