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編號(hào)
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
相關(guān)資料
題目： 自動(dòng)立體車庫結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923160
學(xué)生姓名： 秦 棟
指導(dǎo)教師： 黃敏 （職稱： 副教授 ）
（職稱： ）
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
開題報(bào)告
題目： 自動(dòng)立體車庫結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923160
學(xué)生姓名： 秦 棟
指導(dǎo)教師：黃 敏 （職稱： 副教授 ）
（職稱： ）
2012年11月25日
課題來源
自擬。
科學(xué)依據(jù)（包括課題的科學(xué)意義；國內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢；應(yīng)用前景等）
（1） 課題科學(xué)意義
隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)快速的發(fā)展，城市交通擁堵和停車難的問題成了影響城市發(fā)展的重要因素之一，傳統(tǒng)的車庫己經(jīng)不能適應(yīng)城市發(fā)展的要求，再加上我國汽車保有量的不斷增加，自動(dòng)立體車庫成為解決這一問題的必然途徑。
而自動(dòng)立體車庫的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)是車庫建設(shè)及運(yùn)行的重要環(huán)節(jié)，其設(shè)計(jì)水平與質(zhì)量直接影響到用戶的安全和建造成本。合理的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)可最大限度的利用有限的土地空間，緩解城市中停車難的問題。
（2） 自動(dòng)立體車庫的研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景
國外的機(jī)械式立體車庫發(fā)源于上世紀(jì)20年代的美國，50年代以后，伴隨著小汽車的大量增加，在西歐、東南亞、韓國和日本立體車庫也得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，并形成了一個(gè)包括制造、安裝、使用和維修的行業(yè)完整體系。這些國家和公司從上世紀(jì)六十年代初就開發(fā)并使用可最大限度地利用空間的機(jī)械式停車設(shè)備，經(jīng)過幾十年的不斷發(fā)展，自動(dòng)立體車庫從結(jié)構(gòu)、控制、驅(qū)動(dòng)、監(jiān)測等方面不斷地更新?lián)Q代，日趨完善。而自動(dòng)立體車庫的外形也發(fā)生了較大的變化，使原來生硬機(jī)械鋼架子的立體車庫變成了一道獨(dú)特的城市景觀。
我國從二十世紀(jì)八十年代開始使用機(jī)械式停車設(shè)備，到如今經(jīng)過近30年的發(fā)展歷史，尤其是2000年以后得到了高速發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在我國的自動(dòng)立體車庫行業(yè)正處于快速發(fā)展階段并很快進(jìn)入穩(wěn)定發(fā)展階段，未來市場巨大。尤其在，我國的大中型城市中，自動(dòng)立體車庫需要巨大。但用戶對產(chǎn)品的要求有兩點(diǎn)，第一點(diǎn)是降低產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格，第二點(diǎn)是提高產(chǎn)品技術(shù)和性能。隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，城市規(guī)劃不斷完善，自動(dòng)立體車庫將使一個(gè)充滿生機(jī)的朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè)，它的技術(shù)將得到長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展。
研究內(nèi)容
① 了解自動(dòng)立體車庫的工作原理，國內(nèi)外的研究發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀；
② 完成自動(dòng)立體車庫的總體方案設(shè)計(jì)；
③ 完成有關(guān)零部件的選型計(jì)算、結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度校核及液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)；
④ 熟練掌握有關(guān)計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖軟件，并繪制裝配圖和零件圖紙；
⑤ 完成設(shè)計(jì)說明書的撰寫，并翻譯外文資料1篇。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
根據(jù)車輛形狀及大小和車庫所在場所設(shè)計(jì)出車庫的初步結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方案。然后對每個(gè)關(guān)鍵部件進(jìn)行校核并進(jìn)行修改，完成車庫的總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方案，并根據(jù)實(shí)際情況選擇液壓系統(tǒng)并設(shè)計(jì)液壓管路和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，最后繪制完成修改零件和關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)部件圖。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃：
2012年11月12日-2013年1月20日：按照任務(wù)書要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告書。
2013年1月21日-2013年3月15日：填寫畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告,學(xué)習(xí)并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的英文材料。
2013年3月16日-2013年3月22日：立體車庫結(jié)構(gòu)初步設(shè)計(jì)。
2013年3月23日-2013年4月20日：繪制裝配圖校核后并進(jìn)行修改。
2013年4月21日-2013年5月 3 日：繪制相關(guān)零件圖。
2013年5月 4 日-2013年5月10日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫。
2013年5月 6日-2013年 5月20日：畢業(yè)論文修改工作。
預(yù)期成果：
完成車庫主體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，關(guān)鍵部件校核，傳動(dòng)部件及液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
① 自動(dòng)立體車庫結(jié)構(gòu)較為緊湊，可有效利用空間。
② 適用于小規(guī)模車庫和地下車庫改造且費(fèi)用較低。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題
① 現(xiàn)已有大規(guī)模立體車庫的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的資料。
② 要將車庫小型化，完善結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)并加入液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見
教研室主任簽名：
年 月 日
系意見
主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名：
年 月 日
英文原文
THE 6 LAYERS STEREO GARAGE DESIGN BASED ON OMRON PLC
Zhuoran Zhang Department of Electrical & Engineering Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China E-mail: Harry zzr@126.com
Zhe Mao, Hailing Wan Department of Electrical & Engineering Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China E-mail:maozhe998@ sina.com
Abstract—with the development of the modern society, the number of the vehicles in these cities has been increasing with an exponential speed; especially the private cars, putting a great pressure on urban transportation and parking slot. This article is mainly concerned about the entire structure, running procedure and electrical system design including hardware and program design ideas for lifting-traversing stereo garage, which will not only shorten the developing period but also orient parking to centralization and automation direction; Owning some reference value.
