高考英語 語法專項突破 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)課件 外研版.ppt

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語法專項突破系列 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài),考點1 一般時態(tài) ★★★★★ 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時 (1)表示現(xiàn)在的習慣性、經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用, 如usually, often, always, sometimes, every day等。 (2013浙江高考)On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work. 周一早晨我往往需要驅(qū)車一小時去上班。,(2)表示客觀事實、真理、格言或者警句等。 (3)表示按照時間表、計劃安排好的或者規(guī)定的行為, 只限于go, come, leave, start, stop, arrive等表示動作趨向性或移動意義的詞。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 這列火車明早六點出發(fā)。 (4)在時間、條件等狀語從句中常用一般(現(xiàn)在)時代替一般將來時。 (2014重慶高考)Anything will become boring if you do it repetitively. 如果你重復做一件事情, 肯定會感到厭煩。,【點津】考生要通過語境和表示時間的狀語來對動作發(fā)生的時間進行判斷, 有時候也通過從句提示的關鍵信息。具體要做到: ①首先依據(jù)時間狀語推斷時態(tài); ②通過前后語境透露的信息把握動作發(fā)生的時間; ③把握復合句中前后時態(tài), 或者情景對話式的上下文句子中時態(tài)的呼應。,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2014湖南高考)Whenever you (buy)a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view. 解題關鍵: whenever意為“每當……的時候, 每次……的時候”。由whenever的意思可知該句所表達的動作(買禮物“buy a present”)是經(jīng)常性、習慣性的動作或反復發(fā)生的動作, 符合一般現(xiàn)在時的基本特征, 故用一般現(xiàn)在時。 答案判定: 句意: 每當你買禮物的時候, 你都應從收到者的角度想一想(禮物是否合適)。故用buy。,2. 一般過去時 (1)表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常用yesterday, last year, in 1995, the other day等作時間狀語。 It was a terrible piece of work you turned in yesterday. 昨天你提交的作品糟糕至極。 (2)在時間、條件等狀語從句中常用一般過去時代替過去將來時。 He said he would not go if it rained. 他說過如果下雨, 他不會去的。,(3)表達“原以為/本來認為/原希望”等意義時, know, think, expect等動詞常用一般過去時。 I didn’t expect to meet you here. 我沒料到會在這里碰見你。,【辨析】一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別,They’ve gone to Paris so far. 他們目前已經(jīng)到巴黎了(說明他們現(xiàn)在去巴黎了, 不在這里)。 They went to Paris last year. 他們?nèi)ツ耆ミ^巴黎(只說明去過, 不表明是否現(xiàn)在仍在那里)。,【點津】?？疾橐话氵^去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去, 現(xiàn)已不復存在這一特定意義。,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2014福建高考)—Haven’t seen you for ages! Where have you been? —I went to Ningxia and (stay)there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.,解題關鍵: 根據(jù)句中的關鍵詞went可知stay這一動作也發(fā)生在過去, 故用一般過去時。延續(xù)性動詞, 如stay, study, live等的一般過去時可與“介詞for+一段時間”連用。此題考生易錯填had stayed, 但根據(jù)題目中的信息并不能推測出stay表示的動作發(fā)生在過去的過去。 答案判定: 句意: ——好長時間沒見你了! 你去哪里了? ——我作為一名志愿者去了寧夏教學, 并且在那里待了一年。所以填stayed。,3. 一般將來時 (1)一般將來時表示將來某一時刻的動作或狀態(tài), 即單純的將來事實。 (2)三類表示一般將來時的特殊結(jié)構(gòu): ①be going to do sth. 表示計劃、打算要做某事或者有預兆要發(fā)生某事。 The dark clouds are gathering, so it is going to rain. 烏云密布, 眼看就要下雨了。,②be to do sth. 表示按計劃或安排即將要做某事, 或者按照職責、義務、規(guī)定等要做某事。 We are to obey these rules when we go into the library. 進入圖書館時我們要遵守這些規(guī)定。 ③be about to do sth. 表示即將要發(fā)生某事。該結(jié)構(gòu)通常不與具體的時間狀語連用, 但常與when引導的時間狀語從句連用。 The train is about to leave. 火車即將開出。,【點津】will do sth. 有時候強調(diào)“臨時的、當即的決定”, 意為“要去做某事”。 ―Where is the telephone book? 電話簿呢? ―I’ll go and get it for you. 我去給你拿。,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2013遼寧高考)We are confident that the environment________ (improve)by our further efforts to reduce pollution. 解題關鍵: 根據(jù)by our further efforts以及we are confident可知, 環(huán)境得到改善應該是將來的事情, 故用一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。 答案判定: 句意: 我們有信心, 在為減少污染而做出進一步努力后, 環(huán)境將會得到改善。所以填will be improved。,【高考集訓】 用所給詞的適當形式填空 1. (2014新課標全國卷Ⅱ)A boy on a bike ______ (catch)my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. 