蘇教版七年級(jí)英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)法總結(jié).docx

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. —－可編輯修改，可打印—— 別找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育資料 ——全冊(cè)教案，，試卷，教學(xué)課件，教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)等一站式服務(wù)—— 全力滿足教學(xué)需求，真實(shí)規(guī)劃教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié) 最新全面教學(xué)資源，打造完美教學(xué)模式 一．短語(yǔ)： 1 ．be from = come from 來(lái)自于---- 2． live in 居住在--- 3． on weekends 在周末 4 ．write to sb = write a letter to sb 給某人寫(xiě)信；寫(xiě)信給某人 5 ．in the world 在世界上 in China 在中國(guó) 6．pen pal 筆友 14 years old 14歲 favorite subject 最喜歡的科目 7．the United States 美國(guó) the United Kingdom 英國(guó) New York 紐約 8．speak English 講英語(yǔ) like and dislike 愛(ài)憎 9．go to the movies 去看電影 play sports 做運(yùn)動(dòng) 二．重點(diǎn)句式： 1 Where’s your pen pal from? = Where does your pen pal from/ 2 Where does he live? 3 What language(s) does he speak? 4 I want a pen pal in China. 5 I can speak English and a little French. 6 Please write and tell me about yourself. 7 Can you write to me soon? 8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports. 三．本單元的國(guó)家，人民、語(yǔ)言對(duì)應(yīng)。 1 Canada---- Canadian---- English / French 2 France------ French------French 3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese 4 Australia----Australian----- English 5 the United States------ American---- English 6 the United Kingdom---British----- Enghish Unit 2 Where’s the post office? 一． Asking ways: (問(wèn)路) 1． Where is (the nearest) ……？ （最近的）……在哪里？ 2． Can you tell me the way to ……？ 你能告訴我去……的路嗎？ 3． How can I get to ……？ 我怎樣到達(dá)……呢？ 4． Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood? 附近有……嗎？ 5． Which is the way to ……？ 哪條是去……的路？ 二．Showing the ways: （指路） 1. Go straight down / along this street. 沿著這條街一直走。 2. Turn left at the second turning. 在第二個(gè)路口向左轉(zhuǎn)。 3. You will find it on your right. 你會(huì)在你右手邊發(fā)現(xiàn)它。 4. It is about one hundred metres from here. 離這里大約一百米遠(yuǎn)。 5. You’d better take a bus. 你最好坐公交車(chē)去。（You’d better+動(dòng)詞原形） 三．詞組 1. across from …… 在……的對(duì)面 across from the bank 在銀行的對(duì)面 2. next to…… 緊靠…… next to the supermarket 緊靠超市 3. between……and…… 在……和……之間 between the park and the zoo 在公園和動(dòng)物園之間 among 表示位于三者或三者以上之間 4. in front of…… 在……前面 There is a tree in front of the classroom. 課室前面有棵樹(shù)。 in the front of…… 在……（內(nèi)）的前部 There is a desk in the front of the classroom. 課室內(nèi)的前部有張桌子。 5. behind…… 在……后面 behind my house 在我家后面 6. turn left/ right 向左/右拐 on the left/right of…… 在某物的左/右邊 on the left of our school 在我們學(xué)校的左邊 on one’s left/right 在某人的左/右邊 on my left 在我左邊 7. go straight 一直走 8. down /along…… 沿著……（街道） down/along Center Street 沿著中央街 9. in the neighborhood=near here 在附近 10 welcome to…… 歡迎來(lái)到…… 11. take /have a walk 散步 12. the beginning of…… ……的開(kāi)始,前端 at the beginning of…… 在……的開(kāi)始,前端 in the beginning 起初，一開(kāi)始 13. have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得開(kāi)心，過(guò)得愉快 我昨天玩得很開(kāi)心。 I had fun yesterday. I had a good time yesterday. I enjoyed myself yesterday. 