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LINKING AND CREATTION OF MANUFACTURE INDUSTRY WITH COMPUTER IN 21 CENTRY
Modern Machinery
Abstract:The concept and connotation of manufacturing automation is always in development, and has become quite extensive The State of the art on manufacturing automation are analysed, and the developing trends are summed as six aspects: global manufacturing,agile manufacturing, manufacturing based on network, virtual manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing and green manufacturing. The vertical bearing drill combination machine, which is widely used for its high efficiency. It also analyzes the selections of the positioning of parts, clamps, cutters, and electromotor, as well as the design calculation.
Key word: CAD/CAM, Modular machine tool，Modular design, PLC.
Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) refer to the integration of computers into the design production procees to improve productivity .The heart of the CAD/CAM system is the design terminal and related hardware,such as computer ,printer,plotter,a tape reader,and digitizer.The design is constantly monitored on the terminal until it is completed.A hard copy can be generated if necessary.A computer tape or other control medium containing the design data guides computr-controlled machine tools during the manufacturing,testing,and quality control.
The software for CAD/CAM is a collection of computer programs stored in the system to make the various hardware componrnts perform specific tasks.Examples of software are programs developed to generate a NC tool path,to assembel a bill of materials,or to create nodes and elements on a finite element model.Some of these software packages are referred to as sofware modules and can be classified into four categories:operating systems,generl-purpose programs,application programs and user programs.Although there are other kinds of software,these are suffcient for an explanation of the complexities in developing a CAD/CAM system.
User
A system structure and model for a manufacturing service enterprise is developed on Intranet/Internet The system has two tiers: the bottom function tier provides the network for the internal manufacturing environment and integrates the manufacturing processes, the top service tier supports the agility of the networked manufacturing enterprise and manages the workflow of the manufacturing processes. The proposed system is targeted to Rapid prototyping (RP) manufacturing services.
Flexible manufacturing system (FMS) has become an important production manner by its flexibility, but many firms have failed to solve the problem to improve the average station utilization through allotting various tasks equally. This paper describes the basic construction and the scheduling control method of FMS. To take into account the workload of the bottleneck workstation, a basic method of the task assignment based on the workload equality in distribution was given. The flexible automation manufacture technology is developing rapidly, flexible manufacture system can be the most representation, the processing system in the flexible manufacture system is the actual execution system to change and finish the task.
In flexible manufacturing environment, various internal and external disturbances occur stochastically and dynamically and a requirement for fast and effective rescheduling is needed. In such cases, to realize dynamic scheduling effectively, a structure model of dynamic scheduling decision system was presented and a filtered-beam-search based heuristic algorithm was proposed as the kernel of the model. The proposed algorithm makes improvement in the generation procedures of branches and the local/global. Flexible assembled fixture was designed. With the fixture, the goal of integrating the lathing and welding process in one machine was achieved. This can simplify the whole process and improve the welding quality. Review the research actuality and fixing methods toward flexible manufacturing. Discuss the principle, chief components and process of the reference free part encapsulation (RFPE) technique. Point out the weakness of this technique in production practice. Put forward and develop a universal fixture system with rapid locating and state memory and promote its practical application in agile manufacturing.
Flexible manufacturing technology is novelty concept pattern and new developing trends to realize unborn factory, it is also strategic action to decide developing future of manufacturing enterprises. Based on flexible manufacturing technology, design scheme of new MCCB technical equipment system was brought forward to realize machinery flexibility, technology flexibility, producing capacity flexibility, extending flexibility, maintenance flexibility and control the coherence of product. It brings new product.
According to modularization design theory, the modules of aggregate machine tool are divided in this paper on the basis of function analysis. Taking UG software as developing flat, the parametric 3D modeling module bank is set up. The database for storing the data used in design is also set up at the same time. Under the guiding of the system, users can complete such tasks as module choice, module combination, and calculation, etc. Therefore, computer aided modularization design of aggregate machine tool can be realize. Through synthetical application of CAD technology and various design methods，a theory of the quick-responded adaptive design is put forward based on feature-based parame-terized modeling system and modular design method ．Taking spindle box of modular machine tool for example，the quick re-construction of modular moz3hine tool is realized by using UG software．This paper gives a feasible technology routine for design of modular machine tool．
Based on the characteristics of the design of machine tool, the modular designing technology is applied to CAD system for modular machine tool. The modules of machine tool are divided according to their different functions. The interface between the modules is designed based on the principle of assembly. The system which is developed on UG supports the modular designing technology and includes parametric-driving 3-D models which correspond to every module of machine tool. When designing aggregate machine tool, many clamps are general and standard parts. This paper describes how to use AutoCAD as the developing tool to design and develop. the clamp components library and achieve parameter drawing. This method can be extended to the other parts of aggregate machine tool and set up the parts library. So it makes the design simple and the efficiency improved and brings considerable benefits. According to modularization design principle, the modules of multi-spindle box of modular machine tool are divided on the basis of function analysis. By combining 3-D CAD technology with modularization technology and taking Unigaphics (UG)as the software development flat, the parametric 3-D modeling module bank of multi-spindle box is set up by means of its strong 3-D modeling function and assembling function. The database for storing the data used in design is also set up at the same time.
