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附 錄 1
汽車車身總布置采取以人為中心的設(shè)計思想，尤其是在轎車設(shè)計中，確保駕駛員與乘員的舒適性、居住性、上下車方便性、安全性以及駕駛員的操縱方便性和視野性等其應(yīng)遵循一定的設(shè)計原則：外部尺寸盡量小、內(nèi)部空間盡量大、滿足各項功能要求、滿足人機工程學(xué)要求、滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法規(guī)及技術(shù)條件要求。
人機工程學(xué)是上世紀(jì)50年代發(fā)展起來的一門新學(xué)科。它以人-機關(guān)系為研究的對象，以實測、統(tǒng)計、分析為基本的研究方法，是一種描述如何塑造適宜人的工作環(huán)境的科學(xué)。具體到產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，就是在產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計和制造方面要按照人體的生理解剖功能量身定做，更加適合于人體的工作效能。今天的汽車要追求“人車合一”，就是設(shè)計汽車的目標(biāo)要以人為本，圍繞人的需求而建造。要使人駕乘汽車感到舒適、方便和不易疲勞，這就是汽車人機工程學(xué)的目的。
汽車設(shè)計以總體布置為核心，而轎車總體布置又是從車廂開始的。為此，要利用能表述人體形狀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型作為準(zhǔn)繩來安排駕駛艙各個部件位置。例如駕駛員的位置，從腳踩油門踏板上算起，身材高大者要比身材矮小者靠后坐，這決定了駕駛座椅后移的位置；身材矮小者要比身材高大者靠前坐，這決定了座椅前移的位置。手臂長度與腿相比是較短的，當(dāng)座椅后移時可能手觸及不到儀表板，這就有了一個范圍限制。例如以百分位人群來劃分，假設(shè)第5個百分位的女子身高為1.47米，而第95個百分位的男子身高為1.82米，對于固定踏板的布置，工程師就只考慮5%的矮小女子和95%高大男子的手臂觸及范圍。做出儀表板的可接觸的衡量，通常以高大男人的手臂長為一
個決定性準(zhǔn)則，即以伸展的手臂運動，在水平及垂直方向上各繪出一個圓弧線，近似描繪出一個半圓形空間去安排座椅、儀表、方向盤、踏板、變速桿、中控板控制旋鈕等零部件的位置及相互的距離尺寸。
人機工程學(xué),在美國稱之為人類工程學(xué)(Human Engineering)、人因工程學(xué)(Human Factors Engineering)，在歐洲有人稱之為功效學(xué)(Ergonomics)，日本稱之為人間工學(xué)。而我國目前除使用上述名稱外，還譯成宜人學(xué)、人機工程學(xué)等。人機工程學(xué)的命名已經(jīng)充分體現(xiàn)了該學(xué)科是“人體科學(xué)”與“工程技術(shù)”的結(jié)合,實際上,這一學(xué)科就是人體科學(xué)、環(huán)境科學(xué)不斷向工程科學(xué)滲透和交叉的文化產(chǎn)物。人機工程學(xué)就是研究人在一定的工作環(huán)境中所涉及的解剖學(xué)、生理學(xué)、心理學(xué)等諸方面因素,研究人-機(物)-環(huán)境系統(tǒng)中的交互作用著的各組成部分(效率、健康、安全、舒適等)，在具體的工作條件下，在家庭中和在休假的環(huán)境里,如何達到最優(yōu)化的問題。
國外對汽車人機工程學(xué)的研究起始于上世紀(jì)五十年代，并且已經(jīng)做了大量的測繪分析和基礎(chǔ)性研究工作，尤其是美國提出了很多推薦性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有的已被國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織所采用，如三維H點人體模型、眼橢圓等。國外汽車設(shè)計行業(yè)對于人機工程的應(yīng)用極為重視，如日本、美國等在設(shè)計新車型時都要做相應(yīng)的人機工程檢查和校核，并且抽取不同的人群進行主觀評價。德國汽車業(yè)聯(lián)合開發(fā)的RAMSIS軟件，建立了詳細(xì)的三維人體模型，從德國、日韓、中國到SAE等并提供各種年限參考，用戶還可以根據(jù)自己的數(shù)據(jù)建立自己的三維人體模型。在國外，已建立起了一個較為完整的設(shè)計開發(fā)流程和評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在中國，人機工程學(xué)的研究在20世紀(jì)30年代開始即有少量和零星的開展，但系統(tǒng)和深入的開展則在“文革”以后。1980年4月，國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)局成立了全國人類工效學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)委員會，統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃、研究和審議全國有關(guān)人類工效學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定。1984年，國防科工委成立了國家軍用人-機-環(huán)境系統(tǒng)工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)委員會。這兩個技術(shù)委員會的建立，有力地推動了我國人機工程學(xué)研究的發(fā)展。此后于1989年又成立了中國人類工效學(xué)學(xué)會，并且1995年9月創(chuàng)刊了學(xué)會會刊《人類工效學(xué)》季刊。20世紀(jì)90年代初，北京航空航天大學(xué)首先成立了我國該專業(yè)的第一個博士學(xué)科點，隨后南京航空航天大學(xué)、西北工大、北京理工大學(xué)、北大醫(yī)學(xué)部等大學(xué)也先后成立了相應(yīng)的專業(yè)。我國人機工程學(xué)的研究起步比較晚，但也做了一些基礎(chǔ)性工作如對人體尺寸的測量統(tǒng)計和分析等。這些都對中國人機工程學(xué)的研究起到了一些推動作用，但我國的人體測量數(shù)據(jù)沒有隨著時間的變化和社會的發(fā)展得到及時的更新。在GB10000-1988中的某些數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)不適合當(dāng)今社會人體尺寸的實際情況，并且還缺少一部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，不能構(gòu)成一個完整的人體，因此我國的人體工程學(xué)研究還有待于更加進一步的深入和發(fā)展。我國的大部分汽車行業(yè)依舊沿用傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計方法，雖然在硬件條件上已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了CAD，但大部分的CAD軟件由于各方面原因的限制沒有真正發(fā)掘CAD巨大潛力以提高設(shè)計開發(fā)效率。另一方面雖然國內(nèi)的一些大學(xué)、科研院所和企業(yè)經(jīng)過數(shù)年的研究和積累工作已經(jīng)形成了一套完整的汽車車身內(nèi)部布置理論和方法，
