2019-2020年高考英語 基礎知識練習 句子成分的講解素材.doc

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2019-2020年高考英語 基礎知識練習 句子成分的講解素材 目標 要求 1、了解句子的基本成分：主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語； 2、了解和運用五種基本句型：S V (主+謂)、S V P (主+系+表)、S V O (主+謂+賓)、S V o O (主+謂+間賓+直賓）、S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補)； 3、了解和熟練運用幾種類型的英語句子：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句 、簡單句、并列句和復合句。 一、 句子成分 知識要點 句子成分，即句子的組成成分。 在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關系，按照不同的關系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當。現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語，而英語的基本成分則有七種：主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、表語(predicative)、賓語(object)、定語(attribute)、狀語(adverbial) 和補語(plement)。 疑難突破 1. 主語（subject）：句子說明的人或事物。例如： He likes dancing. (代詞) The sun rises in the east. (名詞) Twenty years is a short time in history. (數(shù)詞) Seeing is believing. (動名詞) To see is to believe. (不定式) What he needs is a book. (主語從句) It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語) 2. 謂語（predicate）：說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征。例如： You study English. She is asleep. 3. 表語（predicative）：系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。例如： He is a teacher. (名詞) Seventy-four! You don’t look it. (代詞) Five and five is ten. (數(shù)詞) He is asleep. (形容詞) His father is in. (副詞) The picture is on the wall. (介詞短語) My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容詞化的分詞) To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. ” (不定式) The question is whether they will e. (表語從句) 注意：常見的系動詞有: be, sound (聽起來)， look(看起來)， feel(摸起來)，smell(聞起來)， taste(嘗、吃起來), remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感覺)等。例如： It sounds a good idea. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. 3. 賓語 （1）動作的承受者——動賓 例如： 1）I like China. (名詞) 2）He hates you. (代詞) 3）How many do you need? We need two. (數(shù)詞) 4）We should help the old and the poor. 5）I enjoy working with you. (動名詞) 6）I hope to see you again. (不定式) 7）Did you write down what he said? (賓語從句) （2）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞——介賓 1）Are you afraid of the snake? 2）Under the snow, there are many rocks. （3） 雙賓語——間賓(指人)和直賓(指物)。 例如： 1）She gave me a book yesterday. 2）Give the poor man some money. 4. 賓補：對賓語的補充，全稱為賓語補足語。例如： We elected him monitor. (名詞) We all think it a pity that she didn’t e here. (名) We will make them happy. (形容詞) We found nobody in. (副詞) Please make yourself at home. (介詞短語) Don’t let him do that. (省to的不定式) His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (帶to不定式) Don’t keep the lights burning. (現(xiàn)在分詞) I’ll have my bike repaired. (過去分詞) 5. 主補：對主語的補充。例如： He was elected monitor.（名詞） She was found singing in the next room.（現(xiàn)在分詞） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （不定式） 6. 定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。例如： Tom is a chemistry teacher.(名詞) He is our friend. (代詞) We belong to the third world. (數(shù)詞) He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容詞) The man over there is my old friend.(副詞) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞短語) The boys playing football are in Cla2. (現(xiàn)在分詞短語) The trees planted last year are growing well now. (過去分詞短語) I have an idea to do it well. (不定式) You should do everything that I do. (定語從句) 7. 狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。例如：(以下例句按上述順序排列) She will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well.