【機(jī)械類(lèi)畢業(yè)論文中英文對(duì)照文獻(xiàn)翻譯】道路照明將率先使用低能耗的發(fā)光二極管照明技術(shù)

【機(jī)械類(lèi)畢業(yè)論文中英文對(duì)照文獻(xiàn)翻譯】道路照明將率先使用低能耗的發(fā)光二極管照明技術(shù),機(jī)械類(lèi)畢業(yè)論文中英文對(duì)照文獻(xiàn)翻譯,機(jī)械類(lèi),畢業(yè)論文,中英文,對(duì)照,對(duì)比,比照,文獻(xiàn),翻譯,道路,照明,率先,使用,低能,發(fā)光二極管,技術(shù) 道路照明將率先使用低能耗的發(fā)光二極管照明技術(shù) 英國(guó)的一所大學(xué)的研究人員和一個(gè)發(fā)光二極管（LED）專(zhuān)門(mén)企業(yè)合作，期望能夠開(kāi)發(fā)出將LED技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)利用在道路照明中的最佳方法。LED最先于上世紀(jì)70年代出現(xiàn)在數(shù)字手表和計(jì)算機(jī)中。今天，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)取得了進(jìn)步，可以用來(lái)制造耐用、低能耗且對(duì)社區(qū)友好型的道路照明設(shè)備。 其好處有：預(yù)期壽命長(zhǎng)（可達(dá)100,000小時(shí)），根據(jù)型號(hào)大小以及能量消耗率逐漸增加高亮度輸出，對(duì)于普通照明和指示燈來(lái)說(shuō)，可以用LED來(lái)實(shí)際替代傳統(tǒng)的鈉蒸汽單元。而且，由于LED體積是如此之小，所以制造商用它來(lái)制造更加圓滑、體積更小、輕量級(jí)的發(fā)光體的可能性就大大增加了。重要的是，LED對(duì)環(huán)境友好，而且還安全。它不含玻璃、燈絲或汞，所以不會(huì)發(fā)生由于鹵素或高強(qiáng)度電流（HID）而導(dǎo)致燈具爆炸的情況。同時(shí)，它成本低，也不會(huì)受到由于鈉蒸汽單元而帶來(lái)的汞處理限制。低壓直電流操作可以完全保證消費(fèi)者的安全。彩色的LED模塊可以使顏色非常逼真，而且比白熾燈單元更具能源有效性。 LED照明專(zhuān)門(mén)公司Dialight Lumidrives的創(chuàng)立者是曼徹斯特大學(xué)校友，該公司最近和這所英格蘭北部的大學(xué)開(kāi)展了合作計(jì)劃。來(lái)自大學(xué)電氣與電子工程學(xué)院的研究人員正在利用他們的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)，研究如何使緊密壓縮在一起的一組LED能夠安全、可靠地工作。用LED來(lái)提供照明解決方案的方式如果得到應(yīng)用的話，可以使能源消耗量減少25－50％。但是當(dāng)需要12,000流明（一只典型的60瓦家用照明是800流明）或以上的照明時(shí)，發(fā)熱和其它與電相關(guān)的問(wèn)題將成為采用LED技術(shù)的障礙。曼徹斯特大學(xué)的工程師們將會(huì)和位于約克郡的Dialight Lumidrives公司一道，解決一些比較難攻克的問(wèn)題，如緊密壓縮在一起的一組LED所產(chǎn)生的熱量。由于LED模塊會(huì)被用在戶外，所以需要考慮實(shí)際的環(huán)境因素，如關(guān)鍵的散熱片上被鳥(niǎo)筑巢的可能性。 還有一項(xiàng)需要克服的困難就是規(guī)章問(wèn)題。規(guī)章中規(guī)定了燈的刺眼程度和光污染限制；明確規(guī)定了LED光源可以安裝的區(qū)域。這些都造成了嚴(yán)重的挑戰(zhàn)。這項(xiàng)為期一年的計(jì)劃得到了來(lái)自英國(guó)政府175,000英鎊的資助，Dialigh公司也提供了同等數(shù)量的資金。計(jì)劃的一個(gè)主要目標(biāo)就是，開(kāi)發(fā)出一種十分可靠而低廉的解決方案。 曼徹斯特大學(xué)電能轉(zhuǎn)換部（Power Conversion Group）的Roger Shuttleworth博士說(shuō)：“發(fā)光二極管技術(shù)首次顯示出其卓越性是在上世紀(jì)70年代的器具顯示上，隨后我們?cè)絹?lái)越多地看到發(fā)光二極管被用在諸如交通信號(hào)燈和汽車(chē)燈這樣的事物上?！薄暗?0世紀(jì)時(shí)，讓所有東西看起來(lái)都呈桔色的老式鈉路燈逐漸被高壓鈉燈所取代。這些高壓鈉燈發(fā)光更明亮，而且符合視覺(jué)審美，還能幫助解決街頭犯罪和反社會(huì)行為，同時(shí)耗能低?！彼盅a(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“隨著環(huán)境問(wèn)題被提到了國(guó)家和政府日程的首要位置，節(jié)省能源成了一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題。如果你能想想光英國(guó)就有多少路燈，那么你就會(huì)清楚在能源和費(fèi)用節(jié)省上存在著多大的機(jī)會(huì)?！? Dialight Lumidrives公司總經(jīng)理曾在曼徹斯特大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)電氣和電子工程，1996年畢業(yè)。他解釋說(shuō)：“未來(lái)10年，發(fā)光二極管要成為主要的照明來(lái)源，現(xiàn)在正在朝這個(gè)方向前進(jìn)。雖然大量的資金正在注入發(fā)光二極管的核心研究中，但是，由于沒(méi)有什么電子學(xué)或發(fā)光二極管知識(shí)，制造商們忽略了相關(guān)技術(shù)的同步開(kāi)發(fā)?！彼又f(shuō)：“能和曼徹斯特大學(xué)合作開(kāi)發(fā)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，我們感到很驕傲。技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)成功后，這個(gè)具有革命性的光源就可以進(jìn)行日常使用了?！? 雖然在歐洲非常普遍的高壓鈉蒸汽路燈每消耗一瓦電，可以產(chǎn)生85流明的照明量，但是他認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)ED技術(shù)已經(jīng)能使每瓦電產(chǎn)生的流明量超過(guò)了150，而且隨著新半導(dǎo)體的出現(xiàn)發(fā)展，預(yù)計(jì)這個(gè)數(shù)字還要更高。研究人員表明，在降低能源消耗以及整體操作成本的同時(shí)， LED路燈還有助于減少光污染，大城市向天空排放熱量的時(shí)代可能就要成為過(guò)去了。還有建議說(shuō)，LED路燈應(yīng)該可以根據(jù)需要來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)亮度。LED路燈的長(zhǎng)壽命意味著不需要經(jīng)常進(jìn)行更換，從而減少了交通中斷的潛在性，降低了政府為此而支付的維修費(fèi)用。雙方正在合作研究的路燈LED模塊壽命超過(guò)了10年，是普通路燈壽命的四倍多。在正常操作下，LED必需要經(jīng)歷光輸出逐漸減少的過(guò)程，而這個(gè)過(guò)程是會(huì)一直持續(xù)著的。