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PLC BASED CHANGE DISPENSING VENDING MACHINE USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFYING AND VERIFYINGCURRENCY
Abstract :Change dispensing vending machines are used to provide change to the user as per the denomination of note given to the machine by the user. Change dispensing vending machine using PLC can be implemented using various devices or techniques such as transistors, transducers, sensors and image processing technique. In this research paper image processing technique is used with PLC for change dispensing machine. Counterfeit currency is the major problem associated with change dispenser machine. To detect the counterfeit note and to identify its denomination image processing technique is used. The output of the image processing is given to the PLC and the operation of PLC is programmed using ladder logic in this paper.
Key Words:Currency, PLC, Sensor, Image processing technique, Change dispensing (vending) machine.
1. INTRODUCTION
A change dispensing vending machine is a machine which is used to dispense change to the user as per the value of the currency inserted in the machine . The user will get all the details on the screen necessary for the valid transaction. Image processing technique is used for validation and identification of note. Along with it a strain gauge based load sensor can be used for checking the availability of stock in the machine.
The operation of a programmable controller is relatively simple. The input/output (I/O) system is physically connected to the field devices that are encountered in the machine or that are used in the process control. These field devices may be discrete or analog input/output devices, such as limit switches, pressure transducers, push buttons, motor starters, solenoids etc. The I/O interfaces provide the connection between the CPU with the information providers (inputs) and controllable devices (outputs). During its operation, the CPU completes three processes: (1) it reads, or accepts, the input data from the field devices via the input interfaces, (2) it executes, or performs, the control program stored in the memory system, and (3) it writes, or updates, the output devices via the output interfaces. This process of sequentially reading the inputs, executing the program in memory, and updating the outputs is known as scanning.
2. OBJECTIVE
To design a change dispenser which will accept currency (note) of denomination 10 rupees and 20 rupee and will dispense 5 rupee coin. So, when the user inserts 10 rupee note he/she would get 2Nos 5 of 5 rupee coins and 4Nos of 5 rupee coins for the 20 rupee note after validation, identification of note and availability of stock.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
1 In 2013 Vipin Kumar Jain and Dr. Ritu Vijay propose method for identifying denomination of currency using image processing technique. First the ROI is extracted than by pattern recognition and Neural Network matching technique is used to match or find the currency.
2 In 2014 S.Surya and G.Thilambal propose method to recognize currencies from different countries based on features that is color, texture, size in image processing using filters and Sobel operator.
3 In 2014 Binod Prasad Yadav, C.S Patil, R.R Karhe , P.H Patil propose method counterfeit currency detection using MATLAB and feature extraction with HSV color space and other application of image processing technique.
4. FEATURES OF 10 AND 20 RUPEES CURRENCY
Every Indian currency issued by RBI has some special security features.
Some are same for certain currencies while other may vary as shown in table 1.
TABLE4-1: Features of 10 and 20 rupees note
Feature
10 Rupee note
20 Rupee note
Image
Size
63×137 mm
63×147mm
Seen through register
√
√
Water mark
√
√
Fluorescence
√
√
Security Thread
√
√
Micro lettering
√
√
Year of printing
√
√
Intaglio image
×
√
Latent image
×
√
Identification mark
×
√
TABLE4-2: Main demarcation of 10 and 20 rupees note
Feature
10 Rupee note
20 Rupee note
Size
63×137 mm
63×147mm
Identification mark
×
√
Intaglio image
×
√
5. HARDWARE REQUIRED
PLC, Camera or Sensor, currency, coin
6. METHODOLOGY
6.1 IMAGE ACQUIT ION-
Image acquisition is the first step for identifying denomination and counterfeit currency as image processing technique processes the acquired image. Image can be acquire using scanner or camera. The image captured/ scanned are stored in .jpeg format
6.2 IMAGE PREPROCESSING
The main purpose for preprocessing is to remove noise from the acquired image and to improve its visual appearance. It includes resizing image, removing noise , separating channels, denoising each channels and then restoring channels.
6.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION
It includes the following steps such as-
6.3.1 COLOR FEATURE-
It includes converting rgb to xyz color space and then to luv color space. The image obtained is further processed by separating l,u,v then finding the mean, color variance and color skewness for each channel.
