高考英語 語法專項突破 并列句與狀語從句課件 外研版.ppt

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路漫漫其修遠兮 吾將上下而求索,走向高考 英語,外研版 高考總復習,語法專項突破,第二部分,語法專項突破(十二) 并列句與狀語從句,第二部分,考 綱 解 讀,命 題 分 析,知 識 歸 納,語 法 專 練,2,3,4,1,高考英語單項填空對并列連詞的考查主要是對平行的詞、詞組或者句子的連接。并列連詞包括or，when，while和as well as。 狀語從句種類繁多，包括時間、地點、原因、讓步、條件狀語從句，一直是高考的熱點。,一、考點知識歸納 考點一 并列句 1．句子的分類,2．并列句的基本概念及分類 由并列連詞連接的，兩個或兩個以上的分句放在一起的句子叫做并列句。不同的并列連詞有不同的意義，也折射出各個分句之間的不同邏輯關系。根據(jù)分句之間的不同關系，并列句可以分為以下幾種： (1)表示遞進關系的并列句(聯(lián)合并列句) 用來表示遞進關系的并列連詞有and, not only.but also., neither.nor., not.but.等。如：,Think it over, and youll find a way out. 仔細考慮，你將發(fā)現(xiàn)一條出路。 Not only did he speak more correctly, but also he spoke more easily. 他不僅說得更正確，而且說得還更輕松。 Neither does he work hard, nor does his brother. 他和他弟弟工作都不努力。 這類表遞進關系的并列句，在意義上主要對前一句子作補充或引申，包括肯定和否定兩方面的意義。,(2)表示選擇關系的并列句(選擇并列句) 表示選擇關系的并列連詞有or, either.or., otherwise等。 Be careful about what you say or you may regret it. 當心你講的話，否則你會后悔的。 Either you are right or I am. 要么你對，要么我對。 Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it. 要抓住機會，否則你會后悔的。,(3)表示轉折關系的并列句(轉折并列句) 表示轉折關系的并列連詞有but, yet, whereas, while等。 I would have written before but I was ill. 我本該早寫信的，但我生病了。 I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失敗了，但我還要再嘗試。 Some men are rich, while (whereas) others are poor. 一些人富有，但其他人貧窮。,(4)表示因果關系的并列句(因果并列句) 表示因果關系的并列連詞有so, for等。 We must start early, for it will take two hours to drive to the airport. 我們得早點動身，因為開車去機場得花兩個小時。 The shops were closed so I didnt get any milk. 商店都關門了，所以我沒買到牛奶。,提示：下面兩點在往年高考中也經常涉及： (1)when作并列連詞用，其意義為“這時，那時”，相當于and at this/that time，常用于下列句式： ①sb. was doing sthwhen. ②sb. was about to do/going to do/on the point of doing sthwhen. ③sb. had just done sthwhen.如： We were having a meeting when he broke in. 當時我們正在開會，突然他闖了進來。,I was about to go out when the telephone rang. 我正要出門，這時電話響了。 (2)while作并列連詞用，意為“而，卻”，表示對比。如： He likes pop music while Im fond of folk music. 他喜歡流行音樂，而我喜歡民間音樂。,考點二 時間狀語從句 1．when, while和as (1)when既可引導一個持續(xù)動作，也可引導一個短暫動作，可用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生或從句動作先于主句動作發(fā)生的情境。如： When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. 我住在那里時，星期天常到海濱去。 When the film ended, the people went back. 電影一結束，人們便回去了。,(2)while引導的動作必須是持續(xù)性的，主句動作和從句動作同時發(fā)生，從句動作多用進行時。如： Please dont talk so loud while others are working. 別人在工作時，請不要高聲說話。 (3)as可表示從句和主句的兩個動作交替進行或同時完成，可譯為“一邊……，一邊……；隨著……”。如： He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他匆匆忙忙回家，邊走邊回頭看。,(4)如果主句表示的是短暫動作，而從句用延續(xù)性動詞的進行時態(tài)，表示在一段時間內正在進行的動作，此時when, while與as可互換使用。如： When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine. 當我沿大街行走時，碰巧遇到了我的一個老朋友。,2．as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly，the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner.than., hardly/scarcely.when和once等引導的從句都表示從句的動作一發(fā)生，主句的動作隨即就發(fā)生，常譯為“一……就……”，從句中用一般時態(tài)代替將來時態(tài)。如： The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming. 我一聽到那個聲音，我就知道父親來了。 No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left. 