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附 錄
Human activities on the ecological damage to the environment has become a global problem, to reduce fuel consumption, reduce automobile exhaust emissions is energy conservation, prevention of air pollution in an important measure. Vehicle energy consumption is closely related with the tire rolling resistance. On cars or light trucks, the 3.4% ~ 6.6% of fuel consumption used to overcome rolling resistance tires; of loaded radial truck tire with the car example, 12.4% ~ 14.5% of fuel consumption to overcome the rolling resistance tires . Tire rolling resistance by 10%, fuel-efficient cars will be 1.2 percent, 4 percent savings trucks. To this end,the tire manufacturers have at home and abroad to develop new low-power tires to reduce rolling resistance, saving fuel.
Automobile tires in the rolling process, the total vehicle rolling resistance accounts for about 20% of the resistance, if reduced by 10% per tire rolling resistance, lower 2% ~ 3% of fuel, then rolling resistance tires to enhance the level of control of vehicle contribution to fuel economy will be significant, but also in a wide range can be achieved. Therefore, how to effectively control the tire's rolling resistance is the industry facing a key issue. This article will explore the various angles and analysis as well as tire rolling resistance testing technology.
I. Summary
In the tire rolling process, the cycle of changes in the stress and strain lead to energy loss, the formation of tire rolling resistance, also known as the tire hysteresis energy loss. Studies have shown that to overcome tire rolling resistance on fuel consumption of the general accounting for the total fuel consumption of motor vehicles more than 10%. Reduce rolling resistance tires can reduce vehicle energy consumption, so that the car farther away from efficient. Tire rolling resistance is the overall energy consumption of material, equivalent to the tire rolling units of energy loss from the rolling units in addition to its distance, the dimensionless N ? m / m, although its equivalent to the dimensionless force, but from the point of view of energy analysis and understanding more convenient and reasonable.
Through the measurement of rolling resistance tires can study the best section.
However, the results of lab experiments can only make a comparison, the final road test should be used as the basis of the results.
Second, research the history of
As early as age 60 in the 20th century, Beijing Research and Design Institute of Rubber Industry in turn on the drum machine and measured the wire cotton tire cord tire power loss, also measured on the road when the vehicle speed steady traction resistance. At that time, due to restrictions on the use of equipment, the pilot is in its early exploratory phase of long-term. Since the mid-80s, with the accelerated development of China's tire needs, a small number of tire manufacturers from the United States, Japan and Germany with the introduction of the rolling resistance of the switch position test tire drum testing machine, combined with the development of a new type of radial tire and the analysis of foreign samples a number of tire rolling resistance tires test.
Inspection. 70s from the 20th century in the United States, Japan and Europe, such as the economically developed countries, in order to solve energy shortages and the deterioration of environmental quality issues and the rolling resistance tires for a large number of experiments and research work. At the same time, tire rolling resistance testing technologies have also made remarkable progress. Beginning in 2004, the U.S. National Research Center on the control of rolling resistance tires to start a new round of extensive research. In 2007, the European Rubber Manufacturers Association also made to the EU to control the level of rolling resistance of the recommendations. Therefore, China will also face the control of rolling resistance.
Third, testing technology
At present, China has established a laboratory test-based, supplemented by the direction of the outdoor experiment. Steady-state conditions in the interior that is a constant load and speed, the tires when driving to reach thermal equilibrium Tire rolling resistance measurement method of standardization has been achieved.
Preliminary results show that the simulation of the city of tire rolling resistance condition than under the conditions of steady-state rolling resistance by 26% ~ 47% of the difference between the two aroused people's interest in the emergence of a simulation of various operating conditions of automobile tires non-steady-state test. But so far did not see a unified standard test methods or test protocols. Carried out in the outdoor tire rolling resistance test methods are mainly trailer Act, taxiways and three kinds of torque method, in which a wider application of the trailer Act.
Fourth, laboratory equipment
Laboratory test equipment, through decades of effort, has appeared in various types of tire rolling resistance testing machine. Their roads in accordance with the form of simulation points, and to have a steel drum two broad categories. Strip-type test machine to simulate the continuous flat surface, is very expensive test equipment tires. At present, it is the most widely to drum testing machine, in particular, a diameter of 1.7 meters to the drum. These test equipment measuring tire rolling resistance by way of points, and measuring method, torque law, power law and reduce the rate of four kinds of law. The use of existing equipment to load and torque of law are most welcome. In the past two decades, the accuracy of test equipment greatly enhanced to reduce the double measurement error, and has formed a set of test data to ensure the repeatability of the equipment necessary for accuracy. Has the full realization of China's current industrial production equipment is Jiurong Tianjin rolling resistance testing machine, is divided into car and truck tire with two types of tires, and its accuracy in line with the requirements of ISO. As the outdoor test line tire rolling resistance of non-standard test, the test equipment they use is not changed. Association for the Study of the British automobile industry with the use of the pilot housing trailers, all kinds of tires for air resistance in the same test under the conditions created.