6.3.2 EDGE FEATURE
In edge detecting feature rgb color space is converted into ycbr color space then y component is extracted , sobel mask is applied and edges are detected.
6.3.3 CONTRAST ENHANCE THE GRAY IMAGE-
After gray scale conversion the image contrast is enhanced to emphasize dark lines in lighter background.
6.4 SEGMENTS
The number of segments obtained depends on currency for real currency there is only one segment while for counterfeit currency there are many segments as shown in figure 1.
7. CHECKING COUNTERFEIT CURRENCY AND DENOMINATION OF CURRENCY
Flowchart for identifying denomination and counterfeit currency is shown in figure 1
7.1 OUTPUT FOR DENOMINATION OF CURRENCY
The acquired image is compared with the stored image and accordingly output for denomination is identified if the image matches with the stored image it will shows the denomination otherwise it will show invalid currency.
7.2 OUTPUT FOR REAL OR COUNTERFEIT CURRENCY
The graph obtained for real and counterfeit currency is shown in figure 2.
Figure 7-1 obtaining real and counterfeit currency
TABLE-7-1: Features of real and counterfeit currency graph
Real
Counterfeit
Threshold value
10*104
3*104
projected value at 0
7.5
0
Projected-smoothened
0
.5
Difference between projected value
Very Small
small
8. IMPLEMENTATION
The flowchart of vending machine using PLC is shown in figure 3
FIGURE 3. Implementation of change dispensing machine using PLC
9. PLC LADDER DIAGRAM
The above flow chart is programmed in PLC as shown in ladder diagram in figure 4
FIGURE4. Ladder diagram of PLC based change dispensing machine
Here,
I1,I2,I3 and I4 are normally open.
Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 are coils.
I1- input given to PLC
I2- 10 rupee note is identified and verified in Image Processing .
I3 – sufficient stock available.
I4- 20 rupee note is identified and verified in Image Processing.
Q1- Dispenses 2 no of 5 rupee coin.
Q2- Dispenses 4 no of 5 rupee coin.
Q3- Displays fake note.
Q4- Displays insufficient stock.
FIGURE9-1:the trapezoid diagram shown
10. WORKING
10.1 RUNG 1- First the image is acquired using scanneror camera and then processed using image processing technique in Matlab.
10.2 RUNG 2- When input is given to machine, Image processing identify and verify 10 rupee note and check for sufficient stock in machine then machine dispenses 2 no of 5 rupees coin.
10.3 RUNG 3- When input is given to machine, Image Processing identify and verify 20 rupee note and sufficient stock is available then machine dispenses 4 no of 5 rupees coin.
10.4RUNG 4- When input is given to machine and the Image Processing does not identify the inserted note as 10 or 20 rupee note then machine displays fake note.
10.5RUNG 5- When input is given to machine, Image Processing identify and verify either 10 rupee or 20 rupee note and there is insufficient stock then machine displays insufficient stock.
11.RESULT
The designed machine successfully give two coins of 5 rupees whenever a currency of Rs 10 is inserted in the machine only after verifying it`s correctness and availability of stock in the machine. This machine also gives four 5 rupees coin for Rs 20 as input as explained above.
12. CONCLUSION
It is observed that image processing technique used for identification and verification of currency is faster than sensor in PLC based vending machine.