我們剛到車站，火車就離站了。,提示：no sooner.than.; hardly/scarcely.when.的時態(tài)搭配：no sooner與hardly/scarcely后的句子謂語動詞應用過去完成時，而than與when引導的句子謂語動詞應用一般過去時。此外，當把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首時，應用倒裝語序。如： I had hardly got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 我剛到家就下起雨來。,3．till, until和not.until (1)肯定句：主句謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞，主句、從句都為肯定式，意為“某動作一直延續(xù)到某時間點才停止”。如： He remained there until she arrived. 他一直在那兒等到她到來。 You may stay here until the rain stops. 你可在這里待到雨停。,(2)否定句：主句謂語動詞必須是非延續(xù)性動詞，從句為肯定式，意為“某動作直到某時間才開始”。如： He wont go to bed till/until she returns. 直到她回來他才睡。 (3)till不可以置于句首，而until可以。如： Until you told me I had no idea of it. 直到你告訴我，我才知道這件事。,(4)not.until句型中的強調和倒裝用法： I didnt know about it until you told me. It was not until you told me that I knew about it.(強調句型) Not until you told me did I know about it. (not until放句首，主句要倒裝) 直到你告訴我，我才知道這件事。,4．before和since (1)若表達“還未……就……；不到……就……；……才……；還沒來得及……”時，需用連詞before。before從句中謂語不用否定式。如： We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我們航行了4天4夜才看到陸地。 We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. 我們跑了還不到一英里他就累了。 Before they reached the station, the train had gone. 他們還沒到車站，火車已開走了。,(2)It will be＋一段時間＋before.“多久之后才……?！比纾?It will be half a year before I come back. 還得待半年我才能回來。 It wont be long before we meet again. 過不了多久我們會再見面的。 (3)since從句的謂語動詞一般是非延續(xù)性動詞，主句的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性的或者反復發(fā)生過的動作。since從句的時態(tài)若是一般過去時，相應地，主句中的時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時或現(xiàn)在完成進行時。如：,I have written home four times since I came here. 自從我來到這兒，我給家里寫了四封信。 She has been working in this factory since she left school. 她離開學校以來，就一直在這個工廠工作。 (4)在“It is＋一段時間＋since從句”句型中，如果since從句中動詞為延續(xù)性動詞，時間的計算一律從since從句的動作完成或狀態(tài)結束時算起。如： It is three years since the war broke out. 自戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)以來有三年了。,It is three years since I smoked a cigar (＝since I stopped smoking a cigar)． 我不吸煙有三年了。 如果譯成“我吸煙有三年了”，應為：It is three years since I began to smoke. 5．every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名詞短語用來引導時間狀語從句，表示“每當……；每次……；下次……”等。如：,Every/Each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out. 每當我處于困境時，他就來幫助我。 Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here. 下次你來的時候，一定記著把兒子帶來。 The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed. 上次她看見James的時候，他正躺在床上。,考點三 條件狀語從句 條件狀語從句分為真實性條件句和非真實性條件句，這里主要涉及前者。引導條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有if(如果)，unless(＝if.not，除非)，so/as long as(只要), on condition that (條件是), suppose/supposing (假設，如果)，provided that (如果)等。如： If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. 如果他不在辦公室，那他一定是出去吃午飯了。,Youll fail the exam unless you study hard (＝if you dont study hard)． 除非你努力學習，否則你考試會不及格。 As long as you dont lose heart, youll succeed. 你只要不灰心，就會成功。 Suppose/Supposing (that) they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help? 