Keywords- Stereo Garage, Omron PLC, Design
Insufficient parking slots is resulted from the development of the cities, economy and transportation of the cities, the traditional garages are always making the use of the nature vacancy, in a community, the ratio between parking slots and residents is approximately 1:1, one parking slot for a family at least, in order to solve the contradiction that the parking slots using precious commercial land, the stereo mechanical garages with the advantage of the average parking slot takes of less area have been gradually in front of us. Compared with the traditional underground parking garage, the stereo garages have more advantages. First of all, the stereo garages can save more area. The traditional ways must be amassed driving path for vehicles, averagely, a car will take up 40m2 If we take multi-layers garage (6 layers) in to consideration, it is possible for 13 cars to park in the area of 50m2, which will save lots of land resources and land construction expenditure. Meanwhile, the stereo garage could guarantee the safety of the people and their cars. If there is anybody in the garage or the cars are not fully stopped, the system controlled by electrical equipment will not run either. It means that, in the scale of the management, the mechanical garage could separate the people and vehicles, which makes it more systematically. Especially for underground garages, install this kind of garage will save a large area of illumination system, so it is also emerge conservation and environment protection.
Ⅰ.THE CLASSIFICATION AND IMPLEMENT BACKDROP OF THE STEREO GARAGE
A.THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STEREO GARAGE
According to the present development of the stereo garage, the stereo garage is including lifting-traversing, roadway stacking, vertical lifting, vertical circulating, circle level circulation; The concept of the stereo garage is all from automatic logistic material transmitting system. [3]The purpose of the stereo garage is to solve the parking problem in developed cities, that is make use of limited area to park more vehicles so as to save land resources of the cities and manage the static transportation of the urban. This article gives out a way to design lifting-traversing stereo garage based on Omron PLC CP1H, which could extend to solve relevant projects.
B. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LIFTING-TRAVERSING STEREO GARAGE.
The modularization concept is imported in lifting-traversing stereo garage. It can be designed into two to five layers or half underground type, the number of the slot is from tens to hundreds. This kind of garage is suitable for both above ground and underground, the characteristics could be generalized as less occupation of land, simple structure, flexible configuration, lower cost in construction, decoration and fire protection and short period of construction; Safe and convenient for saving and taking cars; Smoothly operation, lower noise during running. [4] It is also appropriate for commercial, bureau and residential use. The safety equipment mainly is photoelectrical sensors, limiting displacement protector and emergency switch.
C. THE ENTIRE FRAME OF THE SYSTEM
As the fig. l representing, besides the central controller PLC, the stereo garage system could be divided into three sections: I. Mechanical System; It includes column, beam, carrying board, vehicle frame, hooks and etc. II. Electrical System; this section is the core of this article, which controls the whole system to operate. III. Touching Panel; it is the port from which operators and the system exchanging messages, operators could not only operate the system, but also in the situation of the malfunction, it could let operator enter the manual or debugging mode.
Figure 1. The structure of the system Figure 2. Touch Screen (Auto running and Manual)
? THE MAIN HARDWARE OF THE SYSTEM
We mainly use the Omron PLC CPH1, on considering the control requirement and the cost, we adopting CP1HX40DR-A PLC, the programming ways are ladder diagram or ST instruction list. The instruction length is 1 to 7 steps per instruction, each I/O relays has 1600 ports, USB 1.1 for communication.
