英語修辭及舉例說明.ppt

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English Rhetorics,,Simile明喻,是比喻的一種，是對兩種具有共同特征的事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比，表明本體和喻體的相似關(guān)系，兩者都在對比中出現(xiàn)，且常帶有比喻詞，如： Like/ seem / be something of / as /resemble/ comparable to /similar to / akin to/ be analogous to My love is like a red, red rose. (Robert Burns),Metaphor 暗喻,對兩種具有共同特征的事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比；所不同的是在形式上，暗喻中本體和喻體之間多通過Be 動詞來聯(lián)系。省掉比喻詞。 明喻：Life is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises . 暗喻： Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty, and dangerous surprises.,擬人：personification,本質(zhì)上是一種暗喻，其特點是賦予非人類范疇的東西一些人的特征。 The forest held its breath, and the trees seemed to listern intently. The sun kissed the green fields。 The thirsty desert drank up the water.,Metonymy 借代又稱換喻,是通過借用與某種事物密切相關(guān)的東西來表示該事物。例如用單詞word 來表示話語或者消息news， 用硬幣penny來表示錢 money. Word comes that the Chinese government will send a pair of giant pandas to the United States. This computer will cost you a pretty penny.,換稱 antonomasia,是借代的一種，所不同的是英語換稱中所用的專有名詞通常源于西方宗教、歷史以及文學(xué)作品中的專有名詞或者形象。如： Solomon 所羅門------a wise man 聰明人， 出自圣經(jīng) Judas 猶大------ a traitor 叛徒，出自圣經(jīng) Helen 海倫----------紅顏禍水，美女海倫為斯巴達王的王后，因她被帕里斯拐去而引起特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭。 Venus 維納斯--------Beauty 美的化身，出自古希臘神話。 Reform is a Pandora’s box; opening up the system can lead to a loss of economic and political control.,提喻 synecdoche,是比喻的一種，主要特點是以局部代表全體，或以全體喻指部分，或以抽象代表具體，或以具體代抽象。與換喻（借代）相比，提喻的本體和喻體之間的關(guān)系較單純。 He has many mouths to feed in his family mouth ----people They counted fifty sails in the harbour sails ------ships He is a valiant heart heart -----man 提喻的本體與喻體之間的關(guān)系是局部—全體，具體—抽象之間的關(guān)系，而換喻的本體與喻體之間的關(guān)系更為復(fù)雜。,類比 analogy,將兩類本質(zhì)上不同的事物之間的共同點加以比較，在形式上很像比喻，也用比喻詞。常用來闡釋復(fù)雜的概念。類比最常見的句型為 A is to B as C is to D Food is to the body as fuel is to the engine. Shoe is to foot as tire is to wheel Followers are to a leader as planets are to a sun 當(dāng)要解釋一個比較抽象的概念時，類比可以很好地幫助你將概念形象化，具體化。 Don’t worry about the future,; or worry---but know that worrying is as effective as trying to solve an algebra equation by chewing bubble gum.,仿擬 parody,是一種通過人們熟知的某個諺語、格言、名劇乃至文章體裁適當(dāng)?shù)馗念^換面而構(gòu)成的一種頗為新奇的表達方式。它既仿照又變化。 Hatred begets hatred . 怨怨相報。-------- Tragedy begets tragedy . Lie begets lie. No pains, no gains. ----- Not root, no fruit,,仿擬是學(xué)習(xí)英文格言美句的好辦法，在仿擬的過程中， 還可以對固有的詞組和諺語進行創(chuàng)新和改動，以達到修辭的效果。 Lady hermits who are down but not out (down and out 窮困潦倒) 窮困而不潦倒的女隱士們。,蟬聯(lián)（anadiplosis）,是重復(fù)（repetition）一種變形，即在后一句的開頭重復(fù)前句末尾的詞語。 They call for you: the general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor They have promised to finish the work and finish it they will.,回環(huán)（regression）,回環(huán)（regression）也是一種重復(fù)，它在一個句子或短文中以相反的順序重復(fù)前面出現(xiàn)過的詞語。回環(huán)是構(gòu)成名言警句的常見手段，有很強的生命力。 It is better to make friends fast than to make fast friends. 交友要誠摯，而不是輕率地交朋友。 Flowers are lovely; lovely is flower like. 花兒可愛，可人兒如花。 Better to know everything of something than something of everything. 精通有限的領(lǐng)域，勝過萬事都只知道點皮毛。（培根）,反語 (irony),又稱為諷刺，通過使用與本義相反的詞表示本意，來達到一種嘲弄、贊揚、幽默的效果。當(dāng)然，詞匯手段只是反語表達的一種。 When the doctor came, they said she had died of heart disease----of joy that kills. It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket. 言語上的反語往往需要配合上下文來理解，它不盡然表達批評或諷刺，有些時候也能表達贊揚和幽默。,反論 （paradox）,又稱逆論或者是似是而非的雋語，即乍聽似乎荒唐而實際上卻有道理的某種說法。 