14. have a good trip 旅途愉快 15. take a taxi 坐出租車(chē) 16. 到達(dá)：get to +地方 get here/ there/ home 到這/那/家 arrive in +大地方 I arrive in Beijing. arrive at +小地方 I arrive at the bank. reach +地方 17．go across 從物體表面橫過(guò) go across the street 橫過(guò)馬路 go through 從空間穿過(guò) go through the forest 穿過(guò)樹(shù)林 18．on + 街道的名稱。 Eg: on Center Street at + 具體門(mén)牌號(hào)+街道的名稱 Eg: at 6 Center Street 三．重難點(diǎn)解析 1．enjoy doing sth 享受做某事的樂(lè)趣，喜愛(ài)做某事 I enjoy reading. 我喜愛(ài)讀書(shū)。 到目前為止，我們學(xué)了兩個(gè)特殊的動(dòng)詞finish和enjoy，都是要帶 doing. I finish cleaning the room. 我掃完了這間屋子。 2．hope to do sth 希望做某事 I hope to pass this exam. 我希望通過(guò)這次考試。 hope +從句 I hope tomorrow will be fine. 我希望明天將會(huì)晴朗。 （從句即是一個(gè)小句子，這個(gè)小句子又放在大句子中，從屬于大句子，所以叫從句。如tomorrow will be fine是一個(gè)從句，它又放在I hope 的后面，形成句中有句。） 3. if 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表示假設(shè)的句子。 If I have much money, I will go to the moon. 如果我有許多錢(qián)，我就會(huì)去月球。 If you are hungry, you can buy some food in the supermarket. 如果你餓了的話，你可以在超市買(mǎi)一些食物。 四．本單元的反義詞、近義詞配對(duì) 1new—old 2 quiet--- busy 3 dirty--- clean 4 big---- small Unit 3 Why do you like koala bears? 一．重點(diǎn)詞組 eat grass eat leaves be quiet very shy very smart very cute play with her friends kind of South Africa other animals at night in the day every day during the day 二. 交際用語(yǔ) 1. Why do you like pandas? Because they’re very clever. 2. Why does he like koalas? Because they’re kind of interesting. 3. Where are lions from? They are from South Africa. 4. What other animals do you like? I like dogs, too. Why? Because they’re friendly and clever. 5. Molly likes to play with her friends and eat grass. 6. She’s very shy. 7. He is from Australia. 8．He sleeps during the day, but at night he gets up and eats leaves. 9．He usually sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day. 10．Let’s see the pandas first. 11．They’re kind of interesting. 12．What other animals do you like? 13．Why do you want to see the lions? 三. 重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)釋義 1、kind of 有點(diǎn)，稍微 Koala bears are kind of shy. 考拉有點(diǎn)害羞。 kind 還有“種類(lèi)”的意思 如：各種各樣的 all kinds of We have all kinds of beautiful flowers in our school. 2、China n. 中國(guó) Africa n. 非洲 China 和Africa都是專(zhuān)有名詞，首字母都應(yīng)該大寫(xiě)，而且和介詞in連用。 There are many kinds of tigers in China. There are many kinds of scary animals in Africa. 3、friendly adj. 友好的，和藹可親的 它是名詞friend的形容詞形式，常常和be動(dòng)詞連用, be friendly。 The people in Chengdu are very friendly. 4、with prep. 跟，同，和…在一起 I usually play chess with my father. 注意區(qū)別與and的用法，and通常用于連接主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)， 如果有I, I通常放在 and 之后，如： My father and I usually play chess together. Play with “和…一起玩?！薄巴妗? I often play with my pet dog. Don’t play with water! 5、day和night 是一對(duì)反義詞，day 表示白天或一天，night表示夜或夜晚。 通常說(shuō)in the day, during the day, at night。 Koala bears often sleep during the day and eat leaves at night. 6、leaf n. 葉子 復(fù)數(shù)形式為：leaves, 類(lèi)似的變化還有：wife—wives, wolf—wolves, knife—knives等。 