導(dǎo)致光輸出減少的原因可能是由于LED產(chǎn)生光的效率在降低，或者是由于LED壓縮包內(nèi)的光徑在減少。不過(guò)，只要沒(méi)有超負(fù)荷使用，Dialigh的 LED路燈在工作50,000小時(shí)或10年后，還可以達(dá)到70％原始光輸出的能力。這并不像聽(tīng)起來(lái)那樣重要，因?yàn)橄鄬?duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，人類(lèi)的眼睛對(duì)光輸出的變化并不是很敏感，只有減少量達(dá)到50％的時(shí)候才會(huì)有明顯的感覺(jué)。 該公司表示，將現(xiàn)有的路燈換成LED的路燈應(yīng)該很簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)椴恍枰魏蔚碾娮訉W(xué)技術(shù)。在照明方面，公司已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了五年的LED技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)和使用，擁有一系列的產(chǎn)品，成功地供應(yīng)著許多世界著名的設(shè)備制造商。 Low-Energy LED Lighting Is “Streets Ahead” BER ways to exploit the advantages of LED (light-emitting diode) technology in street lighting aTTEre expected to emerge from collaboration between university researchers and an LED lighting specialist company, both in the UK.LEDs first appeared in digital watches and calculators in the 1970s. Today, the technology has progressed to the point where it can be used to create durable and community-friendly, low-energy street lighting. The benefits include long-life expectancy (up to 100,000 hours) together with increasingly high-light output in relation to their size and energy consumption, making LEDs a realistic alternative to conventional sodium vapour units for general and directional lighting. And because LEDs are so small, the possibilities for manufacturers to create sleeker, smaller, lightweight luminaries are greatly extended.Importantly, LEDs are also environmentally friendly and safe. They contain no glass, filaments or mercury and so can experience none of the exploding failures associated with halogen and HID (high intensity discharge) lamps. And they are free from the cost and restrictions of mercury disposal that is involved with sodium vapour units. Operating at low-voltage direct current ensures complete consumer safety. Coloured LED modules are very vivid and even more energy-efficient than white light units. In the latest joint project between the University of Manchester, northern England, and LED lighting specialist Dialight Lumidrives - a company founded by a successful former student of the university - researchers in the School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering are using their expertise to investigate how tightly packed groups of LEDs can be made to work safely and reliably.Lighting solutions that use LEDs in this way have the potential to reduce energy consumption by 25-50 per cent, depending on the application. But thermal and electrical issues at lighting levels of 12,000 lumens and above (a typical 60whousehold light bulb produces 800 lumens) are barriers to the wider adoption of LED technology.The university engineers will be working with the York-based Dialight Lumidrives to tackle tough issues such as the amount of heat generated by LEDs packed closely together. Because the LED modules will be used outside, they will need to consider practical environmental factors, such as the possibility of birds nesting over a vital heatsink. Another hurdle is presented by the regulations that govern aspects such as glare and light pollution; directing the LED light sources specifically on to the required area will form a serious challenge.The one-year project has been funded by a grant of 175,000 pounds from the UK government, matched by a similar amount contributed by Dialight. A key aim of the project is to develop a solution that is very reliable