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編號
無錫太湖學院
畢業(yè)設計（論文）
相關資料
題目： 銑刀頭座體零件工藝及工裝設計
信機 系 機械制造及自動化專業(yè)
學 號： 0923063
學生姓名： 許 曉 峰
指導教師： 許 文 （職稱：副教授 ）
（職稱： ）
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告
二、畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計劃、進度、檢查及落實表”
四、實習鑒定表
無錫太湖學院
畢業(yè)設計（論文）
開題報告
題目： 銑刀頭座體零件工藝及工裝設計
信機 系 機械工程及自動化 專業(yè)
學 號： 0923063
學生姓名： 許 曉 峰
指導教師： 許 文 （職稱：副教授 ）
（職稱： ）
2012年11月25日
課題來源
本課題來自某機床廠的成熟產品，旨在培養(yǎng)學生解決工程實際問題的能力，達到學以致用的目的。
科學依據（包括課題的科學意義；國內外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢；應用前景等）
（1）課題科學意義
銑刀頭座體是銑床加工的重要組成元件之一，它的制造工藝對銑削加工的尺寸精度有顯著的影響。
銑刀頭座體是一種用于大件切削的機床附件，如裝在龍門銑床上進行銑削加工。銑刀裝在銑刀盤上，銑刀盤通過鍵與軸連接，當動力通過V 帶傳給帶輪，經鍵傳到軸，即可帶動銑刀盤轉動，對零件進行銑削加工?；A件座體，兩端由圓錐滾子軸承支撐軸，軸承外測有軸承蓋；左邊帶輪為動力輸入端，帶輪和軸由鍵連接，帶輪的左側有銷、擋圈、螺釘實現(xiàn)定位和緊固。
⑵銑刀頭現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢
銑床是一種用途廣泛的機床，在銑床上可以加工平面（水平面、垂直面）、溝槽（鍵槽、T 形槽、燕尾槽等）、分齒零件（齒輪、花鍵軸、鏈輪乖、螺旋形表面（螺紋、螺旋槽）及各種曲面。此外，還可用于對回轉體表面、內孔加工及進行切斷工作等。銑床在工作時，工件裝在工作臺上或分度頭等附件上，銑刀旋轉為主運動，輔以工作臺或銑頭的進給運動，工件即可獲得所需的加工表面。由于是多刀斷續(xù)切削，因而銑床的生產率較高。用銑刀對工件進行銑削加工的機床。銑床除能銑削平面、溝槽、輪齒、螺紋和花鍵軸外，還能加工比較復雜的型面，效率較刨床高，在機械制造和修理部門得到廣泛應用。
（3）國內外研究概況
銑床最早是由美國人E.惠特尼于1818年創(chuàng)制的臥式銑床。為了銑削麻花鉆頭的螺旋槽，美國人J.R.布朗于1862年創(chuàng)制了第一臺萬能銑床，是為升降臺銑床的雛形。1884年前后出現(xiàn)了龍門銑床。20世紀20年代出現(xiàn)了半自動銑床，工作臺利用擋塊可完成“進給-快速”或“快速-進給”的自動轉換。1950年以后，銑床在控制系統(tǒng)方面發(fā)展很快，數字控制的應用大大提高了銑床的自動化程度。尤其是70年代以后，微處理機的數字控制系統(tǒng)和自動換刀系統(tǒng)在銑床上得到應用，擴大了銑床的加工范圍，提高了加工精度與效率。
研究內容及目的
① 運用AutoCAD 軟件繪制銑刀頭座體零件的零件圖和毛坯-零件圖，根據圖紙的技術要求等確定生產類型、切削加工方法、工藝路線的擬定；
② 進行工藝分析， 確定毛坯類型和制造方法；
③ 對某道加工工序的夾具進行設計并繪制夾具裝配圖和主要零件圖；
④鞏固我們大學里所學的知識，也是對所學知識色綜合性的檢驗；
⑤加強我們查閱資料的能力，熟悉有關資料；樹立正確的設計思想，掌握設計方法，培養(yǎng)我們的實際工作能力；
⑥ 通過對銑刀頭座體的機械制造工藝設計，使我們在機械制造工藝規(guī)程設計，工藝 方案論證，機械加工余量計算，工藝尺寸的確定，編寫技術文件及查閱技術文獻等各個方面都受到了一次綜合性的訓練。
擬采取的研究方法、技術路線、實驗方案及可行性分析
研究方法：在導師的指導下進行，并且實地考察，觀察工廠銑床的工作流程以及結構，
回頭進行分析總結。
技術路線：詢問導師以及工廠車間等地的操作員具體對銑床的操作流程。
實驗方案：就地考察，搜尋資料，導師提供，整理資料，完成實驗。
可行性分析：按照此流程分析，此次實驗可以逐步完成。
研究計劃及預期成果
研究計劃：
2012年10月12日-2012年12月25日：按照任務書要求查閱論文相關參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設計開題報告書。
2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填寫畢業(yè)實習報告。
2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改畢業(yè)設計開題報告。
2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：學習并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設計相關的英文材料。
2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：抄畫零件圖。
2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：鏜夾具以及鉆夾具設計。
2013年4月26日-2013年5月21日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫和修改工作。
預期成果：
1 對國內工程機械有更深刻的了解。
2 對鉆銑床工作過程要有掌握。
3 廣泛了解工程機械的研發(fā)、制造和使用過程。
4 能夠根據市場的需求，參與開發(fā)出相應的產品。
5 能夠熟練使用各種工具書籍。
6 能夠掌握典型零件的加工工藝。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
設計出合理且簡便的夾具；
設計出合理的工藝路線。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題
① 方案思路已經非常明確，已經具備鏜夾具以及鉆夾具的相關知識。
② 有關夾具的定位設計還有待改進。
5
指導教師意見
指導教師簽名：
年 月 日
教研室（學科組、研究所）意見
教研室主任簽名：
年 月 日
系意見
主管領導簽名：
年 月 日
英文原文
Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasure
Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.
Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc.
Development trend of a numerical control technology
The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development.
Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equipped
The efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.
In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.
According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.
In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).
In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .
In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes
Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.
At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).
At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.
1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.
The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..
Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.
The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.
1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up
1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system
As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.
1.4.2 About the numerical control standard
The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.
The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly.
At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present.
2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country
The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan Period" on the later stage