7、hour n. 小時(shí)；點(diǎn)鐘 hour前邊通常加上冠詞an 表示“一個(gè)小時(shí)”， 即：an hour。 There are 24 hours in a day and 60minutes in an hour. 8、be from 來(lái)自… be from = come from Pandas are from China. = Pandas come form China. 9、meat n. （食用的）肉，為不可數(shù)名詞，表示“許多”時(shí)，使用much來(lái)修 飾，即：much meat He eats much meat every day. 10、grass n. 草， 為不可數(shù)名詞，表示“許多”時(shí)，使用much來(lái)修飾，即：much grass。 There is much grass on the playground. 四. 語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 特殊疑問(wèn)句通常以“what”、“who”、“which”、“when”、“where”、“how”、“how old”、“how many”等開(kāi)頭，對(duì)某一具體問(wèn)題進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。 特殊疑問(wèn)句的基本構(gòu)成有兩種情況： 1. 疑問(wèn)句+一般疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)。這是最常見(jiàn)的情況。例如： What’s your grandfather’s telephone number? 你爺爺?shù)碾娫捥?hào)碼是多少？ Who is that boy with big eyes? 那個(gè)大眼睛的男孩是誰(shuí)？ Which season do you like best? 你最喜歡哪個(gè)季節(jié)？ When is he going to play the piano? 他什么時(shí)候彈鋼琴？ Where does he live? 他住在哪兒？ How are you? 你好嗎？ How old are you? 你多大了？ How many brothers and sisters do you have? 你有幾個(gè)兄弟姐妹？ 2. 疑問(wèn)句+陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)。這時(shí)疑問(wèn)詞作主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)。例如： Who is on duty today? 今天誰(shuí)值日？ Which man is your teacher? 哪位男士是你的老師？ 我們學(xué)過(guò)的What/How about+名詞/代詞+其他？也是特殊疑問(wèn)句，它是一種省略結(jié)構(gòu)。 例如： I like English. What/How about you? 我喜歡英語(yǔ)。你呢？ What about playing basketball? 打籃球怎么樣？ Unit 4 I want to be an actor. 一．短語(yǔ)： 1 want to do sth 想要作某事 2 give sb sth = give sth to sb 給某人某物 / 把某物給某人 3 help sb do sth 幫助某人作某事 Eg: I want to help my mother do some housework at home. 4 help sb with sth 幫助某人謀事 Eg: I want to help my mother with some housework at home 5 in the day 在白天 6 at night 在晚上 7 talk with/ to sb 和----談話 8 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 Eg: He is busy listening to the teacher. 9 in a hospital 在醫(yī)院l 10 work/ study hard 努力工作 11 Evening Newspaper 晚報(bào) 追問(wèn)： 我只需要每單元的詞組，能給我嗎，我多給點(diǎn)分，拜托拜托，這學(xué)期我英語(yǔ)成績(jī)落下來(lái)了，想補(bǔ)補(bǔ) 回答： 二．重點(diǎn)句式及注意事項(xiàng)： 1 詢問(wèn)職業(yè)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞是what； 有三種主要句式 ① What + is / are + sb? ② What + does/ do + sb + do? ③ What + is/ are + 名詞所有格/ 形容詞性物主代詞 + job? 2 People give me their money or get their money from me. 3 Sometimes I work in the day and sometimes at night. 4 I like talking to people. 5 I work late. I’m very busy when people go out to dinners. 6 Where does your sister work? 7 then we have a job for you as a waiter. 8 Do you want to work for a magazine? Then come and work for us as a reporter. 9 Do you like to work evenings and weekends? 10 We are an international school for children of 5-12. 三． 本單元中的名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 1 policeman--- policemen 2 woman doctor----- women doctors 3 thief-----thieves Unit 5 I’m watching TV 一．