V. Test Methods
1. Indoor and outdoor test test
Indoor and outdoor test test test is based on the distinction between the two types of tire place test method. Indoor test of tire rolling resistance testing machine were conducted, and its experimental conditions, although the Department of simulated conditions of use but can be under control, so that good reproducibility of experimental data. Outdoor test rolling resistance tires are used on test vehicles on the road completed, it is true although the experimental conditions, but susceptible to external factors, pilot error, and therefore tire rolling resistance test to test the main indoor and outdoor test Des.
2. Steady-state conditions and non-steady-state conditions
Steady-state conditions in the constant refers to the tire load and speed, and traveling in the tire to reach thermal equilibrium when measuring rolling resistance; non-steady-state conditions, it means the tire change with time in the load and speed, and tire temperature in the process of moving measuring rolling resistance. Of course, the tires in the car on the non-steady-state condition is varied. To the total points, tire condition of the car has the city, the suburbs of the car and coach on. However, a breakdown, and another empty, heavy vehicles, drive, driven, acceleration, deceleration, taxiways, brake, turn, etc. and combinations there of. Typical working condition of the tires as the standard test of non-steady-state conditions, needs to be done to investigate and test a large number of research work. So whether it is the latest ISO 18164 or the existing SAEJ 1269, they were under steady-state conditions. In addition, SAEJ 2452 slowdown is a complex experiment, the experimental conditions than under the uniform steady-state movement is much more complicated, but it is not completely under non-steady-state experiment. As can accurately predict tire rolling resistance is uniform or slowdown, more tests need to be verified, such comparison tests being investigated. However, the tire manufacturer's tire rolling resistance testing machine mostly for the use of steady-state conditions, if used for non-steady-state conditions by the test needs Plus many new features, testing may be a substantial increase in cost.
First of all, to deal with the choice of tires to test full consideration, such as the representativeness of the sample, the tire size, type, rated speed, the original production equipment and the type of wheel rim, as well as the technological level of producers and industry status.
Secondly, the performance evaluation of the establishment of test methods. Is not any test method can be used to evaluate the performance level, especially the study of test methods, and therefore take into account the actual tire, the combination of existing technology and the means test, set up in line with the experimental detection conditions.
Third, laboratory equipment to ensure precision and accuracy of the equipment of the establishment of standards to ensure that test reproducibility and repeatability, such as samples of the same specifications of the rolling resistance tires are consistent and repeatable, with the control tire for the different experiments comparison.
Fourth, the establishment of quality control procedures to ensure that the different rolling resistance testing machine test results are consistent and repeatable, the data in these experiments should also include information such as equipment.
Fifth, repeat the same tire test, test results are consistent and repeatable.
Sixth, tire prices and the relationship between the dynamic resistance.
Seventh, most importantly, in the protection of national industries and safeguard the environment and conserve fuel, to resist the flow of low-quality tires to enter the market, the need for serious thinking.
A lot of tests in measuring very small load rolling resistance tire rolling resistance is measured the basic characteristics of the tire positioning accuracy, therefore, control precision and accuracy requirements and other equipment is key. According to many years of experience confirm the accuracy of test equipment requirements is necessary, otherwise the test data can not be guaranteed to reach the standards of repeatability and comparability.
Lower rolling resistance tires can significantly save energy and protect the environment, with considerable economic and social benefits. Under the conditions of typical use of the tire rolling resistance and fuel consumption the relationship between the steady-state conditions with non-steady-state conditions compared with the torque method, power law and measured by the speed difference in rolling resistance tires will be The next step of our research objectives.
Should be established and planned research projects, and used to determine the appropriate control of the rolling resistance or grade; from different points of view to promote and strengthen the grasp of the concept of rolling resistance and applications.