但是由于缺少相關(guān)的交流合作，大部分研究開發(fā)成果不能實現(xiàn)共享，所以造成了一定程度上的人力、物力等資源上的浪費，不利于國內(nèi)汽車行業(yè)整體水平的快速提高。國內(nèi)人機工程方面，建議今后科研院所及生產(chǎn)企業(yè)聯(lián)合起來進行如下的一些工作：進行人體尺寸測量數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計工作，更新相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)，以此為基礎(chǔ)，進行統(tǒng)計分析，建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的中國人體模型數(shù)據(jù)庫，從而在進行整車開發(fā)時，可用到中國人體百分位的模板，這是基礎(chǔ)性的工作；建立并完善相關(guān)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，建立一個完善的設(shè)計流程及相應(yīng)的設(shè)計推薦值；聯(lián)合開發(fā)并完善一個實用的評價軟件及評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，盡最大可能地實現(xiàn)共享，或者引進國外成熟軟件；培養(yǎng)一些進行主觀評價的人員等等。
附 錄 2
The body of a motor car always fixes up and adopts the design philosophy that regards people as the centre, especially in the car design, guarantee the comfortableness of driver and passenger, he should follow certain design principle for livability, getting on or off the bus in the convenience, security and driver's manipulation convenience and visual field,etc.: External size try hard little, internal space try hard heavy meeting every functioning requirementing, meeting man-machine engineering requirement, meeting standard regulationing and technological terms requirementing.
Man-machine engineering is a new discipline developed in the fifties of last century. It regards people - machine relation as the target of studying, regards surveying, counting, analyzing as the basic research approach, science how to mould the working environment of the suitable person that it is a kind of description. Reach product development specifically, even if in design and manufacture of the products yes made to measure according to the physiological dissection function of the human body, suitable for the working efficiency of the human body more. The car of today will be pursued " People unifies car " ,Goal to design car take people first, demand and construction to centre on people. Will make people feel comfortable, convenient and difficult to be tired to drive by bus, this is the purpose of man-machine engineering of car.
The car is designed by fixing up overallly for the core, and the car fixes up overallly begin from the carriage. For this reason, should utilize the standard model that can state the human form to come to each part position of arrangement cockpit as the criterion. Position on it is driver,it step on since foot gas pedal cases worthwhile is the large than short and small by after sit, this position that has determined to drive the seat and move backward; It is the short and small than large by before sit,determine this by position that seat move. Compared with leg the arm length is shorter, perhaps hands can not touch the instrument board when the seat move backward, this has a range to limit. For example divide with the hundredths crowd, suppose the woman's height of 5th hundredths is 1.47 meters, and the man's height in the 95th hundredths is 1.82 meters, arrangement to the fixed footboard, the engineer only considers 5% of the short and small women and arm of 95% of the tall and big men touch the range. Make instrument board's and contact's measurement, a decisive criterion with tall and big arm of man usually, move with the arm spreading, draw a round arc in the horizontal and vertical direction respectively, depict first semi-circular space to arrange for the seat approximately, instrument, steering wheel,footboard, gearshift lever, in accuse of for the position and mutual distance sizes of spare partses such as knob,etc..
