高二英語(yǔ)人教版必修5《Unit 1 Great scientists》期末知識(shí)梳理

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111 人教新課標(biāo)版高二必修五Unit 1 Great scientists期末知識(shí)梳理 一、訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)入 I.考綱單詞 寫(xiě)出下列考綱詞匯的詞性和漢義(如果不止一個(gè)詞性學(xué)生自行增補(bǔ)詞性及相應(yīng)漢義) 1.painter 2.conclude 3.analyse 4.defeat 5.expert 6.attend 7.expose 8.cure 9.challenge 10.absorb 11.suspect 12.neighbourhood 13.blame 14.pollute 15.handle 16.announce 17.contribute 18.movement 19.backward 20.universe II.核心短語(yǔ) 1.put_______提出 2.apart_______除……之外；此外 3.make_______講得通，有意義 4.draw a_______得出結(jié)論 5.link…_______...將……和……聯(lián)系或連接起來(lái) 6.be_______with… 對(duì)……嚴(yán)格的 7.make_______for 為……滕地方 8.point of_______態(tài)度，觀點(diǎn)，看法 9.slow_______減速 10.look_______調(diào)查 二、知識(shí)精講 I.重點(diǎn)詞匯 1. conclude vi.終結(jié)； 結(jié)束; 推斷； 決定 [典例] 1）The meeting concluded at ten o'clock. 會(huì)議于十點(diǎn)鐘結(jié)束。 2）It is hard to conclude. 這很難斷定。 [重點(diǎn)用法] conclusion n. 結(jié)束,結(jié)論 make／draw／reach／come to／arrive at a conclusion下結(jié)論，得出結(jié)論； bring sth. to a conclusion使…結(jié)束； in conclusion作為結(jié)論，最后； 2. attend v. 1)注意；留意；處理(與to連用)=do with 2) 出席；到場(chǎng)： 3)照看；照料：=take care; look after [典例] 1）We'll attend to the problem later． 稍后我們將關(guān)注那個(gè)問(wèn)題。 2）Which doctor is attending you? 哪一個(gè)醫(yī)生為你看病? [重點(diǎn)用法] attendance n． 出席，出席的人數(shù)，伺候，照料 attend school上學(xué) attend a lecture/meeting聽(tīng)講座/出席會(huì)議 attend a wedding/ceremony出席婚禮‘/參加典禮 3. expose vt. 1)使暴露, 顯露 2)曝光 3)揭露 [重點(diǎn)用法] exposure n．(在日光、風(fēng)雨、危險(xiǎn)中)暴露，暴曬(后接to + n．)；(攝影的)曝光 be exposed to ….置身于……;暴露于… [典例] 1）A real artist can always expose his students to good art and music 稱職的藝術(shù)家總能使學(xué)生接觸美好的藝術(shù)和音樂(lè) 2）This film has been exposed. 這片子已經(jīng)感光。 3）He exposed the plan to the newspapers.他向幾家報(bào)紙透露了這個(gè)計(jì)劃。 4）Exposure to the cold wind left my lips feeling dry．我暴露在寒風(fēng)中，覺(jué)得嘴唇干裂。 5）As a journalist in the war, she was exposed to many dangers.作為戰(zhàn)地記者,她置身于多種危險(xiǎn)中. [重點(diǎn)用法] be absorbed in 全神貫注于;熱衷于; absorb one’s attention吸引某人注意力 [典例] 1）The equipment can absorb moisture from the air這一設(shè)備能從空中吸收水分 2）He is absorbed in study. 他專心讀書(shū)。 3）This job absorbs all of my time. 這件工作占用了我的全部時(shí)間。 5. blame vt．責(zé)備；譴責(zé)；歸咎于； n．責(zé)怪；(過(guò)失、過(guò)錯(cuò)等)責(zé)任 [典例] 1)The careless driver is to blame for the traffic accident happening yesterday． 那個(gè)粗心的司機(jī)該為昨天發(fā)生的交通事故負(fù)責(zé)。 2) Who is to blame for the failure? 誰(shuí)該為這次的失敗負(fù)責(zé)? 3) The student blamed the teacher for his failure．學(xué)生因失敗而怪老師。 [重點(diǎn)用法] blame sb．for(doing)sth． 因(做)某事而指責(zé)某人 blame sth．on sb． 因某事而指責(zé)某人 sb．be to blame for(doing)sth． 因(做)某事某人應(yīng)該受到譴責(zé)； 注意: be to blame 應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé) (無(wú)被動(dòng)形式)。 [典例] 1）Miss Liu instructed a class in math last year. 劉老師去年給一個(gè)班學(xué)生上數(shù)學(xué)課. 2）The volunteers often go to an orphan home to instruct orphans. in English 這些志愿者經(jīng)常去孤兒之家去教他們英語(yǔ). 3）He was instructed when to start through the email. 他從郵件中得到出發(fā)時(shí)間的通知 4）He was instructed to sail for New York. 他奉命前往紐約。 [重點(diǎn)用法] instruct sb.( in sth.) 教, 教導(dǎo),傳授技能 instruct sb. to do; instruct wh-命令, 指示, instruct that-clause通知 [典例] 1）He contributed to the church．他向教會(huì)捐款。 2）He often contributes to this newspaper．他經(jīng)常向這家報(bào)社投稿。 3）Cigarette smoking is a major factor contributing to cancer．吸煙是導(dǎo)致癌癥的主要因素。 [重點(diǎn)用法] contribution. n. 