高考英語 語法專項(xiàng)突破 數(shù)詞與主謂一致課件 外研版.ppt

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路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮 吾將上下而求索,走向高考 · 英語,外研版 · 高考總復(fù)習(xí),語法專項(xiàng)突破,第二部分,語法專項(xiàng)突破(八) 數(shù)詞與主謂一致,第二部分,考 綱 解 讀,命 題 分 析,知 識(shí) 歸 納,語 法 專 練,2,3,4,1,近幾年高考對(duì)數(shù)詞的考查主要集中在倍數(shù)表達(dá)方式上，而主謂一致的考查多與定語從句相結(jié)合，由先行詞來判斷從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。,一、考點(diǎn)知識(shí)歸納 考點(diǎn)一 數(shù)詞 1．基數(shù)詞易考點(diǎn) (1)表示事物數(shù)量多少的單詞，特別是hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score等，前面若有數(shù)字或某些表示數(shù)量的限定詞時(shí)，它們只能用單數(shù)，并且后面直接跟所要修飾的名詞。 3 hundred books 三百本書 2 dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋,(2)基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可表示泛指，此時(shí)數(shù)詞可加復(fù)數(shù)并可與of連用，構(gòu)成短語。 tens of people 數(shù)十人 hundreds of trees 數(shù)百棵樹 (3)“another＋基數(shù)詞/few＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞或基數(shù)詞＋other/more”可表示“再……，另……”，此時(shí)another后的部分成一個(gè)整體。 We walked another ten miles.＝We walked ten other/more miles. 我們又走了十英里。,(4)“in one's＋整十的基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)”表示“在某人幾十多歲時(shí)”；“in the＋整十的基數(shù)詞＋s或's”表示“在……年代”。 in one's fifties 在某人五十多歲時(shí) in the 1980s 在20世紀(jì)80年代 (5)“基數(shù)詞＋名詞”可構(gòu)成形容詞 an 800-word composition 一篇800字的作文,2．序數(shù)詞易考點(diǎn) (1)序數(shù)詞表示事物的順序時(shí)，前面一般要加定冠詞，如the first prize；表示“再一，又一”時(shí)，前面用不定冠詞，如：a second, a third等。 (2)當(dāng)序數(shù)詞前有名詞所有格或物主代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)序數(shù)詞作副詞時(shí)，序數(shù)詞前不用冠詞。 He came first in the race. 他比賽得了第一名。,考點(diǎn)二 主謂一致 1．并列主語的情況下的主謂一致 (1)由or, nor, either.or, neither.nor, not only. but (also)連接的并列主語以及there be句式，通常根據(jù)就近原則，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要和與它鄰近的主語的數(shù)保持一致。 One or two friends are coming this evening. 今天晚上有一、兩個(gè)朋友要來。 Not only the nurses but also the doctor is very kind to the patients. 護(hù)士和醫(yī)生都對(duì)病人非常和藹。 There are many students and a teacher in the classroom. 教室里有許多學(xué)生和一位老師。,(2)“A＋with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/as much as/but/except等＋B”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式與A保持一致。此原則相當(dāng)于就遠(yuǎn)原則。 Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. 湯姆以及他的兩個(gè)朋友一起被邀請(qǐng)去參加聚會(huì)了。 Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening flight. 史密斯博士及其夫人將乘晚班飛機(jī)抵達(dá)。 The students as well as the teacher were moved by the film. 學(xué)生和老師都被這部電影感動(dòng)了。,(3)被every, each和no等限定的單個(gè)主語由and連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。其中，后一個(gè)限定詞可省略。 Each boy and (each) girl has an apple. 每個(gè)男孩子和每個(gè)女孩都有一個(gè)蘋果。 (4)由and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞若表示兩個(gè)不同的概念；謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。若表示同一人、同一件事或同一概念，謂語動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)形式。 Tom and Jack were close friends. 湯姆和杰克是好朋友。 Simple and plain living is a fine quality. 生活儉樸是一種優(yōu)良的品質(zhì)。,(5)由and連接的兩個(gè)特殊疑問詞指同一概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；由and連接的兩個(gè)what從句作主語時(shí)，要根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。 When and where to build the new house hasn't been decided yet. 什么時(shí)候在什么地方建造新房子還沒有確定下來。 What he says and does do not agree. 他言行不一致。 What he says and does does not concern me. 他的言行與我無關(guān)。,2．集合名詞與由兩部分構(gòu)成的表示物體的名詞作主語時(shí)的主謂一致 (1)family, class, team, group, army, government, public, audience等名詞在表示“集體”時(shí)，視為單數(shù)；而在表示組成集體的“成員”時(shí)，應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。 The football team is a strong collective. 這個(gè)球隊(duì)很強(qiáng)。 The football team are busy practicing on the sports field. 這個(gè)球隊(duì)(的隊(duì)員)正在球場(chǎng)上忙著訓(xùn)練。,(2)由兩部分構(gòu)成的表示物體的名詞，如trousers, pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shorts等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。但是如果由kind/type/sort/pair.of修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由kind, pair，sort.等的“數(shù)”來決定。 My glasses are very nice. 我的眼鏡很漂亮。 A new type of buses is now on show. 現(xiàn)在正展出一種新型的公共汽車。 All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. 必須克服各種各樣的困難。,(3)people(人民，人們)，police, cattle, youth等集體名詞后的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 The police are searching for the thief in the forest. 警察正在樹林里搜捕小偷。 3．?dāng)?shù)詞與量詞作主語或修飾主語時(shí)的主謂一致 (1)時(shí)間、距離、長度、金錢、價(jià)格、體積、數(shù)字運(yùn)算等作主語時(shí)，通常作整體來看，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Twenty years is a long time in one's life. 20年在人的一生中是很長的一段時(shí)間。 Forty miles was covered in a single night. 一夜走了40英里。