This paper has developed the system of training CAD and boxes CAM of major axis boxes by VB. It may finish the procedure of obtaining the data, training CAD and boxes CAM. The characteristics of the system is more optimization and more high—speed of the design. It improves the productivity and accuracy of boxes. Put forward a mode of developing three-dimensional variational CAD for the multispindle box of modular machine, and developed a set of practical three-dimensional variational CAD system for the multispindle box by using existing CAD software-Solid Edge. This provides an efficient tool for improving efficiency of designing the multispindle box. The standardized and assembled fixture of machine tools is created in Pro/Engineer, s mass of function and method of group technology, and establishing a library of component includes standardized parts and generalized parts, forming a design, s library on fixtures of machine tools, Designing fixtures of machine tools. This kind of design, s library on fixtures of machine tools applies simply and expands easily. A numerical control machining-oriented box CAPP system was developed based on Pro/E, which solves the problem of conversion between CAD and CAPP, achieves automatic recognition and extraction from design feature to manufacturing feature, and integrates with CAD.
In the view of the mass customization several manufacturing systems including the modular production system are compared in this paper. The characteristics, design method and application foreground of the modular production system are analysed. The research results showed that the modular production system with higher productivity and better flexibility, lower investment and higher benefit is much suitable to the Chinese situation.
Parallel Machine Tool (PMT) whose principal axis is connected with machine base adopts multi-poles parallel structure, which breaks traditional concept. Thus, the rigidity of Machine Tool, the precision and quality of process are improved. Moreover, the high-speed process can be done easily. It conquers many shortcomings of the traditional machine tool, such as tool processing only along fixed path, the lower degree of freedom of tool-task and so on. CNC system of PMT is based on the open architecture,.
The over-restriction of a parallel kinematic machine (PKM) is simplified and through analysis the 1-differential and 2-differential kinematic equation, the identified parameters among which there are strong relationships are eliminated and it proves that the vertical tolerance along z axis is approximately only related with the non-vertical coefficient of the two columns, so that the parameter errors are classified from the view of output errors. A novel parallel machine-tool mechanism based on the compound-sphere-joint is presented. The parallel machine tool consists of a moving spindle system and a fix base connected by 5-SPS serial chains. The moving spindle system is made up of two compound-sphere-joints, one of them is a three-layer sphere-joint connecting three SPS serial chains; the other is a two-layer sphere-joint connecting two SPS serial chains. The two-sphere-joints spindle system replaces the general moving platform and the main axis. Dynamics of a type of 3-HSS parallel kinematic machine is dealt with, and the research on the trail tracking control method is also done at the same time. First, the reverse solution model of position, velocity and acceleration of parallel kinematic machine is deduced including parallelogram strut structure and the outer translation pair driving fashion.
Parallel machine tool numerical system needs kinematics transform module to perform coordinates transform between Cartesian space and joint space. In order to increase design efficiency and quality of parallel machine tool (PMT),a main process of PMT virtual concept design is researched. Based on ADAMS, a design platform of PKM virtual prototype is developed. A parallel mechanism case base and a modular component base are built. The management of the parallel mechanism case base and the modular component base and virtual assembly of PMT are realized. By using animated technique and simulating analysis function of ADAMS, kinematic simulation and analysis of PMT.
Conventionally mechanical engineers design the schematic 3D layout at first, and then represent it in 2D, assembly drawing. This 3D layout can be only expressed in 3D isometric projection by quite a few masters. But it can be hardly used as precise engineering drawing. In the last decades, researchers undertook works on 3D reconstruction. Nowadays, computer-aided 3D assembly drawing can be implemented by using CAD software systems. Accordingly, the unit assembly and detail drawing can be done automatically.