捐獻(xiàn)，貢獻(xiàn)；投稿 contribute…to …向……捐獻(xiàn)(投稿) contribute to…促成，起作用，有助于 make a contribution to／towards向……捐贈(zèng)；對(duì)…作出貢獻(xiàn) 注意: 以上短語(yǔ)中to為介詞； II.重點(diǎn)詞組 1．put forward 提出(建議等)；推薦某人或自己任職位；提名 [典例] 1）He put forward a new plan yesterday．他昨天提出一個(gè)新計(jì)劃。 2）May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee? 我能否提名你當(dāng)委員會(huì)主席? [短語(yǔ)歸納] put on穿上；增加 put on performances演出 put an end to結(jié)束；終止 put off推遲；延期； put one's heart into全神貫注于 put down寫(xiě)下 put out生產(chǎn)；撲滅 put back放回；送回 put up舉起；張貼 [典例] 1）Apart from a few faults，he is a perfect teacher．除了幾個(gè)缺點(diǎn)之外，他是一個(gè)很好的老師。 2）Apart from the cost，the dress doesn't suit me．姑且不論價(jià)格，這件禮服也不適合我穿。 [短語(yǔ)歸納] in addition to除……之外(還有,包括在內(nèi)) besides 除……之外(還有,包括在內(nèi)) except (for)除……之外除……之外(還有,不包括在內(nèi)) except that 除了…除……之外(還有,不包括在內(nèi)) [典例] What he says makes sense．他說(shuō)的有道理。 Can you make sense of this poem? 你能明白這首詩(shī)的含義嗎? What you say is true in a sense．你所說(shuō)的在某種意義上是真實(shí)的。 [短語(yǔ)歸納] make no sense講不通；無(wú)意義 make sense of 了解,明白 in a sense就某種意義而言；在某種意義上 III.重點(diǎn)句型 1. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. 每次瘟疫爆發(fā)，數(shù)以千計(jì)的人們?cè)诳謶种兴廊ィ? [解釋] every time可作連詞使用，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“每次，每當(dāng)”immediately，the moment，directly，instantly等都可以作連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“一……就……” [典例] 1）Every time I meet him，I always think of the things happened between us． 每次見(jiàn)到他，我就想起發(fā)生在我們之間的事情。 2）Immediately he saw the message, he knew he misunderstood his best friend. 一見(jiàn)到紙條，他就知道他誤會(huì)了他最好的朋友。 2. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有當(dāng)你把太陽(yáng)放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的運(yùn)動(dòng)才能說(shuō)的清楚． [解釋]Only 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)放在句首，句子需用半倒裝． 3. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it ….. 他把太陽(yáng)固定在太陽(yáng)系的中心位置上，而行星則圍繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)． [解釋]with + 賓語(yǔ)+ v. –ing / v. –ed / to do / adj. / adv. / prep. phrases構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中通常作為狀語(yǔ)，表示背景情況，為方式，原因或條件等． ［典例］ 1）With the old man leading the way, we started towards the forest. 在老者的帶路下，我們向森林進(jìn)發(fā)。 2）She ran and ran with beads of sweat running down her face. 她不停地奔跑，汗珠順著臉頰流下來(lái)。 三、語(yǔ)法突破 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ) 分詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式，主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，可以作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或是狀語(yǔ)等分詞有兩種，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞，一種是過(guò)去分詞。這兩種分詞在句子中能擔(dān)任的成分大體相同，主要是在“意思”上有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)之分。過(guò)去分詞一般有被動(dòng)和完成兩大特征 過(guò)去分詞的定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)功能 定 語(yǔ) 表“完成”或“被動(dòng)” boiled water開(kāi)水　　　　　　fallen leaves落葉 the risen sun升起的太陽(yáng)　　selected apples 精選蘋(píng)果 spoken English英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)　　　iced beer冰鎮(zhèn)啤酒 cooked food熟食　　　　　　　fried chips炸土豆條 單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 常置于其所修飾的名詞之前。 The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而視。 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思想適應(yīng)改變了的情況。 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，須將分詞放在被修飾的詞語(yǔ)之后，功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句 Near the window，there is a bookshelf filled with many books(=which is filled with many books).靠近窗戶，有一個(gè)裝滿書(shū)的書(shū)架。 Her daughter，brought up by me(=who was brought up by me)has begun to work now.