but not prohibitively expensive.Dr Roger Shuttleworth, from the Power Conversion Group at Manchester University, said: “LED technology first came to prominence in instrument displays in the 1970s, but we are increasingly seeing it used in things like traffic signals and car lights. “Towards the end of the 20th century, the old-fashioned sodium street lights that made everything look orange were gradually replaced by high-pressure sodium lamps. While these are brighter and more aesthetically pleasing, and can help tackle street crime and anti-social behaviour, they are also less energy efficient.“With the environment at the top of the public and political agenda, energy saving has become a very important issue. When you consider how many street lights there are in the UK alone, it is clear there are some big opportunities for energy and cost savings,” he added. Dialight Lumidrives’ managing director Gordon Routledge studied electrical and electronic engineering at the University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology (UMIST), graduating in 1996. He explained: “LEDs are on track to become a major source of lighting over the next decade. Although significant investment is on-going in the core development of the LEDs, the surrounding technology development is being left to manufacturers who have little knowledge of electronics or LEDs.“We are proud to be working with the University of Manchester to develop technology which will drive the adoption of this revolutionary lighting source in everyday applications,” he added.Although high-pressure sodium vapour street lighting - common across much of Europe - gives an efficiency of about 85 lumens per watt, he claimed that LED technology was already on track to exceed 150 lumens per watt and predicted this figure would rise further as new semiconductor developments occur. As well as cutting energy consumption and overall running costs, researchers say that LED street lighting helps reduce light pollution; the sky glow that radiates from big cities could become a thing of the past. It is also proposed that LED street lighting could be controlled and dimmed when necessary.Their longer lifespan means that LED street lights need to be replaced less often, reducing potential traffic disruption and council repair bills. The lifetime of the LED module that the collaborators are working on is in excess of 10 years in a road lighting application, some four times longer than a conventional street light. Although LEDs do experience a gradual and permanent reduction in light output during their normal operating life - caused either by a reduction in the light-generating efficiency of the LED die, or a reduction of the optical path within the LED package - the Dialight street LEDs are expected to provide about 70 per cent of their original light output after 50,000 hours or 10 years, provided that they are not overdriven. This is not as significant as it sounds because the human eye is relatively insensitive to changes in light output, and a reduction to about 50 per cent is necessary to create a noticeable change. It is, says the company, easy to convert existing street lighting to an LED source because no electronics skills are required. It has been developing and exploiting LED technology for lighting applications for almost five years, with a successful produce range supplied to many of the world’s leading equipment manufacturers.