基于PLC使用圖像處理技術(shù)識(shí)別和驗(yàn)證貨幣自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)
摘要：自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)是根據(jù)用戶(hù)給機(jī)器的面額，提供給用戶(hù)以不同的服務(wù)，其使用PLC可以使用各種設(shè)備或技術(shù)，如晶體管、傳感器、傳感器和圖像處理技術(shù)。假幣是與自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)相關(guān)的主要問(wèn)題，本研究采用了PLC的圖像處理技術(shù)檢測(cè)和識(shí)別假幣面額。將圖像處理輸出給PLC，并用梯形圖編程實(shí)現(xiàn)PLC的操作。
關(guān)鍵詞：貨幣，PLC，傳感器，圖像處理技術(shù)，更換點(diǎn)膠（自動(dòng)）售貨機(jī)
1. 引言
自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)是一種根據(jù)插入機(jī)器上的貨幣的價(jià)值來(lái)分配給用戶(hù)變化的機(jī)器。用戶(hù)將在屏幕上獲得有效交易必要的所有細(xì)節(jié)。圖像處理技術(shù)用于票據(jù)的確認(rèn)和識(shí)別。隨著它的一個(gè)應(yīng)變計(jì)為基礎(chǔ)的負(fù)載傳感器可用于檢查在機(jī)器的庫(kù)存可用性。
可編程控制器的操作相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單。輸入/輸出(I / O)系統(tǒng)與在機(jī)器中遇到或在過(guò)程控制中使用的字段設(shè)備相連接。這些場(chǎng)設(shè)備可能是離散的或模擬的輸入輸出設(shè)備，例如限制開(kāi)關(guān)、壓力傳感器、按鈕、電機(jī)啟動(dòng)器、螺線(xiàn)管等。I / O接口提供了CPU與信息提供者(輸入)和可控設(shè)備(輸出)之間的連接。在操作過(guò)程中，CPU完成了三個(gè)進(jìn)程:(1)它通過(guò)輸入接口從字段設(shè)備讀取或接受輸入數(shù)據(jù)，(2)它執(zhí)行或執(zhí)行存儲(chǔ)在內(nèi)存系統(tǒng)中的控制程序，(3)通過(guò)輸出接口編寫(xiě)或更新輸出設(shè)備。這種順序讀取輸入、在內(nèi)存中執(zhí)行程序和更新輸出的過(guò)程稱(chēng)為掃描。
2. 目標(biāo)
設(shè)計(jì)一種可接受面額為10盧比和20盧比的貨幣(紙幣)，并可兌換5盧比硬幣的自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)。因此，當(dāng)用戶(hù)插入10盧比時(shí)，在驗(yàn)證紙幣的真實(shí)性和庫(kù)存的可用性后，他/她將得到2個(gè)5盧比硬幣，4個(gè) 5盧比硬幣在確認(rèn)的20盧比紙幣后。
3.文獻(xiàn)綜述
1 在2013年，Vipin Kumar Jain和Ritu Vijay博士提出了一種使用圖像處理技術(shù)來(lái)識(shí)別貨幣面值的方法。首先采用模式識(shí)別和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)匹配技術(shù)提取ROI，以匹配或查找貨幣。
2 在2014年代。敘利婭和G.Thilambal提出了一種基于顏色、紋理、圖像處理中使用濾波器和Sobel算子的特征來(lái)識(shí)別不同國(guó)家貨幣的方法。
3 在2014年，賓德·普拉薩德·亞達(dá)夫，C.帕蒂爾,R.R Karhe,P.H Patil通過(guò)MATLAB和HSV顏色空間的特征提取和圖像處理技術(shù)的其他應(yīng)用，提出了偽造貨幣檢測(cè)方法。
4.10盧比和20盧比貨幣的特點(diǎn)
印度儲(chǔ)備銀行發(fā)行的每一種印度貨幣都有一些特殊的安全特性。
有些貨幣與某些貨幣是相同的，而其他貨幣則不同，如表4-1所示。
表4-1：10和20盧比的紙幣
特點(diǎn)
10盧比紙幣
20 盧比紙比
圖像
尺寸
63×137 mm
63×147mm
通過(guò)登記
√
√
水痕
√
√
熒光
√
√
安全線(xiàn)
√
√
微刻字
√
√
年印刷
√
√
凹版印刷圖像
×
√
潛像
×
√
識(shí)別符號(hào)
×
√
表4-2 10和20盧比注主要?jiǎng)澐?
