2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)試題分類匯編 科普知識(shí)類閱讀理解.doc

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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)試題分類匯編 科普知識(shí)類閱讀理解 (06·全國(guó)ⅠA篇) Most people think of racing when they see greyhounds（灰狗）and believe they need lots of exercise. They can actually be quite lazy! Greyhounds are good at fast races but not long-distance running. They do need regular exercise but they like to run for a short burst and then get back on the bed or a fortable seat. Another misunderstanding is that greyhounds must be aggressive（好斗的）because they are big in size. In fact greyhounds love people and are gentle with children. Greyhounds can live for 12 – 14 years but usually only race for two or three years, and after that they make great pets. They don’t need a lot of space, don’ t make a lot of noise, and don’ t eat a lot for their size. Normally, greyhounds can be as tall as 90 cm. There is , however, a small-sized greyhound,which stands only 33 cm. Greyhounds e in a variety of colors. Grey and yellowish-brown are the most mon. Others include black, white, blue, red and brown or a mix of these. Greyhounds have smooth body coats, low body fat and are very healthy. Because they’ re slim（苗條的）they don’t have the leg problems like other dogs the same height . But they do feel the cold, especially since they would much rather be at home in bed than walking around outside. 56．The text is written mainly . A．to tell people how to raise greyhounds B．to let people know more about greyhounds C．to explain why greyhounds are aggressive D．to describe greyhounds of different colors 57．It can be inferred that greyhounds . A．love big doghouses B．like staying in bed all day C．make the best guard dogs D．need some exercise outdoors 58．Why does the author say that greyhounds make great pets? A．They are big in size. B．They live a very long life. C．They can run races for some time. D．They are quiet and easy to look after. 59．If you keep a pet greyhound, it is important _____________. A．to keep it slim B．to keep it warm C．to take special care of its legs D．to take it to animal doctors regularly 答案 56.B 57.D 58.D 59.B (06·全國(guó)ⅠC篇) A study of English learning problems was carried out among a total of 106 foreign students. It shows that most students considered understanding spoken English to be their biggest problem on arrival. This was followed by speaking. Writing increased as a problem as students discovered difficulties in writing papers that they were now expected to hand in. Reading remained as a significant（顯著的）problem. The information gained helped us in determining where special attention should be paid in our course. Although many students have chosen to join the course with a reasonable motivation（動(dòng)機(jī)）, we considered it important to note what seemed to encourage interest. Nearly all the students have experienced some kind of grammar-based English teaching in their own country. To use the same method would be self-defeating because it might reduce motivation, especially if it has failed in the past. Therefore a different method may help because it is different. Variety of activity was also seen as a way of maintaining（保持）or increasing motivation. Several years ago we had one timetable that operated throughout, but we soon found that both the students and the teachers lost interest by about halfway through the ten weeks. This led us to a major re-think, so finally we brought it into line with the expressed language needs of the students. 65．What is the text mainly about? A．Foreign students have more problems. B．There are many ways to improve English. C．Teaching should meet students’ needs. D．English learning problems should be studied again. 66．Writing became a bigger problem when foreign students ___________. A．had to write their papers B．became better at speaking C．became less interested in reading D．had fewer problems with listening 67．We may infer from the last two paragraphs that ___________. A．different teaching methods should be used B．grammar-based teaching seems to be encouraging C．English courses are necessary for foreign students D．teaching content should be changed halfway 68．The word “it” underlined in the last paragraph refers to “___________”. A．re-think B．a(chǎn)ctivity C．motivation D．timetable 答案 65.C 66.A 67.A 68.D Passage 59 (06·北京D篇) While parents, particularly mothers, have always been attached to their infants (嬰兒), societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain (保持). First of all, the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused, a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child. One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged maternal (母親的) attachment was tightly wrapping (包裹) infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking (撫摸) and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers’ and fathers’ affection for their infants. A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding (母乳哺育) was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places, such as nineteenth-century France, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nurse would feed her own child first, leaving little for the city infant— who, in many case, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent. 68. Babies were unnamed until they were two so that ________. A. an old social custom could be kept up B. maternal attachment could be maintained C. they could have better chances to survive D. their parents would not be too sad if they died 69. Why were babies wrapped? A. To protect them from the cold. B. To distance their mothers from them. C. To make them feel more fortable. D. To make it easy for their mothers to hold them. 70. Wet nurses were women who _________. A. babysat city infants B. fed babies of other families C. sent their babies to the country D. failed to look after their babies 71. Which is the best title for the passage? A. Societal Conditions in Premodern Times B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate D. Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents 答案 68.D 69.B 70.B 71.B Passage 60 (06·北京E篇) A study published in September suggests there is a surprising way to get people to avoid unhealthy foods: change their memories. Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers to answer some questions on their personalities (個(gè)性) and food experiences. “One week later,” Loftus says, “we told those people we’d fed their answers into our smart puter and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.” Some accounts included one key additional detail (細(xì)節(jié)). “You got sick after eating strawberry ice-cream.” The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人為促成的) memory through leading questions— Who were you with? How did you feel? By the end of the study, up to 41% of those given a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick, and many said they’d avoid eating it. When Loftus published her findings, she started getting calls from people begging her to make them remember hating chocolate or French fries. Unfortunately, it’s not that easy. False memories appear to work only for foods you don’t eat on a regular basis. But most important, it is likely that false memories can be implanted (灌輸) only in people who are unaware of the mental control. And lying to a patient is immoral, even if a doctor believes it’s for the patient’s benefit. Loftus says there’s nothing to stop parents from trying it with their overweight children. “I say, wake up— parents have been lying about Father Christmas for years, and nobody seems to mind. If they can prevent diseases caused by fatness and all the other problems that e with that, you might think that’s more moral lie. Decide that for yourself.” 72. Why did Loftus ask the volunteers to answer some questions? A. To improve her puter program. B. To find out their attitudes towards food. C. To find out details she can make use of. D. To predict what food they’ll like in the future. 73. What did Loftus find out from her research? A. People believe what the puter tells them. B. People can be led to believe in something false. C. People tend to forget their childhood experiences. D. People are not always aware of their personalities. 74. According to the study, people may stop having a certain food if they _______. A. learn it is harmful for health B. lie to themselves that they don’t want it C. are willing to let doctors control their minds D. think they once had a bad experience of eating it 75. What is the biggest concern with the method? A. Whether it is moral. B. Who it is best for. C. When it is effective. D. How it should be used. 答案 72.C 73.B 74.D 75.A Passage 61 (06·上海B篇) Nervous suspects（嫌疑犯）locked up in Britain’s newest police station may feel relieved by a pleasant yellow Colour on the door. If they are close to confessing a crime, the blue on the wall might tip the balance. Gwent Police have abandoned colours such as greys and browns of the 20th-century police cell（牢房）and have used colour psychology to decorate them. Ystrad Mynach station, which recently opened at a cost of￡5 million has four cells with glass doors for prisoners who suffer from claustrophobia（幽閉恐怖癥） Designers have painted the frames yellow, which researchers say is a calming colour. Other cells contain a royal blue line because psychologists believe that the colour is likely to encourage truthfulness. The station has 31 cells, including 12 with a “l(fā)ive scan” system for drunken or disturbed prisoners, which detects the rise and fall of their chest. An alarm alerts officers if a prisoner’s breathing stops and carries on ringing until the door is opened. Designers and psychologists have worked for years on colour. Blue is said to suggest trust, efficiency, duty, logic, coolness, thinking and calm. It also suggests coldness and unfriendliness. It is thought that strong blues will stimulate clear thought and lighter, soft colours will calm the mind and aid concentration. Yellow is linked with confidence, self-respect and friendliness Get the colour wrong and it could cause fear, depression and anxiety, but the right yellow can lift spirits and self-respect. Ingrid Collins, a psychologist who specializes in the effects of colour, said that colour was an “energy force ” She said: “Blue does enhance munication but I am not sure it would enhance truthful munication.” Yellow, she said, affected the mind. Red on the other hand, should never be considered because it could increase aggression Mrs Collins praised the designers for using colours in the cells Gwent is not the first British force to experiment with colour to calm down or persuade prisoners to co-operate, In the 1990s Strathclyde Police used pink in cells based on research carried out by the US Navy. 69．The expression “tip the balance ” in paragraph 1 probably indicates that the blue might . A．let suspects keep their balance B．help suspects to confess their crimes C．make suspects cold and unfriendly in law court D．enable suspects to change their attitudes to colours 70．Which of the following colours should NOT be used in cells according to me passage? A．Pink. B．Yellow C．Blue. D．Red. 71．Which of the following helps alert officers if someone stops breathing? A．Scanning equipment. B．Royal blue lines. C．Glass doors. D．Yellow frames. 72．The passage is mainly concerned with . A．the relationship between colours and psychology B．a(chǎn) parison of different functions of colours C．the use of colours in cells to affect criminals’ psychology D．scientific ways to help criminals reform themselves in prison 答案 69.B 70.D 71.A 72.C Passage 62 (06·重慶C篇) When a Swedish ship that sank in 1628 was recovered from the port of Stockholm, historians and scientists were overjoyed with the chance to examine the remains of the past. The ship construction showed how ships were built and operated during the seventeenth century. In this way, artifacts, objects made by human beings, provided a picture of daily life almost 400 years ago. Underwater archaeology –the study of ships, aircraft and human settlements that have sunk under large bodies of water—is really a product of the last 50 years. The rapid growth of this new area of study has occurred because of the invention of better diving equipment. Besides the Swedish ship wreck(殘骸), underwater archacologists have made more exciting discoveries such as the 5,000-year-old boats in the Mediterranean Sea. Underwater archacology can provide facts about the past. In ancient ports all over the world are ships sunken in the past 6,000 years. There are also sunken settlements in seas and lakes telling of people’s way of life and their systems of trade in ancient times. Underwater archacologists want to study these objects to add to the world’s knowledge of history , but they have to fight two enemies. One enemy is treasure hunters who dive for ancient artifacts that they can sell to collectors. Once sold, these objects are lost to experts. The second enemy is dredging machines (挖掘機(jī))often used to repair ports. These machines destroy, wrecks and artifacts or bury them deeper under sand and mud. By teaching the public about the importance of underwater “museums” of the past, archaeologists are hoping to get support for laws to protect underwater treasures. 