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) Ⅰ現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 表示現(xiàn)在（說(shuō)話瞬間）正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 Ⅱ現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)及標(biāo)志性詞 ① now 現(xiàn)在 ② at this time 在這時(shí) ③ at the moment 現(xiàn)在 ④ look 看（后面有明顯的“！”） ⑤ listen 聽(tīng)（后面有明顯的“！”） Ⅲ 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成 ① 一般在動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾處加ing Eg: go—going look--looking ② 以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去e加ing。Eg: write—writing close--closing ③ 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，如果末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，應(yīng)先雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)字母，再加ing. Eg: get—getting run—running ( swim, run, put,get,sit,begin) Ⅳ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定句: 主語(yǔ)+ am/is/are+ doing +其他+時(shí)狀. Eg: He is doing his homework now. 否定句：主語(yǔ)+am/is/are +not+ doing+其他+時(shí)狀. Eg: He is not doing his homework now. 一般疑問(wèn)句： Am/Is/Are +主語(yǔ)+ doing+其他+時(shí)狀？Eg: Is he doing his homework now? 肯定回答：Yes,主語(yǔ) +am/is/are Eg Yes, he is. 否定回答：No, 主語(yǔ)+am not/isn’t/aren’t Eg: No, he isn’t. 二．短語(yǔ)： 1．do one’s homework 做某人的作業(yè) do housework 做家務(wù) 2．talk on the phone 在電話里交談，講電話 talk about…… 談?wù)摗? talk to(with)sb 和某人交談 3．write a letter 寫(xiě)信 write a letter to sb 給某人寫(xiě)信 4．play with…… 和……一起玩 5．watch TV 看電視 TV show 電視節(jié)目 6．wait for sb/sth 等待某人/某物 7．some of…… ……中的一些 8．in the first photo 在第一張照片里（介詞用in,序數(shù)詞前面有the） in the last photo 在最后一張照片里 a photo of one’s family 某人的家庭照片 9．a(chǎn)t the mall 在購(gòu)物街 at/in the library 在圖書(shū)室 at/in the pool 在游泳池 10．read a book = read books = do some reading看書(shū)＼閱讀 11．thanks for = thank you for 為某事而感謝（后接動(dòng)詞要用v－ing） 三． 重點(diǎn)句式及注意事項(xiàng)： 1． 他正在干什么？ What is he doing? 他正在吃飯。 He is eating dinner. 他正在哪里吃飯？ Where is he eating dinner? 他正在家里吃飯。 He is eating dinner at home. 2． 你想什么時(shí)候去？ When do you want to go? 讓我們六點(diǎn)鐘去吧。 Let’s go at six o’clock. 3． 他正在等什么？ What is he waiting for? 他正在等公交車(chē)。 He is waiting for a bus. 4． 他們正在和誰(shuí)說(shuō)話？ Who are they talking with? 他們正在和Miss Wu說(shuō)話。 They are talking with Miss Wu. 5． 你們正在談?wù)撌裁矗?What are you talking about? 我們正在談?wù)撎鞖狻?We are talking about the weather. 6． 他們都正在去上學(xué)。 They are all going to school. 7． 這兒是一些我的照片。 Here are some of my photos. 這兒是一些肉。 Here is some of meat. (some of meat不可數(shù)，故用is) 8． 謝謝你幫我買(mǎi)這本書(shū)。 Thank you for helping me buy this book. 9． family 家；家庭。強(qiáng)調(diào)“整體”，是單數(shù)；強(qiáng)調(diào)“成員”時(shí)，是復(fù)數(shù)。 His family has a shower. 他們家有一個(gè)淋浴。 His family are watching TV. 他全家在看電視。 Unit 6 It’s raining! 一．短語(yǔ)： 1 take photos/ pictures 照像 2 take photos/ pictures of sb/ sth 給某人或某物照相 3 have a good time＼have fun\have a great tame 玩得愉快 4 work for sb / sth 為某人工作 Eg: Yuan Yuan works for CCTV’s Around The World show 5 on vacation 度假 Eg: There are many people here on vacation. 6 some----others--- 一些．．．．．另外一些．．．．． one……the others…….一個(gè)．．．．另一個(gè)．．．．（兩者之間） Eg: There are many students in the classroom. Some are writing, others are reading. 