The display part, we import screen of WEINVIEW MT6056i series, the screen material is TFT, 5.6 inches, and the resolution is 320x234, with USB2.0 port supporting downloading. The frequency of the CPU is 400 MHz, 128RAM.
D.THE SYSTEM STR UCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
The mechanical parts cooperating with electrical system are carrying board, hooks and chains. There are 6 slots on each layer besides 7 slots on the top layer, totally 37 slots, the purpose for one slot empty on each layer is that making enough space for carrying board to move. The carrying boards of the first floor only design to traverse, also the top floor carrying boards are only supposed to lift. The other carrying boards among these floors are designed to life and traverse. In this way, this system could achieve the saving and taking from any slots among these 6 layers.
In addition, this system has a touch screen system, which switches between auto run and manual debugging mode. Under the auto run mode, it could select a certain slot to accomplish saving and taking behavior, at the same time, monitoring the operation of the system. (Green words "System Running" in auto mode without malfunction). When failure occurs, the system seized and on screen flashing yellow failure code with red backdrop, with the help of the failure code, the professional operator could recognize and eliminate the failures promptly and accurately. On considering more authorities are given in manual debugging mode, to preclude unprofessional persons enter the mode by chance, before enter the mode, there is a cipher verification, in which the sequence could be set by ourselves. This would protect the system from potential dangers.
Figure 2 is the graph of system auto running, manual and debugging.
Ⅱ. THE COMPOSURE OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
A. STRONG ELECTRICITY SYSTEM
The strong power system includes power supply, protection and driving mechanism, here is electronic motors. Installing XJ3-D on the forepart of the power supply wire, which is used to protect phase sequence of the three-phase voltage, so that guarantee the right rotation of the motors. Moreover, the motors on some layers use the same three-phase voltage.
B.THE SET OF THE MOTORS
There are 6 traversing motors on the first layer, 6 traversing motors for 2 to 5 layers each, and so it is with lifting motors for 2 to 5 layers. The top layers have only 7 lifting motors. After setting the motors, mark every motor. For example, the motor driving the third slot of the second layer, we mark it with "23", the relay before the motor are named KM23. Here series connect all the motors' thermal protection, any motor's problem will stop the system. In this way, it has no influence on the stability of the system, but lowers the cost. At the same time, make it easier to find the problems. (What we need to do is press the thermal protection switch one by one).
C .WEAK POWER SYSTEM
The weak power system is also the control system, which are mainly the PLC mode and its 5 extended modules, also the sensors. As the figure below, on the right is the input part, DC 24V, on the left, is the output section, AC 220V, to connect with contactors and drive them. These device's functions have close relationships with the entire system's control requirements. On the above of the graph, the protection equipment are emergency switch, installed beside the touching panel, emergency only, trigger it, the system stops; Front and back photoelectrical sensors, which are used to detect people or unidentified objects breaking into the system, if this happens, the system would stop then response with photoelectrical failure, the goal is to protect the people and the vehicles. The phase sequence protection has been illustrated before; Over current protection normally activated under the motor stuck; All the margin switches series connected, cult the main power when any carrying board exceed the limiting position.
Limit switches including up ones and down ones or left and right limit switches. In order to achieve the controlling requirements, the level limit switches are installed on the both side of the each slot frame, while the vertical limit switches are installed on the chain which attached to the motor. It is necessary to point out that the first layer only installed down and left right limit switches, the top layer only installed up switches these switches could sense the position of the carrying boards, helping to finish the lifting and traversing control; Hook position sensors is to fix the vehicles and sense the slot empty or not.
The output points"00 04 05 06 07" are to select different phase for each layer, so control the motors' rotation ways.
Figure 3. PLC Modules (Segment)
There are other 4 extended modules, which only give more I/O ports to the system, similar to this main part.
Ⅲ. OPERATION PROCEDURE
A. TAKING PROCEDURE
As far as the first layer concerned, it is only designed to traverse, so as to make space to upper layer's carrying boards to move downward. So do the other layers, which are designed to traverse. When traversing meet the requirements, lifting mechanism will run to put the carrying board down, finishing the saving and taking procedure. During the procedure the photoelectrical sensors are open and will behave as fore part has explained. In figure 2A, is the taking condition, at this time "Loading" will flash until the taking procedure finishes.