A parametric drawing software of combination machine project CAD System is developed based in using HIGH C/C++3.04 and ADS (AutoCAD Development System) language. It makes design simple, decreases design cycle and improves design quality. The probability and necessity of combination machine applying CAD technique, the program framed box, the two key problem in program design, the characteristic and reliability in program design is introduced. The vertical bearing drill combination machine, which is widely used for its high efficiency. It also analyzes the selections of the positioning of parts, clamps, cutters, and electromotor, as well as the design calculation.
References:
[1] LI Yugui, YANG Xiaoming, GAO Xuejie. Study on static characteristic of PWM high speed on/off valve[3]. Joumai of Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Institute, 2002, 23(1): 68-71. (In Chinese)
[2] DENG Xiaohang. Design of the fluid pulse modulation digital testing and control laboratory bench[.Machine tool&hydraulics，2004(12):120-122. (In Chinese).
摘要
制造自動(dòng)化的概念和內(nèi)涵總是在發(fā)展，并已成為相當(dāng)廣泛的藝術(shù)上的生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行了分析，發(fā)展趨勢(shì)歸納為六個(gè)方面：基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的全球制造，敏捷制造，制造，虛擬制造，智能制造，綠色制造等。垂直軸承鉆頭組合機(jī)，它被廣泛地用于其高效率。它還分析部件，夾具，切割器，和電動(dòng)機(jī)的定位，以及設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算的選擇。
關(guān)鍵詞 CAD/CAM, 組合機(jī)床，模塊化設(shè)計(jì)，PLC。
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)/計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAD/CAM）指的是將計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用于設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中以提高生產(chǎn)率。CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的核心是設(shè)計(jì)終端和相應(yīng)的硬件，諸如計(jì)算機(jī)、打印機(jī)、繪圖儀、磁帶機(jī)和數(shù)字化儀等，設(shè)計(jì)在被完成之前始終在終端顯示器上被監(jiān)視，如果需要還可以進(jìn)行硬拷貝。含有設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算機(jī)磁帶或其他控制媒介在制造、測(cè)試和質(zhì)量控制過(guò)程中驅(qū)動(dòng)著數(shù)控加工設(shè)備。
用于CAD/CAM的軟件是儲(chǔ)存在計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中的程序集合，用來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)各種構(gòu)成硬件完成特定任務(wù)。如生成NC（數(shù)控）加工路徑、裝配材料清單、在有限元模型中生成節(jié)點(diǎn)和單元的程序。有些軟件包指的是軟件（程序）模塊，可分為一下四類(lèi)：操作系統(tǒng)、通用程序、應(yīng)用程序和用戶(hù)程序。雖然還有其他功能模塊軟件，但這足以說(shuō)明研發(fā)CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性了。
CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)中的用戶(hù)程序是為產(chǎn)生專(zhuān)用輸出結(jié)果的專(zhuān)業(yè)針對(duì)性極強(qiáng)的軟件包，如用戶(hù)只要輸入一些像齒數(shù)、節(jié)圓直徑之類(lèi)的參數(shù)，就可由用戶(hù)程序自動(dòng)生成齒輪。還可用另一類(lèi)程序在給出刀具尺寸、材料、切削深度等信息后，計(jì)算切削時(shí)的最佳進(jìn)給和轉(zhuǎn)速。這類(lèi)程序通常都是用戶(hù)在通用軟件供應(yīng)商提供的軟件模塊基礎(chǔ)上自己開(kāi)發(fā)的。盡管用戶(hù)程序可大大節(jié)約時(shí)間和精力，但不是所有的CAD/CAM軟件包都有用戶(hù)程序。
① 計(jì)算機(jī)圖形
計(jì)算機(jī)圖形系統(tǒng)計(jì)算并儲(chǔ)存物理相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，以確定精確位置、尺寸標(biāo)注及每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)單元的其他征。借助于這些相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，用戶(hù)設(shè)計(jì)人員可在工件制品加工前進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的工程分析、生成材料清單、生產(chǎn)報(bào)告、檢查設(shè)計(jì)的不相容性。
利用計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)，可將二維圖轉(zhuǎn)成三維線框和實(shí)體模型。
② 線框模型
