φ2600丙烯精餾塔設(shè)計（全套CAD圖+說明書+開題報告+翻譯）
φ2600丙烯精餾塔設(shè)計（全套CAD圖+說明書+開題報告+翻譯）,丙烯,精餾塔,設(shè)計,全套,cad,說明書,仿單,開題,報告,講演,呈文,翻譯
畢業(yè)設(shè)計開題報告
設(shè)計題目
Φ2600丙烯精餾塔設(shè)計
設(shè)計題目來源
自 選
設(shè)計題目類型
工程設(shè)計
起止時間
一、設(shè)計依據(jù)及研究意義：
丙烯是制造聚丙烯、丙烯酸酯、環(huán)氧氯丙烷、異辛醇等塑膠原料及聚丙烯晴等人造纖維或其他石化品之主要原料。其中用來制造汽油占大多數(shù)，在化學(xué)品用途中約有25%是用來制造其衍生物－聚丙烯；另外亦多應(yīng)用在制造環(huán)氧丙烷、異丙醇、異丙苯和丙烯月青等等，一般人所熟知的許多消費性商品如地毯、捆帶、汽車零件塑膠、玩具、漆料等，都是由丙烯制造出。
二、設(shè)計主要研究的內(nèi)容、預(yù)期目標(biāo)（技術(shù)方案、路線）：
本次設(shè)計的是丙烯精餾塔。設(shè)計包括的主要內(nèi)容：物料衡算、熱量衡算、塔設(shè)備的工藝設(shè)計（塔內(nèi)徑、塔高、封頭、填料、進(jìn)出口接管及裙座等）等。并對其進(jìn)行強度計算及校核，繪制圖紙等。技術(shù)方案及路線：首先進(jìn)行物料衡算和熱量衡算，然后進(jìn)行塔設(shè)備的尺寸計算，最后進(jìn)行強度計算和校核。
三、設(shè)計的研究重點及難點：
重點是：：
物料衡算、熱量衡算和塔設(shè)備的尺寸計算和確定以及強度計算和校核。
難點是：
一、其難點為塔內(nèi)的物料及熱量衡算，并對其進(jìn)行比較準(zhǔn)確的計算。
二、由于本次設(shè)計的塔是滿足常壓下大能力的生產(chǎn)，其難點是對塔高、塔內(nèi)徑以及壁厚等進(jìn)行比較優(yōu)化的設(shè)計。
三、由于本次設(shè)計的塔為高壓塔而且考慮了各種載荷，其難點是對塔體以及一些塔內(nèi)件的強度計算及校核。
四、設(shè)計研究方法及步驟（進(jìn)度安排）：
1月4日至1月8日：了解我們所要設(shè)計的試驗裝置，為進(jìn)行設(shè)計做準(zhǔn)備；
1月8日至1月17日：查閱資料，找設(shè)計依據(jù)，理出設(shè)計思路；
3月1日至4月10日：算數(shù)據(jù)，求得設(shè)計的各種依據(jù)；
4月11日至5月12日：設(shè)計，畫出設(shè)計圖紙；
5月13日至5月26日；整理圖紙，進(jìn)行打印。寫出設(shè)計說明書并校核。
5月26日至5月29日：準(zhǔn)備答辯。
五、進(jìn)行設(shè)計所需條件：
1、要有充分的資料（在圖書館查閱與尿素合成相關(guān)的書籍，進(jìn)行篩選，選出有用的信息）。
2、設(shè)計所需設(shè)計方法、軟件、工具等。
六、指導(dǎo)教師意見：
簽名： 年 月 日
文獻(xiàn)翻譯
Cleaning valve tower
Lei Zhi Hong
China Blue Star Chemical Cleaning Company, Lanzhou
Abstract ：In this paper, the point of view of cleaning valve tower had a brief introduction, and several conventional cleaning methods were compared, using organic acids as the main cleansing agent, on the whole float valve tower full of forced circulation is a safe cleaning , reliable, mature cleaning methods.
Keywords ：Valve tower；all full； organic acids； cleaning
One Preface
Tower equipment is petroleum, chemical and other industrial production in the body with a wide range should be an important production equipment, Its main function is to provide sufficient gas-liquid two-phase contacts, The two phase mass transfer and heat transfer effects can be effectively carried out. Therefore, the tower set up the necessary gas liquid contact component. According to the different components of gas-liquid contact, The types of towers can be divided into contact with the plate level and continuous contact tower packing tower. Valve tray is belonging to column tower.