When we enter "51", the system will distinguish whether the operation is a taking or a saving according to the hook of the 51 slot. Then prints the message responded to the state of the hook on the screen, the operator could confirm the operation or cancel it. On confirming, the 51 carrying board will wait for its downward boards to finish the traversing move then moving down. In addition, a timer is added to this control module in order to preclude level limit switches malfunction, resulting into the traversing move time up. If the time for traversing move exceeds the set time, the system will warn the operator "traversing move time up" which displays on the screen, the operator could check out the failure. The up limit switches are used to sense whether the carrying boards are stopped at their routine slots, which the level switches can't finish. Maybe one carrying board stuck between two layers. Only do all the upper layers' carrying boards stop at their routine slots, the selected carrying board's lifting move is activated. A timer is also set into the lifting control, with the same function as traversing timer. The elevator carries the vehicle down to the ground, release the hook, now the photoelectrical signal shut down, and waiting for the owners to take their vehicle. On driving away the vehicle and operator's confirming the photoelectrical signal resumes, the carrying board back to its slot from the down way.
Figure 4. The flowchart of the taking and saving procedure
B. SAVING PROCEDURE
The saving process is based on taking procedure, so they are familiar; the only difference is the hook move.
Ⅳ. SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING AND PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
A.SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT AND ITS LANGUAGE
In this system, we choose Omron CX-ONE 3.0 to program the PLC. The language for programming is classic ladder diagram. On considering the stereo garages are installed in different condition and requirement of different users, the scale of the stereo garages should be flexible, for example different layers or slots. In order to meet the different scales requirements, the program is modularized, only need to change the I/O ports, the logical relations in the ladder diagram are fixed. In this way, it is not only with highly compatibility but also shortens the period to develop relevant designs and make it easier to debugging and repair.
B.MODULARIZED PROGRAM
Conditional jumps are widely used in the programming; the entire program consists of different modules, on certain conditions, the program jumps.
As illustrated before, there are only two movements for a carrying board, lifting or traversing, beside the boards of first and top layers. The condition for the fifth could traverse is all the upper layers slots' up limiting switches closed. Then "Traverse OK" is activated, and then the program will make analysis of the operation until meet set conditions, the program jumps. For the lifting movements are always with the downward movements, so program the downward standards, the system will run. The entire program is programmed with this method, above the passage, is only a traversing OK and vertical move OK module. Similarly, modules of a fixed slot, for example slot "21". "21 Traversing Move", "21 Vertical Move"; for whole system, "Emergency Stop and Protection", "Button Select", "System Monitor" and "Debugging" modules, which cooperate with each other to accomplish the control and monitor.
Figure 5. Monitoring and Display module (Segment)
Fig. 5 is the segment program of the monitoring module, all the motors' protection series connected, so are the phase sequence protection and margin switches. Any of them change; PLC will transfer messages to the screen, which displays. Meanwhile, cults off the main KM, the system stops.
Ⅵ.A BRIEF SUMMARY
This paper introduces lift shifting type six floors of three-dimensional garage design method based on Omron CP1HX40DR-A controller, completing the requirements of three-dimensional garage for city vehicle management toward the direction of automation and centralization. This design can be used to restore occupied pavement, reduce preempting, and ensure safety, in addition that it could reduce traffic congestion time, reducing the injury. On this basis, the problem has been thoroughly eliminated, including various vehicles disorderly stopping and parting in disorder, and the appearance of parking places with dirty, disorderly and poor, thus protecting vehicles away from lost, being damaged and stolen. Finally, the road is giving back to the vehicles and pedestrians, the lawn to the green space, the environment of the neat civilization life to the modern metropolis.
The development cycle has been greatly shortened, based on the design about three-dimensional garage design of PLC controller. This is also a kind of inevitable of the electrification, digital and automation advancement. The thoughts and methods of this design can be applied to other scale garage and relevant problems of design.