假如他們拒絕了我們，我們還會求助誰？ 提示：條件狀語從句中的if不能用whether替換。,考點四 讓步狀語從句 引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有though, although, as(雖然，盡管)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever，whenever, however, no matter who/what/which/when/where/how, whether等。 1．although/though(盡管，雖然)，even though/if(即使) although與though兩者意思相同，一般可互換，都可以與yet, still或nevertheless連用，但不能和but連用。如： He is unhappy, though/although he has a lot of money. 雖然他很有錢，但并不幸福。,Although/Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football. 雖然雨下得很大，但他們還是繼續(xù)踢足球。 Even though/if it is raining, well go there. (陳述語氣) 即使下雨，我們也要去那里。 Even if I were busy, I would go. (虛擬語氣) 即使我忙，也得去。 提示：though還可用作副詞，意為“可是，然而”，置于句末。如： He said he would come; he didnt, though. 他說他會來，可是沒有來。,2．“疑問詞＋ever”與“no matter＋疑問詞”引導的讓步狀語從句 口語中常用“no matter＋疑問詞”來代替“疑問詞＋ever”引導的讓步狀語從句。如： No matter what (＝Whatever) I did, no one paid any attention. 不管我做什么都沒人關注我。 No matter where (＝Wherever) you work, you can always find time to study. 不管你在哪里工作，你都能找時間學習。,No matter how (＝However) often I ring, no one will answer. 不管我怎么頻繁地按鈴都沒人應答。 提示：whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever還可以引導名詞性從句。如： He would believe whatever you said. 你說什么他都信。,3．when, while還可作從屬連詞，相當于although, when多放于句中，while多放于句首。如： Suddenly, she stopped short when she ought to have continued. 盡管她應該繼續(xù)下去，她卻突然停住了。 While I admit that there are problems, I dont agree that they cannot be solved. 盡管我承認有問題存在，但我不同意說這些問題不能解決。,4．as引導的讓步狀語從句 as引導讓步狀語從句時，狀語、表語及謂語動詞的一部分要置于as之前，且作表語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面的冠詞要省略。如： Try as we might we failed again. 雖然我們努力了但我們又失敗了。 Late as he came he saw the famous man. 盡管他來晚了他還是看到了那個名人。,5．whether引導的讓步狀語從句 whether可以作“不論……還是……”講，這時應可以引導讓步狀語從句。如： Whether you can see the moon or not, it is always round. 不論你能否看得見月亮，月亮總是圓的。 You may rely upon my help, whether others help you or not. 不論別人幫不幫你，你都可以依賴我的幫助。,考點五 其他狀語從句 狀語從句的種類很多，以下是其他類型的狀語從句中引導詞的用法。 1．地點狀語從句 引導地點狀語從句的從屬連詞有where, wherever, everywhere, nowhere等。從句可位于主句之前也可位于主句之后。如： Make a mark where you have any questions. 在你有問題的地方作個標記。 Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home. 無論約翰在哪里都能像在家里一樣。,2．方式狀語從句 引導方式狀語從句的從屬連詞有as, as if, as though等。方式狀語從句應放在主句之后，其中as if或as though引導的從句一般用虛擬語氣，但如果從句中所陳述的情況很可能實現(xiàn)，也可用陳述語氣。如： Do as you are told to, or youll be fired. 告訴你怎么做就怎么做，否則就解雇你。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. 這位老太太對待這個男孩就像他是她自己的兒子似的。 I feel as if I have a fever. 我感覺好像發(fā)燒了。,Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him. ＝Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him. 邁克是如此誠實的一個工人，以至于我們都相信他。 It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park. 天氣如此晴朗以至于我們都想去公園。 He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family. 他掙這么少錢，以至于不能支撐家庭。 提示：當so或such置于句首時，主句要用倒裝語序。如： So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. 他是一個如此聰明的學生以至于成功地解出了所有難題。,(2)除結果狀語從句外，too.to.(太……而不能……)，enough to.(達到某種程度的可以……)，so.as to.