由我?guī)Т蟮乃呐畠含F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)參加工作了。 The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂(lè)會(huì)大為成功。 表 語(yǔ) 當(dāng)“人”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或思想感情等 When we heard of it，we were deeply moved.當(dāng)我們聽(tīng)到這件事時(shí)，被深深地感動(dòng)了。 He seemed quite delighted at the idea.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)想法，他似乎很高興。 過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)不要與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)混為一體。分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作 My glasses are broken.我的眼鏡碎了。(狀態(tài)) My glasses were broken by my son. 我的眼鏡被我兒子摔碎了。(動(dòng)作) On the earth，70% of the surface is covered with water.地球表面70%是被水覆蓋的。(狀態(tài)) I was greatly surprised by a knock at the door. 敲門聲使我大為吃驚。(動(dòng)作) 【考題印證】 1.（2012上海卷-36）The club, 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members. A. founded B. founding C. being founded D. to be founded 【解析】A?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)。首先，the club“俱樂(lè)部”和found“建立”之間應(yīng)該是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以排除B；再根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)25years ago，排除表示將來(lái)的to be founded和表示正在進(jìn)行的being founded，所以答案為A。 2.（2012浙江卷-11） "It's a such nice place," Mother said as she sat at the table________ for customs. A. to be reserved B. Living reserved C. reserving D. Reserved 【解析】D?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)—過(guò)去分詞。reserve和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞sat之間沒(méi)有連詞，故用非謂語(yǔ)，且和其邏輯主語(yǔ)the table邏輯上構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成的概念，在句子中做后置定語(yǔ)。 3.（2012山東-35）After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ________. A. providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide 【解析】B。考查過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。句意為：完成并簽名后，請(qǐng)把表格放入我們提供的信封內(nèi)送回。動(dòng)詞provide與其邏輯主語(yǔ)envelope之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，在句中作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于which is provided。 【真題體驗(yàn)】 1.（2011全國(guó)卷II,15）The island, to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined 2.（2011湖南卷,23）The players from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game . A selecting B to select C selected D having selected 3.（2010湖南卷）So far nobody has claimed the money in the library. A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered 4.（2010四川卷）A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano. A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning 5.（2010北京卷）I’m calling to enquire about the position in yesterday’s China Daily. A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised 6.（2010福建卷）In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck 7.（2009四川卷）Ladies and gentlemen, please remain __________ until the plane has come to a complete stop. A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat 8.（2009北京卷）For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _____ on his own farm. A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow 9.（2009上海卷）With the government’s aid, those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected 10.（2009湖南卷）____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog. A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten 【答案解析】 1.【解析】C?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意為“因?yàn)橛幸蛔鶚蚺c大陸連接，那個(gè)島嶼很容易去?！