簡(jiǎn)單的線框模型是表示幾何模型最經(jīng)濟(jì)的一種方法，在檢驗(yàn)圖形的基本屬性和模型的連續(xù)性時(shí)很有用，但在開(kāi)發(fā)復(fù)雜模型時(shí)，線框模型就有局限性，實(shí)體模型可解決線框模型中出現(xiàn)的大部分問(wèn)題。
③ 實(shí)體模型
主要有三種結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)體的技術(shù)：構(gòu)造實(shí)體幾何法（CSG）、邊界表示法（B-Rep）、和分解實(shí)體模型。
構(gòu)造實(shí)體幾何法（CSG）是用各種幾何體諸如圓柱、球面、圓錐等經(jīng)過(guò)布爾運(yùn)算后生成的實(shí)體。
邊界法中，先定出物體輪廓，在通過(guò)線性或徑向掃描，用其中所包含的區(qū)域表示實(shí)體。
分解實(shí)體模型與邊界法相似，但加強(qiáng)了構(gòu)造時(shí)有限元模型。商業(yè)化軟件包中，并不單純使用某一中方法，例如，在構(gòu)造實(shí)體表達(dá)法中可能會(huì)用到邊界法技術(shù)生成初始模型，而在邊界法或分解法中可能會(huì)用布爾代數(shù)法，利用圓柱或圓錐去修剪模型，生成孔洞。
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造側(cè)重于一下四方面：數(shù)控、工藝規(guī)程編制、自動(dòng)化操作和生產(chǎn)管理。
① 數(shù)控
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）中數(shù)控的重要體現(xiàn)在：可用計(jì)算機(jī)從幾何模型或制品直接生成數(shù)控程。
目前，這種自動(dòng)化能力還僅僅限于非對(duì)稱(chēng)和其他特殊形狀制品。未來(lái)，有些公司可能根本不用圖紙，就可以通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)將產(chǎn)品信息直接從設(shè)計(jì)傳送到制造工序。由于計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與制造使用同一個(gè)集成數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，生成的計(jì)算機(jī)模型數(shù)是一樣的，所以隨著圖紙的消失，好些問(wèn)題也會(huì)隨之而去。這樣即便部門(mén)之間在地域上離得很遠(yuǎn)也不影響工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上他們是通過(guò)辦公桌上的終端連在一起的。
② 工藝規(guī)程
制定工藝規(guī)程包括從生產(chǎn)到結(jié)束的每一個(gè)工序，與計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造相連的工藝制定系統(tǒng)幾乎不用人工參與就可直接從幾何模型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)生成工藝過(guò)程。
③ 自動(dòng)化
制造系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化機(jī)器人完成了許多改進(jìn)，如在線裝配、在線焊接和線噴涂等。
④ 生產(chǎn)管理
生產(chǎn)管理用于交互的工業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)收集以便及時(shí)獲得和生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的信息，并用該數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算出制造的先后次序，動(dòng)態(tài)的確定下一步要做的工作，從而保證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制造程序的正常執(zhí)行。另外，為適應(yīng)特殊要求，可直接對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行修改，無(wú)需召集計(jì)算機(jī)編程專(zhuān)家。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)特別是Intranet/Internet 技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,正在給企業(yè)制造活動(dòng)帶來(lái)新的變革,并給未來(lái)的CAD/CAM環(huán)境開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)新的領(lǐng)域。未來(lái)的CAD/CAM環(huán)境將是全球化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、敏捷化的制造群體,不同成員提供各自的制造設(shè)備及其分布式設(shè)計(jì)制造過(guò)程的管理。本文介紹了作者在Intranet/Internet下建立的Internet服務(wù)企業(yè)的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和模式。該系統(tǒng)包括兩層結(jié)構(gòu):底層功能層實(shí)現(xiàn)制造環(huán)境內(nèi)部的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化,完成制造過(guò)程的集成;上層服務(wù)層實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)制造企業(yè)的敏捷化,完成制造過(guò)程中工作流信息管理。本文以快速成形制造服務(wù)作為實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)象。在快速成形制造服務(wù)中,功能層采用分布結(jié)構(gòu)提供設(shè)計(jì)制造功能單元,包括CAD插件、截面數(shù)據(jù)提取單元。服務(wù)層采用工作流機(jī)制,實(shí)現(xiàn)客戶(hù)、設(shè)計(jì)人員、工藝人員、加工人員和管理人員之間的協(xié)作和協(xié)同工作。目前本系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)于微軟的分布式DNA=,未來(lái)將采用跨平臺(tái)的JAVA/CORBA并且引入智能設(shè)計(jì)和制造。
柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS)以其靈活性成為現(xiàn)代企業(yè)非常重要的生產(chǎn)方式,但如何均衡分配各設(shè)備的負(fù)荷以提高系統(tǒng)的利用率一直沒(méi)能很好地解決。柔性自動(dòng)化制造技術(shù)迅速發(fā)展,其中柔性制造系統(tǒng)最具代表性,柔性制造系統(tǒng)中的加工系統(tǒng)是實(shí)際完成改變物性任務(wù)的執(zhí)行系統(tǒng).