REFERENCES
[1] [1] Huo Gang. Application and programmer of the CP1HPLC. China Machine Press [M], 2009.1
[2] [2] Omron Power program. Omron Corporation (China), 2008
[3] [3] BoSen Ren.General situation of Chinese mechanical parking equipment. Celebrated manufacturers of parking equipment and peripherals directory [J] :PP5-7
[4] [4] Lekang Yu Dongxiao Zuo.The development of mechanical parking. [J] Technology and management of construction machinery. 1999 1:PP 30-32
[5] [5] Fuen Zhang ? Younai Wu.Principle ? design ? set up and maintenance of AC variable speed elevator. [M] China Machine Press 1999
中文譯文
基于歐姆龍可編程序控制器的6層立體車庫設(shè)計(jì)
Zhuoran Zhang 電氣工程 武漢理工大學(xué) 武漢，中國
電子郵件：Harry zzr@126.com
Zhe Mao, Hailing Wan 電氣工程 武漢理工大學(xué) 武漢，中國
電子郵件：maozhe998@sina.com
摘要：
隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展，許多城市的車輛數(shù)量正在一直以指數(shù)的速度快速增加，特別是私家車。這些情況對這些城市交通和停車造成了巨大的壓力。這篇文章主要內(nèi)容是關(guān)注立體車庫的整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，運(yùn)行程序和電氣系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)等方面，其中包括硬件方案的設(shè)計(jì)思路，以及提升立體車庫整體性能。這不僅將能縮短立體車庫的開發(fā)周期，也促進(jìn)停車場向集中化和自動(dòng)化方向發(fā)展,對立體車庫設(shè)計(jì)有一定的參考價(jià)值。
關(guān)鍵詞：立體車庫，歐姆龍PLC，設(shè)計(jì)
停車位不足是導(dǎo)致城市經(jīng)濟(jì)和交通的發(fā)展放緩的主要原因之一，而傳統(tǒng)車庫的一直使用是導(dǎo)致停車位不足的重要因素。在一個(gè)社區(qū)中停車位和居民家庭比例約為1:1，也就是一個(gè)家庭中至少有一個(gè)停車位，而為了解決這一矛盾而使用寶貴的商業(yè)用地是不可取的。在停車場中立體機(jī)械車庫的主要優(yōu)勢就是相同車位的停車場需要的占地面積較少，這一優(yōu)勢已經(jīng)逐步在我們面前展現(xiàn)出來。相比與傳統(tǒng)的地下停車場車庫，立體車庫有更多的優(yōu)勢。首先，立體車庫可以節(jié)省更多的占地面積。以傳統(tǒng)的方法停車的停車場必須考慮車輛的行駛軌跡問題，而平均一輛車需要至少40平方米進(jìn)行停車操作。如果我們考慮使用地是多層的立體車庫（6層），有可能停放在該區(qū)域的車輛可達(dá)13輛，而占地面積僅為50平方米，這將節(jié)省大量寶貴的土地資源和土地建設(shè)成本。同時(shí)，立體車庫能保證他人和汽車的安全。如果在車庫有任何人活動(dòng)或汽車沒有完全停止，電氣設(shè)備的控制系統(tǒng)將無法正常運(yùn)行。這意味著，在規(guī)模的機(jī)械車庫管理時(shí)可實(shí)現(xiàn)人車分離，這使得立體車庫更自動(dòng)化，特別是對于地下車庫。安裝這種車庫的地下停車場將省去大面積的照明系統(tǒng)，因此它的出現(xiàn)可以節(jié)約大量的能源并可以保護(hù)周邊的環(huán)境免遭破壞。
Ⅰ.立體車庫的背景分類與實(shí)現(xiàn)
A.立體車庫的分類
根據(jù)現(xiàn)在立體車庫的發(fā)展，可將它分為巷道堆垛式立體車庫，垂直升降式立體車庫，垂直循環(huán)式式立體車庫，圓形水平循環(huán)式立體車庫等。立體車庫的概念是從自動(dòng)化的物料傳送系統(tǒng)演變而來。[3]立體車庫的使用目的是為了解決停車難的問題，尤其在發(fā)達(dá)的城市中，這是為了使有限的區(qū)域內(nèi)停放更多的車輛，以節(jié)省發(fā)達(dá)城市的土地資源的靜態(tài)交通管理系統(tǒng)。本文提出了一個(gè)簡單的方式來設(shè)計(jì)基于歐姆龍可編程序控制器CP1H的立體升降車庫，這可以擴(kuò)展到解決相關(guān)項(xiàng)目的立體車庫設(shè)計(jì)難題。
B.簡要介紹了升降橫移立體車庫
模塊化設(shè)計(jì)在進(jìn)口的升降橫動(dòng)立體車庫設(shè)計(jì)中是很重要的。它可以設(shè)計(jì)為兩到五層或半地下型車庫，車位的數(shù)目可以從幾十到幾百個(gè)。這種車庫合適于地上和地下建造車庫的特點(diǎn)，它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)可概括為占用土地少，操作簡單，結(jié)構(gòu)配置靈活，建設(shè)成本更