人類活動對生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞已成為全球性問題,減少燃料消耗、降低汽車尾氣排放量是節(jié)約能源、防止大氣污染的重要措施。汽車能量消耗與輪胎滾動阻力有密切關系。對轎車或輕型載重汽車來說,3.4%~6.6%的燃料消耗用于克服輪胎的滾動阻力;對裝用載重子午線輪胎的汽車來說,12.4%~14.5%的燃料消耗用于克服輪胎的滾動阻力。輪胎的滾動阻力降低10%,轎車將節(jié)約燃料1.2%,載重汽車節(jié)約4%。為此,國內(nèi)外輪胎生產(chǎn)商紛紛開發(fā)新的低能耗輪胎,以降低滾動阻力、節(jié)約燃料。
汽車輪胎在滾動過程中,其滾動阻力約占汽車總阻力的20%,如果按照每減少10%的輪胎滾動阻力,降低2%—3%燃油的話,加強對輪胎滾動阻力水平的控制,對汽車燃油經(jīng)濟性的貢獻將是顯著的,而且可以在較大范圍內(nèi)得以實現(xiàn)。因此,如何有效地控制輪胎的滾動阻力是行業(yè)面臨的一個關鍵問題。本文將從多個角度探討和分析汽車輪胎滾動阻力以及測試技術。
一、綜述
在輪胎滾動過程中,循環(huán)變化的應力應變導致能量損耗,形成輪胎滾動阻力,也稱為輪胎滯后能量損耗。研究表明,克服輪胎滾動阻力消耗燃油占普通汽車總油耗的10%以上。減小輪胎滾動阻力可以降低汽車能耗,使汽車行駛的距離更遠,效率更高。滾動阻力是輪胎材料能量的總體消耗,等于輪胎滾動單位距離的能量損耗除以其滾動單位距離,量綱為N·m/m,盡管其等于力的量綱,然而從能量的角度分析和理解更為方便和合理。
通過對滾動阻力的測量可以研究輪胎最佳的節(jié)能效果。但是室內(nèi)實驗的結果只能做出比較,最后仍應以道路試驗的結果作為依據(jù)。
二、研究歷史
早在20世紀60年代,北京橡膠工業(yè)研究設計院就開始在轉鼓式試驗機上測量了鋼絲輪胎和棉簾線輪胎的功率損耗,也曾在道路上測量汽車穩(wěn)速行駛時的牽引阻力。由于受當時使用設備的限制,該項試驗長期處于初期探索階段。80年代中期起,隨著我國加速發(fā)展子午線輪胎的需要,少數(shù)輪胎生產(chǎn)企業(yè)從美國、日本和德國引進了帶有滾動阻力試驗工位的轉鼓式輪胎試驗機,結合開發(fā)新型子午線輪胎和剖析外國輪胎樣品進行了一些輪胎滾動阻力試驗。
20世紀70年代起,在美國、日本和歐洲等經(jīng)濟發(fā)達國家,為了解決能源短缺和環(huán)境質量惡化問題,對汽車輪胎滾動阻力進行了大量的實驗和研究工作。與此同時,輪胎滾動阻力的測試技術也取得了長足的進步。從2004年開始,美國國家研究中心就輪胎滾動阻力的控制展開了新一輪的廣泛研究。2007年,歐洲橡膠制造者協(xié)會也向歐盟提出了滾動阻力的控制水平建議。因此,我國也將同樣面臨滾動阻力的控制研究。
三、測試技術
目前我國確立了以室內(nèi)試驗為主,室外試驗為輔的方向。在室內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)條件即恒定的負荷和速度下,輪胎行駛達到熱平衡時測量汽車輪胎滾動阻力的方法,已實現(xiàn)了標準化。初步結果表明,模擬市內(nèi)汽車輪胎工況的滾動阻力要比穩(wěn)態(tài)條件下的滾動阻力大26%～47%,兩者的差別激起了人們的興趣,興起了模擬各種汽車輪胎工況的非穩(wěn)態(tài)試驗。但迄今為止未見到統(tǒng)一的試驗方法標準或試驗規(guī)程。在室外進行汽車輪胎滾動阻力試驗的方法主要有拖車法、滑行法和扭矩法3種,其中拖車法應用較廣。
四、室內(nèi)實驗設備
室內(nèi)試驗設備方面,經(jīng)過幾十年的努力,先后出現(xiàn)了多種類型的輪胎滾動阻力試驗機。它們按照模擬路面的形式來分,有鋼帶式和轉鼓式兩大類。鋼帶式試驗機模擬了平的連續(xù)路面,是目前價格昂貴的輪胎試驗設備。目前應用最廣的是轉鼓式試驗機,尤其是直徑為1.7米的轉鼓式。這些試驗設備按測量輪胎滾動阻力的方法來分,又有測力法、扭矩法、功率法和減速度法4種?，F(xiàn)有的設備以采用測力法和扭矩法者居多。在近二十年內(nèi),試驗設備的精度大大提高,測量誤差成倍減少,已形成了一套確保試驗數(shù)據(jù)可重復性所必須的設備精度要求。我國目前已經(jīng)全面實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的設備是天津久榮的滾動阻力測試機,分為轎車輪胎用和載重汽車輪胎用兩類,其精度符合ISO的要求。由于室外的輪胎滾動阻力試驗系非標準試驗,其所用的試驗設備改變不大。英國汽車工業(yè)研究協(xié)會使用的帶外罩的試驗掛車,為各種輪胎在相同空氣阻力下進行試驗創(chuàng)造了條件。