2. (2014重慶高考)You’d better write down her phone number before you ______ (forget)it. 3. (2013廣東高考)Suddenly, he ______ (find)that he had run out of salt.,caught,forget,found,4. (2013山東高考)I didn’t think I’d like the movie, but actually it ____ (be)pretty good. 5. (2013北京高考)—Do you think Mom and Dad ______(be)late? —No, Swiss Air is usually on time. 6. (2013湖南高考)Around two o’clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat _______ (bother)us.,was,will be,bothers,7. (2013江蘇高考)—What about your self-drive trip yesterday? —Tiring! The road is being widened, and we ____ (have)a rough ride. 8. (2012湖南高考)Don’t worry. The hard work that you do now ____ _________(repay)later in life.,had,will,be repaid,考點2 進行時態(tài) ★★★★★ 1. 現(xiàn)在進行時 (1)表示說話時正在進行的動作、存在的狀態(tài)或者表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作、存在的狀態(tài)(說話時動作不一定進行或存在)。 Our friends are waiting for us outside now. 我們的朋友現(xiàn)在正在外面等我們。,(2)一些特定的表示動作趨向性的短暫性動詞come, go, leave, start, open, arrive, begin, return等常用現(xiàn)在進行時表將來。 He is returning from Beijing next week. 他下周要從北京回來。 (3)現(xiàn)在(或者過去)進行時態(tài)與always, constantly, often, forever, continually等副詞連用表示說話者的“贊嘆、厭煩、不滿”等感情色彩。 The girl is always talking aloud in public. 這個女孩總是在公眾面前大聲喧嘩。,【點津】①根據(jù)語境把握動作是正在進行和正在發(fā)生; ②從某個時間點推知是現(xiàn)在語境中正在發(fā)生的動作。,【辨析】 He usually writes a lot of letters, but he isn’t writing at present. 他經(jīng)常寫很多信, 但他現(xiàn)在沒在寫。,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2014北京高考)—Hi, let’s go skating. —Sorry, I’m busy right now. I (fill)in an application form for a new job. 解題關鍵: 由時間狀語right now可知, 在說話這一刻“填表”的動作正在發(fā)生, 故用現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)。 答案判定: 句意: ——嗨, 我們?nèi)セ??！獙Σ黄? 我現(xiàn)在正忙著呢。我正在填一份新工作的申請表。所以用am filling。,2. 過去進行時 (1)過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作或者存在的狀態(tài)。 She was writing a book about China last year, but I don’t know whether she has finished it. 去年她一直在寫一本關于中國的書, 但我不知道她是否已經(jīng)寫完。 (2)表示過去一個動作發(fā)生時另外一個動作正在進行。 She was watching TV when a burglar broke into her house. 當一名竊賊破門而入的時候, 她正在看電視。,(3)過去進行時可以表示按計劃、安排在過去將要發(fā)生的事。用于come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞時, 也可以用過去進行時表示過去按照計劃安排將要發(fā)生的動作。 Yesterday he said he was leaving for Canada. 昨天他說他要動身去加拿大。,【辨析】,I was reading a novel last night. 昨晚我在看小說(可能沒看完)。 I read a novel last night. 我昨晚看了一本小說(已經(jīng)看完)。,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2014四川高考)She (phone)someone, so I nodded to her and went away. 解題關鍵: 根據(jù)語境可知“在我向她點頭并離開的那段時間, 她一直在打電話”, 故要用過去進行時態(tài), 表示過去某個時間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生或進行的動作。 答案判定: 句意: 她正在跟別人打電話, 因此我朝她點了點頭就走開了。所以用was phoning。,3. 將來進行時 表示將來某個時間正在進行的動作, 或按預測將來會發(fā)生的事情。常用的時間狀語有: soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等。 This time next week I’ll be lying on the beach, enjoying the sunshine. 下星期這個時候我就會躺在沙灘上享受陽光了。,【辨析】,She is sixteen, and will be seventeen next year. 她十六歲, 明年將十七歲。 What will you be doing at this time next Monday? 下周一的這個時候你將會在做什么呢?,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2013江蘇高考)—Could I use your car tomorrow morning? —Sure. I (write)a report at home. 解題關鍵: 由題干中的關鍵信息詞tomorrow morning可知, 雙方在談論明天早晨的事情, 所以答語應用將來進行時, 表示“明天早晨我將在家寫報告”。 答案判定: 句意: ——明天早晨我可以借用你的汽車嗎? ——當然可以。那時候, 我將在家寫報告。所以用will be writing。,【高考集訓】 用所給詞的適當形式填空 1. (2014重慶高考)James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he ____ _______ (come)until yesterday. 2. (2013新課標全國卷Ⅱ)We ___________(leave)very early so we packed the night before. 3. (2013天津高考)The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers ____________(repair)one of the main pipes.,was,coming,were leaving,are repairing,4. (2013湖南高考)—I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon. —I’m so sorry. But I _________(do)my homework. 