Man-machine engineering, call that the ergonomics (Human Engineering) in U.S.A., people, because of engineering (Human Factors Engineering) ,Study (Ergonomics) in the European efficiency that someone calls that ,An engineering of attitude towards life which Japan calls. And our country also translates into pleasant studying, man-machine engineering,etc. besides using name described above at present. The name of man-machine engineering has already fully reflected this discipline is " Human science " With " engineering " Combination,in fact, this discipline science, environmental science, constantly project culture result where science permeate and crosses human. Study all people's respect factors such as anatomy, physiology, psychology involved in certain working environment in man-machine engineering, study people - machine (thing) -Every component (efficiency of reciprocation of environmental system, healthy, safe, comfortable) ,Under the concrete condition of work, in the family and in the environment of having a holiday, problem of how to reach and is optimized most.
The foreign study on man-machine engineering of car originates in the fifties of last century, and has already made a large amount of survey and drawing analyzing and basic research work, especially U.S.A. has proposed a lot of recommendatory standards, some have already been adopted by ISO(International Standards Organization), for instance three-dimensional H some dummies, eyes are oval. The foreign car designs the trade to extremely pay attention to the application of the ergonomic, for instance Japan, U.S.A.,etc. will do the corresponding ergonomic to check and check while designing the new style, and collect different crowds and carry on subjective appraisal. RAMSIS software which the German car industry developed jointly, has set up detailed three-dimensional dummy, offer, consult various service life from Germany, Japan and Korea S., China to SAE,etc., user can also follow one's own data set up one's own three-dimensional dummy. Abroad, have already set up a comparatively intact design and developed the procedure and evaluation criterion. In China, the research of man-machine engineering began in the 1930s there were a small amount of and fragmentary development promptly, but the system and deep development are here " The Culture Revolution " Later. In April of 1980, the national standardized technical committee of human ergonomy was established in National Bureau of Standards, plan, study and review the formulation of the national basic standard about human ergonomy in unison. In 1984, - the machine - environmental standardized technical committee of system engineering was established the national army to choose the right person in the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence. Setting-up of these two pieces of technical committee, development promoting man-machine engineering of our country to study effectively. Establish China learn by human ergonomy on 1989 hereafter, start publication, learn proceedings " human ergonomy " quarterly will it be September 1995. At the beginning of 1990s, Beihang University established the discipline of first doctor that our country should be specialized to click at first, Nanjing Aero-Space university, northwest worker heavy, Beijing Institute of Technology subsequently, Peking University medical department,etc. university establish corresponding speciality successively even. Of our country man-machine research of engineering start, late, make if some basic work count and analyze etc. to human measurement of size too. All these study on Chinese man-machine engineering has played some impetuses, but the human measurement of our country has not got prompt renewal with the development of change and the society of time. Already unsuitable nowadays actual conditions of the social human size of some data in GB10000-1988, and lack some data, can't form an intact human body, so study and await more further deepening and development in human engineering of our country. Most cars trades of our country still continue to use the traditional design method, though has already realized CAD on the hardware condition, but most CAD software does not as really explore CAD enormous potentiality and design the efficiency of developing in order to improve because of the limitations of reasons of various fields. On the other hand though some domestic universities, scientific research institutions with enterprise work, form an intact body of a motor car assign theory and method already research and accumulation for several year,
But because lack relevant exchange and coorperation, the majority can't be realized sharing while researching and developing the achievement, so has caused waste on the resource such as the manpower, material resources to a certain extent, unfavorable to the improving fast of domestic car trade integral level. Domestic ergonomic respect, propose the scientific research institutions and manufacturing enterprise will joint together the following some work in the future: Carry on the statistical work of the human size measurement, upgrade relevant standard data, based on this, carry on statistical analysis, set up standard Chinese dummy database, thus while developing the completed car, can use the template in the human hundredths of China, this is basic work; Set up and improve relevant standards, set up a piece of complete design procedure and corresponding design giving a recommendation value; Develop jointly and improve a practical appraisal software and evaluation criterion, spare no effort to realize sharing, or introduce the foreign ripe software; Train some personnel who carry on subjective appraisal,etc.