Second the structure of valve tower features
Valve tower towers along the inside of the tower height, Equipped with a multi-layer separated by a certain distance of the valve tray. Valve tray is used in the fifties a new type of plate, which is opening in the plate, hole placement can be up and down the top of the valve that is floating valve, the valve can be increased with changes in volume automatically aperture adjustment. Tray-type form of the general sub-block and sub-block two. Tower Drive-ho for the 600-700 millimeters tower, the use of block-type tray, between the tube support plate. Tower diameter greater than 800 millimeters of the tower block the use of sub-tray, put the body in the welding in the tower wall fixed items on the tray. The form of many valve, common-type F1 floating valve (V1 said foreign-type float valve), V4type and T-valve float valve, etc., with F1type valve is most widely used.
Presentation from the front we can see the float valve tower structure has the following characteristics (from the point of view of cleaning):
(1) valve structured tower geometry, symmetry good
(2) tower valve tray with the surface level, uneven wall
(3) the surface of each tower arrangementThere are many components, such as the downcomer, overflow weir, the liquid disk, float valve, so that the surface of rugged tray.
Third several commonly used methods of cleaning valve assessment of the applicability of tower cleaning
Of large-capacity tank, tanks, washing towers, we used sand blasting cleaning methods to clean, high pressure water jet cleaning, spray cleaning, foam cleaning, gum paste cleansing and forced tribute to swallow the whole ring full of cleansing.
1.Blasting Cleaning
That is, the use of high-speed air stream, mixed with quartz sand and other abrasive, sharp in the flow body to combat the dirt was cleaned surface layer, and peeling off layers of dirt removed from the system.
This law applies to open, Wide ,emptythe appearance of the large container and the detergent, such as steel for rust, such as cabin cleaning.The valve tower, its internal components more space to operate, not available in the construction of sand blasting.
2.High-pressure water jet cleaning
That is, with high pressure water jet smash dirt floor, so that dirt off floor and exposed metal surfaces, the use of three-dimensional nozzle of the container surface can be completely cleaned of the jet. Although high-pressure water jet for cleaning rust large plot feasible, but easy to generate the second floating rust, so are used to clean stainless steel equipment for the tower such as the internal valve components of complex, small high-shaped device, the limitations of their cleansing and could be even greater.
3.spray Cleansing
In the cleaning process, using spray ring or other device to be sprayed evenly spraying cleaning fluid at the top of the equipment in the face of it, relying on the weight of liquid cleaning along the vessel wall down, so that cleaning fluid in the inner surface with the cleaning full scale infiltration and chemical reaction, to the purpose of dissolving scale decontamination.
With spray valve tower on the washing, If the operation of conventional methods,Even some of the negative plate inside containers are easy to wash drain phenomenon, the formation of dead-end cleaning. To improve this situation, Practice in the washing drum used to simulate the way gas valve tower work
So that the cleaning fluid to clean the surface with a full contact, was more perfect cleaning result. This drum control gas cleaning has become the key If they are to clean the scene less than gas or inert gas instability, lack of experience of construction workers, Cleaning effect will be affected so that different levels of cleaning left corner to the next step and, passivation difficult to perfect manner.
When cleaning spray and clean the surface is not uniformly exposed to simultaneously cleaning fluid, there may be some areas washed by the cleaning fluid of some strong, adequate, and weak areas of a number of cleaning agents is lower in the case of flow rate. With a metal cleaning liquid electrolyte with the same access to its concentration, temperature, flow rate, dissolved oxygen conditions, such as a discrepancy between the electrolyte system may lead to concentration cell corrosion. In addition, because the spray process, the cleaning fluid to clean the surface with different exposure to the situation, could cause corrosion in metal surface cleaning uneven or incomplete film, part of the impact of membrane integrity and incomplete part of the metal potential become the formation of micro-cell corrosion.
When Cleansing spray, due to cut-off the flow of sprayers and the composition of many small holes, often to plug holes impurities, improper handling will also affect the cleaning result.