,(2)由all, all of, half of, most of, plenty of, a quarter of, 80% of, one third of, the rest of等短語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，修飾不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 All of the students in the class were praised by the head teacher. 這個(gè)班所有的學(xué)生都受到了班主任的表揚(yáng)。 All the water in the lake is polluted. 湖里的水都被污染了。,(3)“a number/variety of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。而“the number/variety of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 The number of the teachers in our school is over two hundred. 我們學(xué)校有兩百多位老師。 A number of teachers in this school have fallen ill because of the food. 因?yàn)槭澄锏脑?，這個(gè)學(xué)校的很多老師都生病了。 (4)如果主語由“many a/more than one＋單數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，那么，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 More than one student has failed the exam. 不止一個(gè)學(xué)生考試不及格。,(5)a quantity of及quantities of后既可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，亦可接不可數(shù)名詞：a quantity of.作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，即與quantity一致。而quantities of.作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞總用復(fù)數(shù)形式。同樣“an amount of＋不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；“amounts of＋不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 A large quantity of books has been bought. 已經(jīng)買了好多書。,With more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year. ＝With more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 由于更多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被沖走了。,(6)population 人口的用法 表示一個(gè)地區(qū)人口的總數(shù)，用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞，若population由百分?jǐn)?shù)或分?jǐn)?shù)修飾，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 The population of Fujian province is less than 100 million. 福建省的人口不超過1億。 Eighty percent of the population of the city are workers. 這個(gè)城市80%的人口是工人。,4．其他情況下的主謂一致 (1)當(dāng)定語從句中關(guān)系代詞who, which, that作主語時(shí)，謂語由先行詞的數(shù)決定。先行詞是“one of＋n. (pl.)”時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，若one前有the, the only或the very修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Do you know the students who are standing there? 你認(rèn)識(shí)站在那邊的那些學(xué)生嗎？ Do you know the student who is speaking at the meeting? 你認(rèn)識(shí)在會(huì)議上講話的那個(gè)學(xué)生嗎？,(2)what和whatever引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)根據(jù)從句所表達(dá)的意義上的數(shù)確定。the following的謂語一般由它后面所接的表語的數(shù)來決定。其他從句作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 What they need is just rest. 他們所需要的就是休息。 What we want urgently are some grammar books. 我們迫切想要的是語法書。,(3)動(dòng)詞-ing形式、動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Reading is quite important for language learning. 閱讀對(duì)于語言學(xué)習(xí)非常重要。 (4)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要看后面的主語。 On the opposite wall hangs one map as well as dozens of pictures. 在對(duì)面墻上掛著一幅地圖和很多圖片。,二、方法技巧總結(jié) 方法一：巧用排除法 當(dāng)主語由or, nor, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also連接時(shí)，以及在there be句式中，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)遵循就近原則，這種情況相對(duì)較少，便于記憶。除就近原則之外，還有當(dāng)主語是A with/together with/as well as/including.B時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由A決定，相對(duì)于就近原則，此原則相當(dāng)于就遠(yuǎn)原則。這樣我們可只記就近原則的幾種情況，其余的就是就遠(yuǎn)原則，這樣可以防止記混，提高效率。,[典題示例] Dr. Black, as well as his students ________(do) experiments in the lab now. 剖析：is doing 句意：布萊克博士和他的學(xué)生正在實(shí)驗(yàn)室做實(shí)驗(yàn)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語now可知用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。主語Dr. Black, as well as his students遵循就遠(yuǎn)原則，所以謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由Dr. Black決定，所以用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。,方法二：巧用名詞的作用 當(dāng)作主語的名詞由分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)以及the rest, the half等修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞決定，如果名詞是可數(shù)名詞則用復(fù)數(shù)謂語，如果名詞是不可數(shù)則用單數(shù)謂語。 [典題示例] Most of the teaching equipment ________(be) made good use of in the village school so far. 剖析：has been 句意：到目前為止在農(nóng)村學(xué)校中大多數(shù)的教學(xué)設(shè)備都已得到了很好的利用。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語so far可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，教學(xué)設(shè)備被很好的利用所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，equipment是不可數(shù)名詞，所以用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。,方法三：巧用熟悉的詞 基數(shù)詞dozen，score的用法經(jīng)?？?，有些考生覺得很難掌握。此時(shí)，我們用熟悉的hundred, thousand來替換它們，它們的用法是一樣的。 [典題示例] She went to the bookstore and bought ________books.(dozen) 剖析：dozens of 句意：她去書店買了幾打書。本題考查dozen的用法，如果不熟悉這個(gè)詞可把它換成hundred，問題就很好解決了。當(dāng)這些詞與具體的數(shù)字連用時(shí)不加“s”，與of連用時(shí)要加“s”，如：3 hundred 三百；hundreds of數(shù)百。,