特點(diǎn)
10 盧比
20 盧比
尺寸
63×137 mm
63×147mm
識(shí)別符號(hào)
×
√
凹版印刷圖像
×
√
5.硬件要求
可編程控制器，相機(jī)或傳感器，貨幣，硬幣。
6. 方法
6.1圖像表現(xiàn)離子
圖像采集是識(shí)別面額和假幣的第一步，圖像處理技術(shù)處理獲得的圖像。圖像可以通過(guò)掃描儀或照相機(jī)獲得,并以JPEG格式存儲(chǔ)。
6.2圖像預(yù)處理
預(yù)處理的主要目的是消除獲得圖像的噪聲，提高其視覺(jué)外觀(guān)。它包括調(diào)整圖像，消除噪聲，分離通道，去噪每個(gè)通道，然后恢復(fù)通道。
6.3特征提取
它包括以下步驟，如：
6.3.1顏色特征,
它包括將rgb轉(zhuǎn)換為xyz顏色空間，然后將其轉(zhuǎn)換為luv顏色空間。通過(guò)分離l、u、v，得到各通道的均值、色差和顏色偏度，得到進(jìn)一步的圖像處理。
6.3.2邊緣特征
邊緣檢測(cè)中，rgb顏色空間被轉(zhuǎn)換為ycbr顏色空間，然后提取y分量，應(yīng)用sobel掩碼，檢測(cè)邊緣。
6.3.3對(duì)比度增強(qiáng)灰度圖像
在灰度轉(zhuǎn)換后，增強(qiáng)了圖像對(duì)比度，以強(qiáng)調(diào)淺色背景下的暗線(xiàn)。
6.4 部分所獲得的段數(shù)取決于實(shí)際貨幣的貨幣，只有一個(gè)部分，而對(duì)于假幣，有許多段。
7.檢查假幣，面額貨幣
識(shí)別面額和假幣的流程圖如圖1所示。
7.1貨幣面額輸出
將采集的圖像與存儲(chǔ)的圖像進(jìn)行比較，如果圖像與存儲(chǔ)的圖像相匹配，則識(shí)別出面額的輸出，它將顯示面值，否則將貨幣無(wú)效。
7.2輸出為真實(shí)的或偽造的貨幣
圖中獲得真正的和偽造的貨幣是如圖7-1所示.
圖7-1中獲得真正的和偽造的貨幣
從上面的圖中，我們注意到以下幾點(diǎn)
表7-1:真?zhèn)呜泿艌D的特征
真幣
假幣
閾值
10*104
3*104
預(yù)計(jì)值為0
7.5
0
投影平滑
0
.5
價(jià)格差異之間的投影
很小
小
8. 成就
使用PLC的自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)流程圖如圖3所示。
9. PLC梯形圖·
以上流程圖用PLC編程，如圖4所示的梯形圖所示。
在這里,I1、I2、I3和I4常開(kāi)。
Q1、Q2、Q3和Q4是線(xiàn)圈。
I1輸入給PLC
I2 - 10盧比紙幣在圖像處理中被識(shí)別和驗(yàn)證。
有足夠的庫(kù)存。
I4- 20盧比紙幣在圖像處理中被識(shí)別和驗(yàn)證。
Q1 -不需要5盧比硬幣。
Q2 -不需要5盧比硬幣。
Q3:顯示假的注意。
Q4:顯示庫(kù)存不足。
圖9-1所示的梯形圖所示
10.工作方式
10.1、級(jí)1首先使用scanneror攝像頭獲取圖像，然后在Matlab中使用圖像處理技術(shù)進(jìn)行處理。
10.2、級(jí)2 當(dāng)輸入到機(jī)器上時(shí)，圖像處理識(shí)別并驗(yàn)證10盧比紙幣，并檢查機(jī)器上的足夠庫(kù)存，然后自動(dòng)分配5盧比的硬幣。
10.3、級(jí)3 當(dāng)輸入到機(jī)器上時(shí)，圖像處理識(shí)別并確認(rèn)20盧比的紙幣和足夠的庫(kù)存，然后機(jī)器就會(huì)自動(dòng)分配5盧比的硬幣。
10.4、級(jí)4 當(dāng)輸入為機(jī)器時(shí)，圖像處理并沒(méi)有將插入的注釋識(shí)別為10或20盧比，然后機(jī)器顯示假鈔。
10.5、級(jí)5當(dāng)輸入到機(jī)器時(shí)，圖像處理識(shí)別和驗(yàn)證10盧比或20盧比紙幣，且?guī)齑娌蛔悖瑱C(jī)器顯示庫(kù)存不足。
11.結(jié)果
設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)器成功地給兩個(gè)硬幣5盧比每當(dāng)10盧比紙比插入機(jī)器只有在核實(shí)它的正確性和可用性在機(jī)器上。這臺(tái)機(jī)器機(jī)器也提供四盧比20盧比作為輸入，如上文所解釋的輸入。
12. 結(jié)論
在基于PLC的自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)中，圖像處理技術(shù)用于識(shí)別和校驗(yàn)貨幣的速度要快于傳感器。