Although the spray used to clean with a cleaning medium small, economical and practical, simple to operate, but its higher subjective and objective requirements, potential non-uniform corrosion caused by a number of factors. Therefore, when used, must be carefully weighed against the multi-attitude, designed to operate carefully. A slight mistake, it is possible to affect the cleaning result.
4.Foam Cleansing
Blowing agent is about to join in the spraying of cleaning agents to the device itself, blown inert gas, so that containers full of foam, which was cleaned to remove surface dirt. However, this method is still in bubble clean research and development stage, the scene in the use of less cleaning.
5. Gum paste cleaning
Cleansing with cleansing cream that is to join the cleaning agent in thickening agent, applied in the cleaning surface, to be a chemical reaction after the end of cleaning paste to remove. Gum paste is generally used to clean the outer surface of the cleaning equipment, if the wall for the container handling equipment inside the container should be large construction space and good ventilation conditions. Therefore, this adhesive paste on the valve tower cleaning does not apply, even if putting it into effect, the workload likely to be considerable.
6.The whole cycle of a mandatory cleaning
Cleaning cycle is the most commonly used in chemical cleaning and a clean most mature technology, In full after emptying valve can completely eliminate the dead-end cleaning houses, cleaning fluid can maintain a certain temperature and concentration in contact with the dirt a long time, the reaction to fully complete, generally to achieve a satisfactory cleaning effect. Several other means of cleansing, the use of recycling technology for cleaning valve tower, but also have the following characteristics:
(A) if a reasonable piping, cleaning liquid can be filled every corner of the equipment and the full cycle, from the internal valve components Tower Complex
Miscellaneous restrictions.
(B) the cleaning liquid to a certain degree of temperature, flow velocity was evenly to clean metal surface, reducing the formation of micro-cell corrosion Opportunities.
(C) the use of sand blasting, high pressure water jet, spray, foam, gum paste, such as cleaning technology for cleaning valve tower, the requirements of each valve in the tower from its isolation from the system, respectively, to conduct an independent cleaning and its connection to the pipeline or other ancillary equipment can not be implemented simultaneously cleaning. Cleaning cycle and the use of technology, not only through the rational allocation of control of the valve tower to carry out effective cleaning itself, but also for materials connected with the pipeline, condenser, reboiler, preheater can also be a good cleaning. Therefore, this cleaning technology is particularly applicable to valve tower including complete sets of devices, including the cleaning system.
(D) adopt the cycle of cleaning technology for cleaning valve tower, to be consuming a large number of chemical cleaning agents, this technology if the dry cleaning device complete each of the pharmaceutical, after cleaning by a simple treatment, and then add some fresh Pharmacy, the next system can be used for cleaning, so that the cleansing effect of both the guarantee and ensure the cleansing of the economy.
Through the above comparison, the assessment, it is not difficult to draw, circulation cleaning technology for cleaning valve tower of the applicability of the strongest, all full of forced circulation cleaning is a safe and reliable method of cleaning.
Fourth the choice of cleaning agent
In order to meet the equipment needs of the mechanical strength to adapt to different operating conditions, valve towers tower wall, plate, valves, etc. in the manufacturing process in the material are very stringent. In many cases there is a tower wall, plate, valves, such as the phenomenon of different materials. Such as choice of carbon steel tower wall, tray, choice of valves made of stainless steel materials for the tower wall, tower component tray for the imported materials used cast iron, or stainless steel valves, such as carbon steel. In the cleaning process of cleaning agent or inhibitor, if the choice is not very appropriate, in between two different metals are particularly vulnerable to produce galvanic corrosion, Lead to the failure of cleaning. Therefore, the washing tower valve, the cleaning agent of choice must be careful. According to reports, a Jilin factory tower valve for chemical cleaning, the cleaning agent selection decisions hydrochloride, hydrochloric acid to clean the former did not verify the reliability, resulting in valve plate Tata corrosion was serious consequences. Therefore, in order to ensure that the cleaning safety, we generally use a more gentle nature, applicable to a wide range of material than the organic acid as the primary cleaning agent, such as citric acid, amino acid and so on.