針對(duì)柔性制造環(huán)境中內(nèi)外擾動(dòng)的動(dòng)態(tài)隨機(jī)發(fā)生和快速、高效的重調(diào)度需求,構(gòu)建了動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)度決策系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)模型,提出了一種基于過(guò)濾定向搜索的啟發(fā)式算法作為模型的核心算法.為了更好地搜索調(diào)度解空間和更好地集成作業(yè)的交貨期、優(yōu)先權(quán)重和資源負(fù)載平衡,算法改進(jìn)了節(jié)點(diǎn)分枝策略和局部、全局評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù).以作業(yè)交貨延遲時(shí)間加權(quán)平方和最小為性能指標(biāo),通過(guò)實(shí)例仿真,對(duì)算法性能進(jìn)行了分析評(píng)價(jià)和比較,結(jié)果表明了該算法對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性制造系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)度的有效性和實(shí)用性.柔性組合夾具,達(dá)到了將車(chē)削加工工藝和焊接加工工藝同時(shí)在同一個(gè)專(zhuān)用設(shè)備上完成的目的,簡(jiǎn)化了制造工序,提高了焊接質(zhì)量。回顧國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于面向柔性制造系統(tǒng)的工件安裝方法及其研究動(dòng)態(tài)，無(wú)基準(zhǔn)零件密封技術(shù)的基本原理、組成和工藝過(guò)程，指出了該項(xiàng)技術(shù)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際尚存在的不足，提出并研制了快速尋位與狀態(tài)記憶通用夾具系統(tǒng)，以促進(jìn)RL&SM安裝技術(shù)在敏捷制造中的應(yīng)用。
柔性制造技術(shù)是實(shí)現(xiàn)未來(lái)工廠的新穎概念模式和新的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),是決定制造企業(yè)未來(lái)發(fā)展前途的具有戰(zhàn)略意義的舉措?；谌嵝灾圃旒夹g(shù),提出了新塑殼斷路器工藝裝備系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方案,實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)器柔性、工藝柔性、生產(chǎn)能力柔性、擴(kuò)展柔性、維護(hù)柔性,控制了產(chǎn)品的一致性。使傳統(tǒng)塑殼斷路器有了新的生產(chǎn)模式,同時(shí)對(duì)其他低壓電器的柔性制造也具有借鑒意義。
根據(jù)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)原理,在功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上劃分組合機(jī)床的各級(jí)模塊。以三維設(shè)計(jì)軟件UG為開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái),建立了組合機(jī)床各級(jí)模塊的參數(shù)化三維造型模板庫(kù),同時(shí)還建立了存放設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中所需數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。用戶(hù)在系統(tǒng)的引導(dǎo)下可完成設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的模塊選擇、模塊組合和設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算等環(huán)節(jié),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助組合機(jī)床模塊化設(shè)計(jì),提高了設(shè)計(jì)效率。為綜合運(yùn)用CAD技術(shù)和各種設(shè)計(jì)方法，建立了以模塊化設(shè)計(jì)為基礎(chǔ)，采用參數(shù)化特征造型，進(jìn)行快速響應(yīng)的變型設(shè)計(jì)的理論。以組合機(jī)床主軸箱為例，以UG軟件為平臺(tái)．實(shí)現(xiàn)了組合機(jī)床的快速重構(gòu)，為組合機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)提供了可行的技術(shù)路線。
根據(jù)組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn),將模塊化設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)應(yīng)用于組合機(jī)床CAD系統(tǒng)。以分級(jí)模塊化為主導(dǎo)思想,在功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上劃分組合機(jī)床的各級(jí)模塊并按照面向裝配設(shè)計(jì)的原則設(shè)計(jì)了模塊接口。以三維設(shè)計(jì)軟件UG為開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái),針對(duì)組合機(jī)床的每一級(jí)模塊建立相應(yīng)的全參數(shù)化三維模型庫(kù),開(kāi)發(fā)出支持模塊化設(shè)計(jì)的組合機(jī)床CAD系統(tǒng)。針對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)組合機(jī)床的夾具元件都是通用件、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件，利用 Auto CAD軟件開(kāi)發(fā)工具、設(shè)計(jì)、開(kāi)發(fā)了夾具元件庫(kù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了參數(shù)化繪圖．