More haste, less speed. What is improbable is extremely probable. From disaster fortune comes, in fortune lurks disaster. Extremes meet 物極必反 A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody 人人友，非真友。 Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.,,小提示： 反論常常包含有趣的哲學(xué)思辨，是構(gòu)成俗語的重要手段。圣經(jīng)中就有許多內(nèi)涵豐富的反論。 Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be you therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves… 我差你們?nèi)?，如同羊進入狼群；所以你們要靈巧像蛇，馴良如鴿。,矛盾修辭法 oxymoron,用兩種不調(diào)和、甚至截然相反的特征來形容一項事物，在矛盾中尋求哲理，以達到修辭效果。它是反論的一種濃縮形式。 Can enemies become mortal friends ? 敵人能成為不共戴天的朋友嗎？ England Harrison worte a book with the title A savage Civilization The parental discipline can be described as cruel kindness.,小提示： 從結(jié)構(gòu)上，可以把矛盾修辭法的兩個相反詞義關(guān)系分位反義關(guān)系和準(zhǔn)反義關(guān)系。其中準(zhǔn)反義關(guān)系的為多。 反義關(guān)系： Idiotic wisdom 愚蠢的智慧 Victorious defeat 勝利的失敗 Crowded solitude 擁擠的獨處 Bitterly happy 苦澀的愉快 準(zhǔn)反義關(guān)系 Cold fire 寒冷的火焰 Sweet sorrow 甜蜜的悲傷 Absolutely right 絕對的正確 A woman of devastating beauty 傾國傾城的美女,同源格（paregmenon）,同源修辭格是一種特殊的重復(fù)，即通過使用同一詞源的不同詞性或不同含義的幾個詞，取得重復(fù)強調(diào)或反襯對照的效果。 It will destroy the wisdom of the wise 這會損智者的智慧。 He has died a glorious death. 他光榮就義。 Home is home though never so homely. 華麗乎，簡陋乎，家總是家。 Money often unmakes the men who make it. 金錢經(jīng)常能瓦解那些創(chuàng)造它的人。 Man must change in a changing world. 人必須在變化著的世界里不斷變化。,,小提示： 英語詞形的特殊構(gòu)成（詞根、前綴、后綴）使其富于同源詞，許多英文的名人雋語都是用同源格構(gòu)成的。 Love sought is good, but given unsought is better. (Shakespeare) 千尋百覓得來的愛情固然好，佳偶天成則更美妙。 雙關(guān) 雙關(guān)（pun）是英語修辭的一種常見形式。它巧妙地利用同音異義或者同形異義現(xiàn)象使一個詞語或句子具有兩種不同的含義。 We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin Franklin) (團結(jié)、絞死) The friendly gardner had a lot of thyme(time) for the woman. 那位和善的園丁留了許多百里香（與“時間”諧音）給那個女人。,平行對照（antithesis）,是在對照的基礎(chǔ)上形成的一種并列結(jié)構(gòu)，通過并列兩組內(nèi)涵反差強大的詞，強調(diào)其差異，有力地解釋它們是一個整體的兩個相反組成的側(cè)面。(在理解時，可以把平行對照看作對照（contrast）和平行（parallelism的疊加。）) I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. That’s one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind.,移就（Transferred epithet）,簡單地說，就是把通常用來修飾甲類名詞的形容詞用來修飾乙類詞。而其轉(zhuǎn)移修飾的理由往往是由于乙類詞引起了感官或者情感上對甲類詞的共鳴。 There was an amazed silence. Slowly Alexander turned away. 那時鴉雀無聲。然后亞歷山大緩慢地轉(zhuǎn)身離開。 The big man crashed down on a protesting chair. 那個肥胖的男人坐在椅子上，椅子不住地發(fā)出吱吱呀呀的響聲。 He had some cheerful wine at the party. 聚會時他喝了些使人渾身來勁兒的酒。,,IBM has a quite handsome increase of productivity this year. IBM公司今年的生產(chǎn)率有了大幅度的提高。 The new tendency has raised many a conservative eyebrow. 這種新趨勢引起了許多保守派人士的非難。 小提示： 移就又可以被細(xì)分為通感（synesthesia） 、移情（empathy）和轉(zhuǎn)類(transferred epithet)。,,夸張（hyperbole） 通過豐富的想象，在數(shù)量、形狀或程度上加以渲染以增強表達效果。 Thanks a million. They almost died laughing. Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. I’m starving. From his mouth flowed speech sweeter than money.,委婉語 （euphemism）,用文雅、溫和、含混的話語替代直接、生硬、直露的話語。它是一種常用的語言的變通形式。 The student is a bit slow for his age. (The student is stupid) Probally he was to devote himself more diligently to his studies. (The student is lazy) The baby wanted to answer nature’s call (The baby wanted to pass urine.) He is likely to embroider the truth a bit. (He lies.),頭韻（alliteration）,是一種非常優(yōu)美的修辭手段，它通過連續(xù)使用兩個或多個首字母或首音節(jié)相同的單詞，形成一種形式和音韻的美。 The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 舒爽的清風(fēng)吹，雪白的泡沫飛，積雪自在地跟隨。 Mere prattle without practice is all his soldiership. (Shakespeare) 光談理論，缺乏實戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗，這就是他當(dāng)兵的德行。,,小提示： 英語中德繞口令（tongue-twister）,就是頭韻的集中體現(xiàn)。 Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers. 彼得.帕普挑了一盒腌辣椒。,,,