Fifth conclusions and direction to improve
Cleaning technology is currently limited to the status quo, The use of organic acids on the nature of soft valve tower to impose a mandatory cycle of washing the whole can be regarded as a safe, reliable, mature cleaning methods.However, this method also has obvious drawbacks, for consuming a large number of chemical cleaning agents, waste water treatment capacity, and higher costs. Especially for large volume or ultra-high tower of the float valve is cleaned, the equipment should also be considered the base of support for the cleaning liquid capacity, the limitations on the even bigger.
In order to make the cleaning valve tower secure, the economy, we need to do a lot of work. Spray cleaning is an effective cleaning technology, Promote the advantages and overcome the shortcomings if we can make it more perfect, then spray valve technology on the tower will be able to enhance the applicability of cleaning. Cascade cycle technology is the expansion of technology, such as technology can be used to cascade tower cleaning valve, the valve tower current full cycle greatly reduced the cost of cleaning, then the tower will be the future of the cleaning valve have a certain significance.
浮閥塔的清洗
雷志宏
中國藍(lán)星化學(xué)清洗總公司，蘭州
摘要：本文從清洗的角度對浮閥塔進(jìn)行了簡單的介紹, 并對幾種常規(guī)的清洗方式進(jìn)行了比較, 用有機酸作為主清洗劑, 對浮閥塔進(jìn)行全充滿強制循環(huán)清洗是一種安全、可靠、成熟的清洗方法。
關(guān)鍵詞：浮閥塔；全充滿； 有機酸； 清洗
一、前言
塔設(shè)備是石油、化工等工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中廣泛應(yīng)塔身用的重要生產(chǎn)設(shè)備,它的主要功能是為氣液兩相提供充分接觸的機會, 使兩相間的傳質(zhì)及傳熱作用能夠有效地進(jìn)行。因此, 塔內(nèi)設(shè)置有供氣液接觸的必要構(gòu)件。根據(jù)氣液接觸構(gòu)件的不同, 塔的種類可分為逐級接觸的板式塔和連續(xù)接觸的填料塔。浮閥塔屬于板式塔。
二、浮閥塔的結(jié)構(gòu)特點
浮閥塔的塔體內(nèi)部沿著塔的整個高度, 裝有多層相隔一定距離的浮閥塔板。浮閥塔板是五十年代開始使用的一種新型塔板, 它是在板上開孔, 孔的上方安置有可以上下浮動的閥片即浮閥, 閥片可隨上升氣量的變化而自動調(diào)節(jié)開度。塔板形式一般分整塊式及分塊式兩種。塔徑為六百到七百豪米的塔, 多采用整塊式塔板, 塔板之間用管子支承。塔徑大于八百毫米的塔, 采用分塊式塔板, 裝于焊在塔體內(nèi)壁的塔板固定件上。浮閥的形式很多, 常見的有F1型浮閥（國外稱V1型浮閥）,V4型浮閥和T型浮閥等, 其中以F1型浮閥應(yīng)用最為廣泛。