五、試驗方法
1.室內(nèi)試驗和室外試驗
室內(nèi)試驗與室外試驗是按試驗場所區(qū)分的兩類輪胎試驗方法。室內(nèi)的輪胎滾動阻力試驗都是在試驗機上進行的,它的試驗條件雖系模擬的使用條件但可以加以控制,故試驗數(shù)據(jù)的重復性好。室外的輪胎滾動阻力試驗都是用試驗車輛在道路上完成,它的試驗條件雖然真實,但易受外界因素的影響,試驗誤差大,因此汽車輪胎滾動阻力試驗以室內(nèi)試驗為主,室外試驗為輔。
2.穩(wěn)態(tài)條件和非穩(wěn)態(tài)條件
穩(wěn)態(tài)條件指輪胎在恒定的負荷和速度下,且在輪胎行駛達到熱平衡時測量滾動阻力;非穩(wěn)態(tài)條件則指輪胎在隨時間改變的負荷和速度下,且輪胎處于行駛升溫過程中測量滾動阻力。當然,輪胎在汽車上的工況是非穩(wěn)態(tài)的,是多種多樣的?？偟膩矸?輪胎的工況有市內(nèi)汽車上的、市郊汽車上的和長途汽車上的。但細分起來,又有空車、重車、驅動、從動、加速、減速、滑行、制動、轉彎等條件及其組合。選擇典型的輪胎工況作為試驗標準的非穩(wěn)態(tài)條件,需要做大量的調查和試驗研究工作。因此無論是最新的ISO 18164還是現(xiàn)行的SAEJ 1269,它們均系穩(wěn)態(tài)條件下的。此外,SAEJ 2452是一種復雜的減速實驗,其實驗條件較穩(wěn)態(tài)下的勻速運動復雜得多,但也不完全是非穩(wěn)態(tài)下的實驗。至于可以精確預測輪胎的滾動阻力是勻速的還是減速的,有待于更多的試驗驗證,這種比較試驗正在研究中。但目前輪胎制造廠商擁有的輪胎滾動阻力試驗機大部分是供穩(wěn)態(tài)條件下使用的,若用于非穩(wěn)態(tài)條件下的試驗需要增加很多新的功能,試驗成本可能也會大量增加。
首先,應對試驗輪胎的選擇予以全面的考慮,如樣本的代表性,輪胎的尺寸規(guī)格、種類、額定速度、原始生產(chǎn)設備和輪輞的類型以及生產(chǎn)商的技術水平和行業(yè)地位等。
其次,性能評價試驗方法的建立。不是任何試驗方法都可以用來評價性能等級的,尤其是研究性的試驗方法,因此在考慮實際輪胎的情況下,結合現(xiàn)有的測試技術與手段,建立合乎國情的實驗檢測方法。
第三,保證實驗設備的精度和準確度的設備標準的建立,以保證試驗的重現(xiàn)性和再現(xiàn)性,如同樣規(guī)格輪胎樣本的滾動阻力是否一致和可重復,用對照輪胎作不同的實驗進行比較等。
第四,建立質量管理程序,保證不同滾動阻力試驗機試驗結果是否一致和可重復,在這些實驗數(shù)據(jù)中還應包括設備的信息等。
第五,同類輪胎的重復試驗,試驗結果是否一致和可重復。
第六,輪胎價格與動阻力之間的關系。
第七,最為重要的是,在保護民族工業(yè)和維護環(huán)境、節(jié)約燃油、抵制劣質輪胎進入流通市場的問題上,需要嚴肅的思考。
在很大的試驗負荷下測量很小的滾動阻力是汽車輪胎滾動阻力測量的基本特點,因此輪胎的定位精度、控制精度和測量精度等設備要求是關鍵性的。據(jù)多年經(jīng)驗證實,試驗設備精度要求是必須的,否則就不能保證試驗數(shù)據(jù)達到標準的可重復性和可比性。
降低汽車輪胎滾動阻力能明顯節(jié)約能源,保護環(huán)境,具有可觀的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益。各種典型使用條件下的輪胎滾動阻力與汽車耗油量之間的關系,穩(wěn)態(tài)條件與非穩(wěn)態(tài)條件的對比,用扭矩法、功率法和減速度法測量輪胎滾動阻力的差異等將成為我們下一步的研究目標。
應建立有計劃的研究項目,并用來確定適宜的滾動阻力控制范圍或者等級;從不同的角度來推廣和加強滾動阻力概念的掌握和應用。
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