63．What purpose does Paragraph 1 serve in the passage? A．To provide background information of the topic. B．To attract readers’ attention to the topic. C．To use an example to support the topic. D．To offer basic knowledge of the topic. 64．The aim of underwater archacology is to . A．exploit water bodies B．search for underwater life C．study underwater artifacts D．examine underwater environment 65．Underwater archaeologists are worried because . A．sea hunters have better diving equipment B．their knowledge of world history is limited C．dredging machines cause damage to the ports D．sold artifacts can hardly be regained for research 66．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．to introduce a young branch of learning. B．To discuss the scientists ’ problems. C．To explain people’s way of life in the past. D．To describe the sunken ships. 答案 63.B 64.C 65.D 66.A Passage 63 (06·山東E篇) PITTSBURGH – For most people, snakes seem unpleasant or even threatening. But Howie Choset sees in their delicate movements a way to save lives. The 37-year-old Carnegie Mellon University professor has spent years developing snake-like robots he hopes will eventually slide through fallen buildings in search of victims trapped after natural disasters or other emergencies. Dan Kara is president of Robotics Trends, a Northboro, Mass.-based pany that publishes an online industry magazine and runs robotics trade shows. He said there are other snake-like robots being developed, mainly at universities, but didn’t know of one that could climb pipes. The Carnegie Mellon machines are designed to carry cameras and electronic sensors and can be controlled with a joystick(操縱桿). They move smoothly with the help of small electric motors, or servos, monly used by hobbyists in model airplanes. Built from lightweight materials, the robots are about the size of a human arm or smaller.They can sense which way is up, but are only as good as their human operators, Choset added. Sam Stover, a search term manager with the Federal Emergency Management Agency based in Indiana, said snake-type robots would offer greater mobility than equipment currently available, such as cameras attached to extendable roles. “It just allows us to do something we’ve ot been able to do before,”Stover said, “We needed them yesterday.” He said sniffer dogs are still the best search tool for rescue workers, but that they can only be used effectively when workers have access to damaged building. Stover, among the rescue workers who handled the aftermath (后果) of Hurricane Katrina, said snake robots would have helped rescuers search flooded houses in that disaster. Choset said the robots may not be ready for use for another five to ten years, depending on funding. 72. Which institution is responsible for the development of Choset’s robots? A. Robotics Trends. B. Pittsburgh City Council. C. Carnegie Mellon University. D. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 73. Choset believes that his invention ______. A. can be attached to an electronic arm B. can be used by hobbyists in model airplanes C. can find victims more quickly than a sniffer dog D. can sense its way no better than its operators 74. By saying “We needed them yesterday” (paragraph 7), Stover means that snake-like robots _____. A. could help handle the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina B. would have been put to use in past rescue work C. helped rescuers search flooded houses yesterday D. were in greater need yesterday than today 75. What is the text mainly about? A. Snake-like robots used in industries. B. Snake-like robots made to aid in rescues. C. The development of snake-like robots. D. The working principles of snake-like robots. 答案 72.C 73.D 74.B 75.B Passage 64 (06·江蘇E篇) A new eight-kilometre road is under construction that links the port area with the motorway system . It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city . As part of the project , two four-kilometre road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city , one for traffic to the north and the other for traffic to the south .The two tunnels are about 20 metres below the surface and are 12 metres wide , providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction . In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel . The lighting is at the top of the tunnel , practically at its highest point . There will also be electronic signs at frequent intervals (間隔). They show traffic conditions ahead , and can be seen clearly by drivers . The wall is made up of four main elements , which include a waterproofing covering and , on the inside of the tunnel , a concrete lining (混凝土襯砌). Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat .The surface of the road lies on the base , which is made of concrete and steel The drainage system (排水系統(tǒng)), just below the road surface on one side , removes any extra liquid , particularly water . In the event of fire , the fire main , which is made of steel , pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel . The fire main is at the side of the tunnel , and at the level of the road surface . Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones . 72．Each of the tunnels under construction is . A．eight kilometers long and twenty metres wide B．eight kilometers long and six metres wide C．four kilometers long and twenty metres wide D．four kilometers long and six metres wide 73．Which part of the tunnel in the diagram is used to pipe out extra water ? A．1. B．3. C．5. D．6. 74．Driving in the tunnel , one can know the traffic conditions ahead through . A．the lights