7 put on 穿上（動(dòng)作） wear 穿著（狀態(tài)） Eg: Tom is putting on his coat now. 8 on the beach 在沙灘上 Eg: Tom and his family are playing on the beach at this moment. 9 this group of people 這一群人 10. in this heat 二．重點(diǎn)句型 1．How is the weather? 天氣怎么樣？ In the raining. 在下雨。 2．What are you doing? 你正在做什么？ I'm watching TV. 我在看電視。 3．What are they doing? 他們?cè)谧鍪裁矗?They are studying. 他們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)。 4．What is he doing? 他在做什么？ He is playing basketball . 他在打籃球。 5．What is she doing ? 她在做什么？ She is cooking . 她在做飯。 三．重難點(diǎn)解析 1 詢問(wèn)天氣情況的句式：(橫線內(nèi)容可替換) ① How is the weather in Beijing? (How is the weather today?) ② What’s the weather like in Beijing? ( What’s the weather like today?) 2 回答上面問(wèn)題的句式： ①I(mǎi)t’s + adj. (形容詞) Eg: It’s windy. 3 How’s it going (with you)? ① Not bad. ② Great! ③ Terrible! ④ Pretty good. 4 Thank you for joining CCTV’s Around The Word show. 5 I am surprised they can play in this heat. 6 Everyone is having a good time. 7 People are wearing hats and scarfs. ① wear 指穿衣服的狀態(tài)。 ② put on 指穿衣服的動(dòng)作。 四．談?wù)撎鞖獾娜粘Ｓ谜Z(yǔ) 1. It’s sunny/rainy/cloudy. 今天是晴天/雨天/陰天。 2. Lovely weather,isn’t it? 天氣真好，是嗎？ 3. It looks like rain. 看起來(lái)要下雨。 4. It’s raining cats and dogs. 正是瓢潑大雨。 5. It seems to be cleaning up. 天似乎要轉(zhuǎn)晴。 6. It’s blowing hard. 風(fēng)刮得很大。 7. It’s snowing heavily. 正在下大雪。 8. The snow won’t last long. 雪不會(huì)持續(xù)太久。 9. It’s very foggy. 霧很大。 10. The fog is beginning to lift. 正在收霧。 11. It’s thundering and lightening. 雷電交加。 12. What’s the weather like today? 今天天氣怎么樣？ 13. What’s the weather report for tomorrow? 天氣預(yù)報(bào)明天怎么樣？ 14. It’s quite different from the weather report. 這和天氣預(yù)報(bào)相差很大。 15. It’s rather changeable. 天氣變化無(wú)常。 16. What’s the temperature? 溫度是多少？ 17. It’s two below zero. 零下二度。 18. The temperature has dropped a lot today. 今天溫度低多了。 Unit7 What does he look like? 一．短語(yǔ) 1 look like 看起來(lái)像.... 2 curly /short/straight/long hair 卷／短／直發(fā) 3 medium height/build 中等高度／身體 4 a little bit 一點(diǎn)兒… 5 a pop singer 一位流行歌手 6 have a new look 呈現(xiàn)新面貌 7 go shopping (do some shopping) 去購(gòu)物 8 the captain of the basketball team 籃球隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng) 9 be popular with sb 為---所喜愛(ài) 10 stop to do sth 停下來(lái)去做某事 11 stop doing sth 停止正在做的事情 12 tell jokes/ stories 講笑話/ 講故事 13 have fun doing sth 愉快地做某事 14 remember ( forget) to do sth 記得（忘記）做某事（沒(méi)有做的） 15 remember (forget) doing sth 記得（忘記）做過(guò)某事（已做） 16 one of --- ---中的一個(gè) 二．本單元的重點(diǎn)句： 1 Is that your friend? No, it isn’t. 2 What does she look like? 3 I think I know her. ( I don’t think I know her.) 4 Wang Lin is the captain of the basketball team. 5 She’s a little bit quiet. 6 Xu Qian loves to tell jokes. 7 She never stops talking. 8 She likes reading and playing chess. 9 I don’t think he’s so great. 10 I can go shopping and nobody knows me. 11 Now he has a new look. 三．重難點(diǎn)解析 1 What does/ do +主語(yǔ) + look like? 詢問(wèn)某人的外貌特征，看上去什么樣？ Eg: What does your friend look like? 2 形容頭發(fā)時(shí)， 可按照先長(zhǎng)短，后曲直， 最后說(shuō)顏色的順序說(shuō)。 