從前面的介紹中我們可以看到浮閥塔具有以下的結(jié)構(gòu)特點（從清洗的角度而言）：
（1）浮閥塔的幾何外形規(guī)整, 對稱性好
（2）浮閥塔內(nèi)表面上逐級裝有塔板, 內(nèi)壁不平整
（3）各塔板板面上布置有許多構(gòu)件, 如降液管、溢流堰、受液盤、浮閥等, 使塔板表面凹凸不平。
三、常用的幾種清洗方式對浮閥塔清洗適用性的評估
對大容量的槽、罐、塔器進(jìn)行清洗, 我們通常采用的清洗方式有噴砂清洗、高壓水射流清洗、噴淋清洗、泡沫清洗、膠糊清洗和全充滿強制貢吞環(huán)清洗等。
1.噴砂清洗
即使用高速氣流, 混入石英砂等研磨劑,在流體內(nèi)銳利地打擊被清洗表面的垢層, 并將剝落的垢層清除出系統(tǒng)。本法適用于敞開、空闊的超大容器內(nèi)外表而的除垢, 如用于鋼板除銹、船艙除垢等。對于浮閥塔而言, 其內(nèi)部構(gòu)件較多, 操作空間狹小,不具備噴砂的施工條件。
2.高壓水射流清洗
即用高壓噴射水流粉碎垢層, 使垢層脫落而露出金屬表面, 使用三維空間噴頭可對容器內(nèi)表面進(jìn)行完全的射流清洗。高壓水射流雖然對于大而積除銹除垢可行, 但易生成二次浮銹, 所以多用于不銹鋼設(shè)備的清洗對于象浮閥塔這類內(nèi)部構(gòu)件復(fù)雜、細(xì)高形的設(shè)備, 其清洗的局限性就更大。
3.噴淋清洗
即在清洗過程中, 借助噴淋環(huán)或其他的噴灑裝置將清洗液均勻地噴灑于設(shè)備頂部的內(nèi)表面上, 依靠清洗液的重量沿壁下流, 使清洗液在各個內(nèi)表面與被清洗的垢充分浸潤并發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng), 達(dá)到溶垢去污的目的。
用噴淋法對浮閥塔進(jìn)行清洗, 若用常規(guī)的操作方法, 塔板反面甚至部分容器內(nèi)壁上均易產(chǎn)生漏洗現(xiàn)象, 形成清洗死角。為改善這一狀況, 在清洗實踐中通常采用鼓氣的方法來模擬浮閥塔的工作情況, 以便使清洗液與被清洗表面全面充分接觸, 獲得較為完美的清洗效果。這樣對鼓氣的控制便成為清洗的關(guān)鍵, 若遇到清洗現(xiàn)場惰性氣體氣量不足或不穩(wěn), 施工人員經(jīng)驗欠缺, 都會使清洗效果受到影響留下不同程度的清洗死角, 使下一步的中和、鈍化難以完美地進(jìn)行。
噴淋清洗時, 各清洗表面不是同步均勻地接觸到清洗液, 可能存在有的地方受清洗液的沖刷強一些、充分一些, 另外的地方弱一些清洗劑的流速低一些的情況。同一種金屬與同一 清洗液電解質(zhì)接觸, 因其濃度、溫度、流速、溶解氧等某一條件在電解質(zhì)體系中出現(xiàn)差異有可能導(dǎo)致濃差電池腐蝕。另外, 由于在噴淋過程中, 清洗液與被清洗表面的接觸狀況不同, 可能使緩蝕劑在被清洗金屬表面成膜不均勻或不完全, 影響膜完整部分和不完整部分的金屬電位, 成為形成微電池腐蝕的原因。
噴淋清洗時, 由于噴灑器的流通截而由許多小孔組成, 常有雜質(zhì)堵塞小孔, 處理不當(dāng)也會影響清洗效果。
雖然噴淋清洗具有清洗介質(zhì)用量少, 經(jīng)濟(jì)實用, 操作簡單等優(yōu)點, 但它對主客觀條件的要求較高, 潛在著一些造成不均勻腐蝕的因素。所以在采用時, 一定要以慎重的態(tài)度多方權(quán)衡, 精心設(shè)計, 細(xì)心操作。稍有不慎, 就有可能影響清洗效果。
4.泡沫清洗
即將發(fā)泡劑加入清洗藥劑中噴散到設(shè)備內(nèi)部, 吹入惰性氣體, 使容器內(nèi)充滿泡沫, 用以去除被清洗表面的污垢。但這種泡沫清洗法尚處于研究開發(fā)階段, 在清洗現(xiàn)場使用的較少。
5.膠糊清洗
即用清洗膏清洗, 是將增稠劑加入清洗劑中, 涂抹在被清洗表面, 待化學(xué)反應(yīng)結(jié)束后, 除去清洗膏。膠糊清洗一般用于設(shè)備外表面的清洗, 若用于容器內(nèi)壁的處理, 容器設(shè)備內(nèi)應(yīng)有寬敞的施工空間和良好的通風(fēng)條件。所以這種膠糊清洗對浮閥塔也不適用, 既使勉強實施,工作量也相當(dāng)大。
6.全充滿強制循環(huán)清洗