(如此……以至于……)等不定式結構同樣可以表示結果。如： He didnt get up early enough to catch the bus. ＝He got up too late to catch the bus. ＝He got up so late as to miss the bus. 他起床太晚了，沒有趕上那班公共汽車。,4．原因狀語從句 原因狀語從句是表示原因或理由的，引導這類從句最常用的連詞有because, since, as, now that (既然)，seeing that, considering that等。如： He is disappointed because he didnt get the position. 他因為沒有得到那個職位而失望。 As it is raining, I will not go out. 由于正下著雨，我不出去了。,(1)because, since, as, for都可表示原因，但用法不同： ①because表示某件事情產生的直接原因或理由，語氣最強。回答用why提問的句子只能用because引導，because引導的從句既可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，另外，只有because從句能用于強調句被強調原因。如： He didnt come to school yesterday because he was ill. 他昨天沒有來學校因為他生病了。 ②since常表示對方已經知道的既成事實，說話人根據(jù)這個事實得出某一種結論，常位于主句之前。其語氣比because要弱，一般譯成“既然”。如：,Since you are here, why not stay for a few more days? 既然你在這里了，為什么不多待幾天呢？ ③as表示十分明顯的原因，常位于主句之前，用于說明因果關系，語氣較弱，常譯為“由于”。如： As its getting darker, we must go home now. 由于天變得越來越黑了，我們現(xiàn)在必須回家。 ④for是并列連詞，用于連接兩個并列句，表示推理或解釋，對前一個分句進行附加說明。如： It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 地面是濕的，昨天晚上肯定下雨了。,(2)此外，when還表示原因，意為“既然”；considering that“既然；考慮到”。如： It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes. 既然你步行5分鐘能輕松到那里，卻打的，真夠愚蠢的。 (3)其他表示原因的方式 除了狀語從句外，一些介詞短語同樣可以表示原因，這樣的短語有because of, thanks to, due to, owing to等。,5．目的狀語從句 引導目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest等。 (1)in order that與so that 兩個連詞意為“以便……；為了……”，引導的目的狀語從句中需用情態(tài)動詞。in order that比so that正式，引導的狀語從句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引導的從句只能置于主句之后。如：,Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. 我會慢慢說以便你能懂。 In order that we might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early. 為了看到日出，我們很早就出發(fā)去了山頂。 (2)for fear that, in case與lest 這些從屬連詞引導的目的狀語從句中謂語動詞要用“(should＋)動詞原形”，它本身帶有否定意義，相當于so that.not.或in order that.not.。如：,The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him. 那個男孩藏在樹后面，以防他父親看到他。 Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain. 帶上你的雨衣以防下雨。 6．比較狀語從句 比較狀語從句常用than, so (as)．as, the more.the more.等引導。比較狀語從句部分常是省略句。如： I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. 我犯的錯誤比你犯的錯誤多。 Mary is a student as good as Peter (is)． 瑪麗和彼得一樣都是好學生。,二、方法技巧總結 方法一：巧用固定結構 when是?？荚~之一，特別是在時間狀語從句中考查或在時態(tài)中考查。常用句式有： 1．sb. was doing sth. when. 2．sb. was about to do sth./on the point of doing sth. when. 3．sb. had just done sth. when.,[典題示例] He was about to say something more ________ a boy rushed in, gun in hand. 剖析：when 本題中有固定句式be about to do.when.。句意：他正想再說點什么，這時一個男孩沖了進來，手里拿著槍。,方法二：巧記正確形式 在as，however, whatever引導的讓步狀語從句中，都有adj.的提前，但是提前的位置是不一樣的，只有記牢正確形式，做題時才會得心應手。adj.＋as＋句子；however＋adj.＋句子，whatever＋(a/an)＋adj.＋n.＋句子，(特別注意主語前有名詞。) [典題示例] ________tough the voyage is, as long as Im with nature, I dont care. 剖析：However 考查however引導讓步狀語從句的結構，句意：不管航海旅行多么艱難，只要我能親近大自然，我就不在乎。,方法三：巧看句式結構 在復合句的考題中，要首先看一下有沒有and, or, but, so等并列連詞，這些詞可以作為做題的依據(jù)。 [典題示例] He was told many times，________ he still couldnt understand it. 剖析：but 由題目可知前后是相同的結構，所以用but表轉折，符合題意。,