Eg: She has long curly black hair. 3 one of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) ，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用“單三”形式。 Eg: One of his friends is a worker. 4 不定代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)， 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用“單三”形式。修飾不定代詞詞，應(yīng)該放在它的后面． Eg: I can go shopping and nobody knows me. 5．He is …(通常為形容詞，包括身高、體形等) He has…（通常為形容詞修飾的名詞，包括頭發(fā)、五官） He wears…（穿、戴、留?？梢允且路?、帽子、鞋子等，也可以是眼鏡、手表、胡須） 6．I don’t think…的用法 表達(dá)否定的看法 I don’t think she is good-looking. Unit 8 I’d like some noodles 一． 短語(yǔ) 1． beef and tomato noodles＼noodles with beef and tomato 牛肉西紅柿面 chicken and cabbage noodles mutton and potato noodles tomato and egg noodles beef and carrot noodles 2．would like to do sth \want to do sth 想要作某事 3．what kind of noodles什么種類(lèi)的面條 4．what size bowl of noodles什么大小碗型的面 5．a(chǎn) large＼medium\small bowl of noodles 大＼中＼小碗的面 6．ice cream 冰淇淋 orange juice桔汁 green tea綠茶 RMB人民幣phone number 7． House of Dumplings＼noodles餃子＼面館 Dessert House甜點(diǎn)屋 二．重點(diǎn)句型 1． What kind of vegetables\meat\ drink food would you like? I’d like …… I’d like chicken and cabbage noodles. 2. What kind of noodles would you like? I’d like beef noodles. 3. What kind of noodles would you like? I’d like chicken and cabbage noodles. 4. What size bowl \plate of noodles would you like? I’d like a large \ medium\ small bowl moodes. 5. What size cake would you like? I would like asmall birthday-cake. 三．重難點(diǎn)解析 1． would like 想要 （表示一種委婉的語(yǔ)氣）其用法相當(dāng)于want. would like + 名詞 would like an apple (want an apple) would like to do sth He would like to play soccer. ----Would you like to see the dolphins? ----Yes, I’d like to. （1）would 是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可與人稱代詞縮寫(xiě)為’d, 與其它情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣可幫助完成疑問(wèn)句和否定句。（你能舉出例子嗎？） 我想要些牛肉。 I’d like some beef. 她想去打乒乓球。She would like to play ping-pang. （你能變否定句和疑問(wèn)句嗎？） （2) Would you like sth.? 是提建議的一種句型，如需用一些，用some而不用any. 肯定回答是： Yes, please./ All right./ Yes./OK. 其否定回答是：No, thanks. 2． What kind of noodles would you like? kind 在此句中作“種類(lèi)”講，a kind of 一種，all kinds of 各種各樣的。kind of 有幾分 A cat is a kind of animal. There are all kinds of animals in the zoo The cat is kind of smart. 3． Can I help you?你要買(mǎi)什么 肯定 Yes, please . I would like …… 否定 No, thanks. Unit 9 How was your weekend 一．短語(yǔ) 1. play +運(yùn)動(dòng) play soccer play tennis play sports play the + 樂(lè)器 play the guitar play with…和某人＼物玩耍 2．have +三餐 have breakferst \lunch \ supper 3. study for… clean the room visit sb stay at home have a party talk show 4．go to the beach go to the movies go for a walk go to the mountains 5．go shopping\do some shopping \go to the shop 買(mǎi)東西 6．last weekend＼over the weekend 上周末 on weekends 每周末 7．on +某日＋morning\afternoon\evening in + morning\afternoon\evening in+年＼月＼季節(jié) at +時(shí)刻 last (next) month＼year\week 8．what about＋n\v-ing\pren=how about ……呢 9. spend time (in) doing sth 21 .