循環(huán)清洗是化學(xué)清洗中最常用和最成熟的一種清洗技術(shù), 在充分排空后可完全消除浮閥塔內(nèi)的清洗死角, 清洗液能保持一定的溫度和濃度, 與污垢接觸的時問長, 反應(yīng)充分完全,一般都能取得滿意的清洗效果。同其他的幾種清洗方式比較, 采用循環(huán)技術(shù)對浮閥塔進(jìn)行清洗, 更具備以下的特點：
（一）若配管合理, 清洗液可充滿設(shè)備的每一角落, 并充分循環(huán), 不受浮閥塔內(nèi)部構(gòu)件復(fù)
雜的限制。
（二）清洗液以一定的溫度、流速均勻地流過被清洗金屬表面, 減少了形成微電池腐蝕的
機會。
（三）采用噴砂、高壓水射流、噴淋、泡沫、膠糊等清洗技術(shù)對浮閥塔進(jìn)行清洗時, 要求把每個浮閥塔從它所在的系統(tǒng)中隔離出來, 分別進(jìn)行獨立清洗, 對與其連接的其他管路或附屬設(shè)備則無法實施同步清洗。而采用循環(huán)清洗技術(shù), 通過合理配管不僅能對浮閥塔本身進(jìn)行有效的清洗, 而且對與其相連的物料管線、冷凝器、再沸器、預(yù)熱器等也能進(jìn)行很好的清洗。所以這種清洗技術(shù)特別適用于對包括浮閥塔在內(nèi)的成套裝置進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的清洗。
（四）采用循環(huán)清洗技術(shù)對浮閥塔進(jìn)行清洗, 需耗費大量的化學(xué)清洗藥劑, 若把此技術(shù)用干成套裝置的系統(tǒng)清洗中, 每次清洗后的藥劑經(jīng)簡單處理后, 再添加一些新鮮藥劑, 均可用于下一系統(tǒng)的清洗, 這樣既保證了清洗效果, 又保證了清洗的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
通過上面的比較、評估, 不難得出, 循環(huán)清洗技術(shù)對浮閥塔清洗的適用性最強, 全充滿強制循環(huán)清洗確實是一種安全可靠的清洗方法。
四、清洗劑的選擇
為了滿足設(shè)備的機械強度需要, 適應(yīng)操作時不同的工藝條件, 浮閥塔的塔壁、塔板、閥片等在選材制造過程中都十分嚴(yán)格。在許多情況下都存在著塔壁、塔板、閥片等選材不盡相同的現(xiàn)象。如塔壁選用碳鋼, 塔板、閥片選用不銹鋼塔壁為國產(chǎn)材料, 塔內(nèi)構(gòu)件為進(jìn)口材料塔板用鑄鐵, 閥片用不銹鋼或碳鋼等。在清洗過程中若清洗劑或緩蝕劑的選擇不十分恰當(dāng), 在兩種不同的金屬間特別容易產(chǎn)生電偶腐蝕, 導(dǎo)致清洗失敗。所以對浮閥塔進(jìn)行清洗時, 清洗劑的選擇一定要慎重。據(jù)報道, 吉林某廠對一浮閥塔進(jìn)行化學(xué)清洗時, 選用鹽酸作主清洗劑, 清洗前未對鹽酸的可靠性進(jìn)行驗證, 造成浮閥塔塔板被嚴(yán)重腐蝕的惡果。所以為了確保清洗安全, 我們一般采用性質(zhì)較柔和、適用材質(zhì)較廣泛的有機酸作為主清洗劑, 如檸檬酸、氨基磺酸等。
五、總結(jié)及改進(jìn)方向
限于目前的清洗技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀, 采用性質(zhì)柔和的有機酸對浮閥塔施以全充滿強制循環(huán)清洗不失為一種安全、可靠、成熟的清洗方法。但這種方法也存在著明顯的缺點, 如需耗費大量的化學(xué)清洗藥劑、廢液處理量大、費用高等。尤其對超大容積或超高的浮閥塔進(jìn)行清洗時, 還要考慮設(shè)備基座對清洗液的支撐能力, 其局限性就更大了。
為了使浮閥塔的清洗變得安全、經(jīng)濟(jì), 我們還需要做大量的工作。噴淋清洗是一種有效
的清洗技術(shù), 如果能揚長避短, 使之更加完善,那么噴淋技術(shù)對浮閥塔清洗的適用性就能加強。級聯(lián)技術(shù)是對循環(huán)技術(shù)的擴(kuò)展, 如能將級聯(lián)技術(shù)用于浮閥塔的清洗之中, 使目前浮閥塔充滿循環(huán)清洗的費用大為降低, 那么, 將對今后浮閥塔的清洗有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。
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