眏oin是及物動(dòng)詞，但空格后沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，故使用join的過(guò)去分詞形式，充當(dāng)表示狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)的形容詞用，選項(xiàng)A、B、D都是主動(dòng)式，需要后接賓語(yǔ)，因此排除。選C。 2.【解析】C。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的用法。句意為“人們期待著從全國(guó)各地挑選出來(lái)的 運(yùn)動(dòng)員能在今年夏季的賽事中給我們帶來(lái)榮譽(yù)?！眘elect修飾players, 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，只有C 選項(xiàng)表被動(dòng)。故選C。 3.【解析】A?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。該空在句中作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the money, 根據(jù)the money與discover的被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 排除C、D兩項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)表示的是“將要被發(fā)現(xiàn)” 的意思, 根據(jù)句意“到目前為止還沒(méi)有人來(lái)認(rèn)領(lǐng)在圖書(shū)館被發(fā)現(xiàn)的錢” 可判斷選A項(xiàng)。 4.【解析】C?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)。question與students 存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系, question表示的動(dòng)作也已完成, 故用過(guò)去分詞。 5.【解析】A。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：我打電話來(lái)咨詢下昨天中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)上刊登職位的信息。the position肯定是被advertise, 此處的分詞可以理解為一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句which was advertised 6.【解析】B。考查remain后接動(dòng)詞的用法。當(dāng)它做系動(dòng)詞時(shí), 后面接過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)。 7.【解析】A。考查非謂語(yǔ)的用法。remain后可接adj, v-ing, v-ed和to be done 等多種形式做表語(yǔ), 在該題中可以把seated視為一個(gè)形容詞, 所以正確答案為A。 8.【解析】A?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。早餐他只喝在自己農(nóng)莊種植出來(lái)的新鮮水果的果汁。水果成熟了才會(huì)拿來(lái)做果汁, 因此用過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ), 表示已經(jīng)完成及被動(dòng)的意思。答案A。 9.【解析】C?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意為：有了政府的援助, 那些受地震影響的人們已經(jīng)搬到新的定居點(diǎn)。affect該用過(guò)去分詞affected作后置定語(yǔ)修飾those。答案C。 10.【解析】B。句意為： 郵遞員被咬了兩次，除非我們看管好狗，否則他拒絕給我們投遞信件。The postman與bite之間是被動(dòng)和完成的關(guān)系，所以答案為:B。在這里，也可以用having been bitten的形式。 四、單元自測(cè) 第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)選擇 1.Our team was ahead during the first half, but we _____ in the last ten minutes. A. were won B. were lost C. were beaten D. won 2. Usually children are allowed to ___________ when they are six years old. A. attend schoolB. attend the schoolC. join schoolD. join the school 3. Professor Hawking stepped into the office I knew that there was no hope. A. Unless B. Now that C. Although D. The moment 4. His failure in the experiment suggested that he ________ his teacher’s proper instructions. A. should not have followed B. should not follow C. mustn’t have followed D. hadn’t followed 5. I suggested that he _____ telephone the manager before he decided. A. telephoned B. would telephone C. telephone D. had to telephone 6. —I'm terribly sorry that I failed to win the game. ? —You are not ________ for all you could do. A. to blame B. pleased C. right D. satisfied 7. Yang Liwei was surrounded by the audience ________ he stepped off the stage. A. until B. through C. now that D. immediately 8. Gathering clouds the coming storm． A. declared B. turned out C. connected D. announced 9. Seeing their son playing computer games all day, the parents don’t know ______ it. A. how to do B. what to do C. how to deal with D. how to do with 10. — So hard ___ in the past few months that he has made great progress in English. — I can see that; only a few mistakes ______ in the exam. A. has he worked; did he make B. he has worked; did he made C. he has worked; he made D. has he worked; he made 11. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any ________.A. value B. sense C. fun D. use 12. Only by shouting at the top of his voice . A. he was able to make himself hear B. he was able to make himself heard C. was he able to make himself hear D. was he able to make himself heard 13. Only after the second tower of the World Trade Centre did people know it was not an accident, but an attack of some kind. A. had hit B. did fall C. was hit D. was fallen 14. Last summer holiday, I went back to my hometown, ________ the neighbors and the house ________ I used to be familiar with were gone. 　　A. only finding; which B. only to find; that C. only to find; whom D. found; that 15. It’s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ____ and his eyes _____. A. closing; open B. closed; opened C. closing; opening D. closed; open 第二節(jié) 完形填空（共20小題，每小題1.5分；滿分30分） 閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給各題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。 A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had?? 1?? a beautiful sports car in a dealer’s show-room, and?? 2 his father could well?? 3?? it, he told him that was all he wanted. On the morning of his graduation day, his father called him into his own study and told him how?? 4?? he was to have such a fine son. He handed his son a beautiful gift box.?? 5? but slightly disappointed, the young man? 6??the box and found a lovely leather-bound Bible《圣經(jīng)》. ?7??, he raised his voice at his father and said, “? 8?? all your money you give me a book?” and stormed out of the house,?? 9? the book in the study. He did not contact his father for a whole year?10 one day he realized his father was very old and he should go back to see him. Before he could make the 11, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his 12??to him. He flied back home with sadness and regret 13?? his heart. When he 14??his father's important papers , he saw the still new Bible, 15 as he had left it one??year??ago. He opened it and began to?? 16??the pages. Suddenly, a car key?? 17? from an envelope taped behind the book. It had a tag (標(biāo)簽)with the dealer’s name, the? 18??dealer who had the sports car he had?? 19 . On the tag was the?date of his graduation, and the20:PAID IN FULL. 1. A. expected?? ? ? B. enjoyed?? C. admired?? ? D. owned 2. A. finding??? ? ? B. proving?? ??? C. deciding?? ? ? D. knowing 3. A. afford???? ?? B. offer???? ??? C. keep?????? ?? D. like 4. A. encouraged?? ? B. comfortable? ?? C. proud??? ?? ? D. moved 5. A. Nervous?? ? B. Serious?? ??? C. Careful??? ?? D. Curious 6. A. packed?? ? ? B. opened?? ??? C. picked up?? ? D. put aside 7. A. Angrily???? ? B. Eagerly?? ?? ? C. Calmly??? ?? D. anxiously 8. A. At????? ?? B. From??? ?? ? C. With??? ??? D. To 9. A. tearing???? ? ? B. putting??? ?? C. forgetting?? D. leaving 10. A. until??? ?? B. as??? ?? ? C. before??? ? D. unless 11. A. agreement?? B. arrangements??? C. plan?? ? D. dream 12. A. possessions? ?? B. books ?? C. money? D. purchases 13. A. took?? ?? B.??filled? ?? C. made? ??? D. damaged 14. A.?put through B. read through C. get through D. search through 15. A. just? ? B. only?? ??? C. rather?? ? D. much 16. A. clean??? ?? B. read??? ??? C. turn??? ??? D. count 17. A. lost???? ? ? B. came??? ? ? C. appeared?? ? D. dropped 18. A. old???? ?? B. same???? ?? C. special??? ??? D. new 19 A. remembered?? ? B. desired?? ?? C. found?? ? D. met 20. A. words?? ? ? B. information?? C. messages?? D. card 單元自測(cè)答案： 第一節(jié) 1—5 CADDC 6—10 ADDCD 11—15BDCBD 第二節(jié) 1—5 CDACD 6—10 BACDA 11—15 BABDA 16—20 CDBBA 111