5. (2013北京高考)Hurry up! Mark and Carol ____________(expect) us. 6. (2013江西高考)I __________(come)to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel. 7. (2013四川高考)Hurry up, kids! The school bus _________(wait)for us!,was doing,are expecting,was coming,is waiting,考點3 完成時態(tài) ★★★★★ 1. 現(xiàn)在完成時 (1)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果, 常用的時間狀語: already, so far, never, just, before, recently等。 He hasn’t heard of the news about the lost child so far. 他到目前為止還未聽說有關這個失蹤小孩的消息。,(2)表示過去發(fā)生而持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài), 甚至延續(xù)到將來。常與since, for以及so far, now, today, this week(month, year), for a long time, in the past/last few years, these days等連用。 We have learnt 500 words these days. 我們最近已經(jīng)學習了500個單詞了。 (3)現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用在時間和條件狀語從句中, 表示將來某時完成的動作。 Please return the book to me when you have finished it. 你看完這本書后請還給我。,【點津】注意牢記以下固定句型: ①It is/has been+時間段+ since. . . 表示“自從……以來已經(jīng)……”。 It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university. 我已經(jīng)從這所大學畢業(yè)十年了。 ②This/It/That is the first/second/third. . . time that. . . 表示“這/那是(某人)第幾次做某事”, that從句中要用現(xiàn)在完成時。 This is the first time that I have been here. 這是我第一次來這里。,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2014江蘇高考)—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? —Well, the media (cover)it in a variety of forms.,解題關鍵: 問話人詢問對方了解多少關于青奧會的事情, 說明關于青奧會的很多信息已經(jīng)被對方知道了。而回答者并沒有正面回答, 而是說媒體已經(jīng)報道過很多了, 意思是外界都知道青奧會的信息, 他就不用回答具體信息了。這里應該用現(xiàn)在完成時, 表示到目前為止媒體已經(jīng)通過各種形式報道了。 答案判定: 句意: ——你對即將在南京舉行的青奧會了解多少? ——哦, 媒體已經(jīng)以各種各樣的形式對它進行了報道。故填have covered。,2. 過去完成時 (1)表示在過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作, 強調(diào)“過去的過去”之意。常與by, before等介詞短語或狀語從句連用或用于有上下文暗示的句子。 By the end of last year, we had accomplished the project completely. 到去年年底, 我們已經(jīng)徹底完成了該工程。,(2)表示意向的動詞, 如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等, 用過去完成時表示“原本……(事實上未能……)”。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 我們本來預料的是你能贏得這場比賽的。,【點津】注意固定句型①This/It/That was the first/second/third. . . time that. . . 表示“這/那是(某人)第幾次做某事”, that從句中要用過去完成時。 This was the first time that I had been here. 這是我第一次來這里。 ②hardly. . . when. . . 和no sooner. . . than. . . 兩個句型中, 主句均用過去完成時。 Hardly had the match started when we arrived. 我們一到場, 比賽就開始了。,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2014山東高考)Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we (expect). 解題關鍵: 根據(jù)句中的關鍵詞was可知“耗費時間”這一動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生, 而“預想時間”應該是發(fā)生在“耗費時間”之前, 即expect這一動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”, 故用過去完成時態(tài)。 答案判定: 句意: 手寫所有的邀請函比我們預想的更耗時。故填had expected。,【高考集訓】 用所給詞的適當形式填空 1. (2014安徽高考)The twins, who ___________(finish)their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground. 2. (2014浙江高考)Sofia looked around at all the faces; she had the impression that she ________(see)most of the guests before. 3. (2014陜西高考)During his stay in Xi’an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends ________________(recommend).,had finished,had seen,had recommended,4. (2014北京高考)I found the lecture hard to follow because it ____ _______ (start)when I arrived. 5. (2014大綱版全國卷)The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ________(see)them since. 6. (2013山東高考)—Oh no! We’re too late. The train _______(leave). —That’s OK. We’ll catch the next train to London.,had,started,has seen,has left,7. (2013浙江高考)During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs ____________(increase) sharply. 8. (2013遼寧高考)He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he _______(have)it for a very long time. 9. (2013湖南高考)—Have you heard about the recent election? —Sure, it ________(be)the only thing on the news for the last three days.,has increased,had had,has been,考點4 現(xiàn)在完成進行時和過去將來時 ★★★ 1. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時 (1)常用來表示開始于過去某個時間、一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且會繼續(xù)進行下去的動作。 I’m very tired. I have been checking the students’ papers all the morning. 我很累。我整個上午都在批改學生的試卷。,(2)表示到目前為止的一段時間里一直在反復進行的動作。 I have been calling him many times this morning, but there’s no answer. 今天上午我給他打了很多次電話, 但目前一直沒有收到答復。,【辨析】,①I’ve read Tiny Times. 我已經(jīng)讀過《小時代》了。(已經(jīng)完成) ②I have been reading Tiny Times these days. 這些天我一直在讀《小時代》。(仍在進行甚至仍將繼續(xù)),2. 過去將來時 過去將來時表示在過去某個時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。即過去將來時是“立足過去, 著眼未來”的一種時態(tài), 常用于賓語從句中。 I heard that they were going to return to Shanghai soon. 我聽說他們不久要回到上海。,【點津】判斷這種時態(tài)的依據(jù)是要有表示過去的“動作”, 而不一定是單純的時間。,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2014山東高考)They made up their minds that they (buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs. 解題關鍵: 根據(jù)主句中的關鍵詞made可知該題的語境是發(fā)生在過去的; 同時once引導的條件狀語從句中的changed這一動作還未發(fā)生, 用的是一般過去時表示過去將來時, 所以主句應該用過去將來時。故填would buy。,【高考集訓】 用所給詞的適當形式填空 1. (2014湖南高考)Since the time humankind started gardening, we _______________(try)to make our environment more beautiful. 2. (2014江西高考)—Tony, why are your eyes red? —I ________________(cut)up peppers for the last five minutes. 3. (2013福建高考)The girl has a great interest in sport and ________ ______(take)badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.,have been trying,have been cutting,taking,has been,考點5 被動語態(tài) ★★★ 1. 不能用被動語態(tài)的特殊動詞 (1)系動詞類(look, seem, feel, taste, sound, prove, appear等)。 (2)表示主語特征的詞(read, wash, write, sell, wear, lock等), 常與not, hardly, well, easily, badly, nicely等副詞連用。 This kind of cloth washes easily. 這種布料容易洗。,2. get構(gòu)成的表示被動的短語 get paid/lost/hurt等。 We get paid every week. 我們按周獲得薪酬。 3. 主動形式表示被動意義 (1)在need, want, require, deserve, bear等動詞、worth等形容詞的后面, 動名詞主動形式表示被動意義, 其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。 The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 這房子需要修理。,(2)在某些“主語(人/物)+be+形容詞+不定式”中不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。這些形容詞有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。 The problem is difficult to work out. 這道題很難計算出。 (3)be to rent/blame/let主動形式表被動意義。 Who is to blame for the mistake? 誰應為此錯誤接受譴責? The houses are to let. 這些房子有待出租。,【典題印證】用所給詞的適當形式填空 (2014安徽高考)While waiting for the opportunity to get______ (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty. 解題關鍵: While waiting for the opportunity to get 為While he was waiting for the opportunity to get 的省略, Henry與promote之間為被動關系, 應使用被動語態(tài)。此處是get型被動語態(tài), 為“get +過去分詞”。 答案判定: 句意: 在等待機會被提拔期間, 亨利盡量履行好他的職責。故用promoted。,【高考集訓】 用所給詞的適當時態(tài)和語態(tài)填空 1. (2014廣東高考)We ________(tell)that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, but for the week after. 2. (2014遼寧高考)Tai Chi _______(call)“shadow boxing”in English. It asks you to act like water. 3. (2014天津高考)We won’t start the work until all the preparations ______________(make).,were told,is called,have been made,4. (2014大綱版全國卷)Unless some extra money _______(find), the theatre will close. 5. (2013北京高考)—So what is the procedure? —All the applicants ______________(interview)before a final decision is made by the authority. 6. (2013北京高考)Shakespeare’s play Hamlet _____________(make) into at least ten different films over the past years.,is found,are interviewed,has been made,7. (2013上海高考)The school board is made up of parents who _____ ___________(elect)to make decisions about school affairs. 8. (2013湖南高考)If nothing ______(do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.,have,been elected,is done,