此方法可以擴(kuò)展到組合機(jī)床其它元件上，建立 相應(yīng)元件庫(kù)，從而簡(jiǎn)化了設(shè)計(jì)，提高了效率，具有實(shí)用價(jià)值和可擴(kuò)展性．根據(jù)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)原理,在功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上劃分了組合機(jī)床多軸箱的各級(jí)模塊。將三維CAD技術(shù)與模塊化技術(shù)相結(jié)合,以UG為軟件開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái),利用其強(qiáng)大的三維造型功能和裝配功能,建立了組合機(jī)床多軸箱參數(shù)化三維造型模板庫(kù),同時(shí)還建立了存放設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中所需數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。設(shè)計(jì)人員在系統(tǒng)界面的引導(dǎo)下可完成模塊選擇、模塊組合和設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算等環(huán)節(jié),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助組合機(jī)床多軸箱三維模塊化設(shè)計(jì),提高了設(shè)計(jì)效率。
用VB開(kāi)發(fā)了主軸箱傳動(dòng)CAD及其箱體CAM一體化系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)利用人機(jī)交互的方式完成數(shù)據(jù)的獲得、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的CAD和箱體的CAM工作,它的使用可使主軸箱傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)更優(yōu)化、更快捷 ,使箱體的加工生產(chǎn)率提高 ,準(zhǔn)確性增加。提出了一種組合機(jī)床多軸箱三維變量化CAD的開(kāi)發(fā)模式,并利用現(xiàn)有的CAD軟件—Solid Edge開(kāi)發(fā)出實(shí)用的多軸箱三維變量化CAD系統(tǒng),為提高多軸箱的設(shè)計(jì)效率提供有效的工具。應(yīng)用PRO/Engineer強(qiáng)大的功能模塊,用成組技術(shù)的分類(lèi)方法,創(chuàng)建機(jī)床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組合夾具,建立和開(kāi)發(fā)相應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件、通用件元件庫(kù),成形機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)庫(kù),進(jìn)行機(jī)床夾具應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)。這種機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)庫(kù)開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單,拓展容易。以Pro/E為開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái),開(kāi)發(fā)一種面向數(shù)控加工的箱體零件CAPP系統(tǒng),解決CAD信息向CAPP系統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)換,實(shí)現(xiàn)從設(shè)計(jì)特征到制造特征的自動(dòng)識(shí)別與提取和CAD/CAPP的集成。
對(duì)包括模塊化制造系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的幾種制造系統(tǒng)模式從滿(mǎn)足大批量定制生產(chǎn)需求的角度進(jìn)行了比較,對(duì)模塊化制造系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)、設(shè)計(jì)方法和在中國(guó)的應(yīng)用前景進(jìn)行了分析。研究結(jié)果表明 ,模塊化制造系統(tǒng)具有高生產(chǎn)率和高柔性的特點(diǎn),投資小、效益高,比較適合中國(guó)的國(guó)情
并聯(lián)機(jī)床完全打破了傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)的概念,采用了多桿并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動(dòng),即機(jī)床的主軸與機(jī)座之間為多桿并聯(lián)連接,從而大大提高了機(jī)床的剛度,使加工精度和加工質(zhì)量都有較大的改進(jìn)。另外,其進(jìn)給速度的提高,也使高速加工更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。它克服了傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床刀具只能沿固定導(dǎo)軌進(jìn)給,刀具作業(yè)自由度偏低等固有缺陷。并聯(lián)機(jī)床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)基于開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu),增加了軟件的可重用性,方便用戶(hù)進(jìn)行二次開(kāi)發(fā)。
針對(duì)一臺(tái)實(shí)際的并聯(lián)機(jī)床,簡(jiǎn)化過(guò)約束結(jié)構(gòu),在運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程一次微分和二次微分的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,整合相關(guān)性強(qiáng)的辨識(shí)參數(shù),推導(dǎo)出z向垂直度誤差近似唯一相關(guān)于立柱傾斜系數(shù),從輸出誤差測(cè)量的角度實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)誤差源的分類(lèi)。同時(shí)利用簡(jiǎn)單可行的相對(duì)誤差測(cè)量方案,基于相關(guān)性分析的結(jié)論,采用分步標(biāo)定方案,顯著提高精度,大工作空間內(nèi)達(dá)到±0.04 mm以?xún)?nèi),局部在±0.02 mm以?xún)?nèi),滿(mǎn)足了工程需要。該方法基于參數(shù)間以及參數(shù)和輸出誤差間的相關(guān)性分析,有效簡(jiǎn)化標(biāo)定過(guò)程,實(shí)現(xiàn)參數(shù)的分步辨識(shí),為并聯(lián)機(jī)床標(biāo)定提供了新思路。一種基于新型運(yùn)動(dòng)副——復(fù)合球鉸的虛擬軸機(jī)床,它是由5-SPS分支組成的并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu),其中3個(gè)分 支匯交于一個(gè)三重球鉸,另2個(gè)分支匯交于一個(gè)二重球鉸,兩個(gè)球鉸固接在一起形成一個(gè)復(fù)合球鉸,代替了并聯(lián) 機(jī)構(gòu)的活動(dòng)平臺(tái),而且機(jī)床主軸位于復(fù)合球鉸中心線上。這種基于復(fù)合球鉸的5個(gè)分支新型虛擬軸機(jī)床與基于 Stewart平臺(tái)機(jī)構(gòu)的6個(gè)分支的虛擬軸機(jī)床相比具有同樣多的實(shí)用自由度,并且機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、解耦,其正反解 計(jì)算及控制亦相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單。探討了5分支機(jī)床的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,尤其對(duì)關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)——復(fù)合球鉸的結(jié)構(gòu),機(jī)構(gòu)位置反解, 以及一定姿態(tài)下的可達(dá)工作空間進(jìn)行了分析和計(jì)算。這種新型虛擬軸機(jī)床在空間曲面加工領(lǐng)域?qū)⒂兄鴱V泛的應(yīng)用前景。3-HSS并聯(lián)機(jī)床動(dòng)力學(xué)建模及魯棒軌跡跟蹤控制方法。首先導(dǎo)出了外移動(dòng)副驅(qū)動(dòng),含平行四邊形支鏈結(jié)構(gòu)的并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)位置、速度及加速度逆解模型,并利用虛功原理建立其剛體動(dòng)力學(xué)逆解模型。在此基礎(chǔ)上,考慮其運(yùn)動(dòng)部件重力及模型誤差,為保證其跟蹤精度,設(shè)計(jì)了一種魯棒軌跡跟蹤控制器,確保了跟蹤誤差的一致終值有界性，該控制方法具有很好的穩(wěn)定性和有效性。
并聯(lián)機(jī)床由于完全摒棄了傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床固定導(dǎo)軌的刀具導(dǎo)向方式,其數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中必然需要添加運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)變換模塊,以實(shí)現(xiàn)加工代碼中的直角坐標(biāo)與其可控制的關(guān)節(jié)空間坐標(biāo)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。以提高并聯(lián)機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)效率和質(zhì)量為目標(biāo),研究了并聯(lián)機(jī)床虛擬概念設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容,開(kāi)發(fā)出基于ADAMS的并聯(lián)機(jī)床虛擬概念設(shè)計(jì)平臺(tái),建立并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)型譜庫(kù)和功能模塊組件庫(kù),并實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)型譜庫(kù)和模塊組件庫(kù)的管理。開(kāi)發(fā)并聯(lián)機(jī)床虛擬裝配人機(jī)交互界面,以幫助設(shè)計(jì)者完成并聯(lián)機(jī)床的虛擬裝配。利用ADAMS的動(dòng)畫(huà)技術(shù)和仿真分析功能,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)樣機(jī)模型的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)仿真和分析。
傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)模式是工程師首先有三維的整體布局,然后用二維的裝配圖表達(dá)。只有少數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)師能夠直接描繪示意性的三維軸測(cè)圖,但是也難于作為精確的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙。上世紀(jì)后期,研究者致力于二維裝配圖的“三維”重建?，F(xiàn)在有了條件,可利用Autodesklnventor實(shí)現(xiàn)人機(jī)交互的三維總圖設(shè)計(jì),以及零部件的二維表達(dá)本文以組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)為例,闡述該計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā),詳述各個(gè)部分的功能。為進(jìn)一步完善這個(gè)系統(tǒng)提供條件。