環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)第一章unit.ppt

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環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ),ProfessionalEnglishforenvironmentalengineering,遵守上課紀(jì)律，不要遲到、早退授課方式：朗讀專業(yè)單詞、翻譯、以小組形式討論[制作PPT，上臺(tái)講解(占15）的成績(jī)）]考試方式：開(kāi)卷，90min考試內(nèi)容：書(shū)本上、課外降解的單詞；句子的中英文翻譯成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定：平時(shí)成績(jī)30%；考試成績(jī)70%相互溝通,PART1INTRODUCTIONTOENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,Unit1Text:EnvironmentalEngineering環(huán)境工程,Theobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinarystudyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem本書(shū)的目的是使工科和理科學(xué)生對(duì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題的跨學(xué)科的研究有所了解：環(huán)境問(wèn)題的起因，環(huán)境問(wèn)題受關(guān)注的原因，如何控制環(huán)境問(wèn)題。Informationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances造成環(huán)境破壞的基本原因Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem了解環(huán)境問(wèn)題的性質(zhì)并且量化環(huán)境問(wèn)題所必需的基本科學(xué)知識(shí)Currentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater,airandpollutionproblems環(huán)境控制技術(shù)在水、大氣和固廢污染問(wèn)題方面應(yīng)用的現(xiàn)狀,Considerablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnature在理解和控制在人類活動(dòng)和自然界復(fù)雜的相互作用上所需的科學(xué)知識(shí)的巨大差異Manyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsociety’slackofwilltodoso,orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso.很多環(huán)境問(wèn)題利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)是能夠得到消除或降低的，但為什么卻沒(méi)有實(shí)施，原因就在于社會(huì)不愿意去做，或者缺乏必需的資源。,Environmentisthephysicalandbiotichabitatwhichsurroundsus;thatwhichwecansee,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.環(huán)境：是指我們周圍的物理和生物生境，我們可以看到，聽(tīng)到，觸到，聞到和感受到這些事物。System.accordingtoWehster’sdictionary,isdefinedas“asetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;as,asolarsystem,irrigationsystem,supplysystem,theworldoruniverse”.系統(tǒng)：根據(jù)韋氏字典的定義，就是“一系列有聯(lián)系或有關(guān)系的事物形成的一個(gè)有機(jī)整體或一個(gè)單元”，像太陽(yáng)系、灌溉系統(tǒng)、供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)、世界或宇宙。,Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.污染可以定義為空氣、水和陸地的物理、化學(xué)或生物性能受到了被迫性的改變，對(duì)人類的健康、生存和活動(dòng)或其他生命機(jī)體造成了傷害Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing.theword“environment”broadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial,economic,andculturalaspects.當(dāng)改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量目標(biāo)用來(lái)改善人體健康時(shí)，環(huán)境這個(gè)詞的含義就拓寬到包括各種社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化方面。,Suchbroadnessisunworkableinmanyrealsituationsandimpracticalinatextbookdesignedforaone-semestercourse.事實(shí)上，這樣的擴(kuò)展對(duì)許多情況是不可行的，而且在教科書(shū)上設(shè)定為一個(gè)學(xué)期的課程也是不切實(shí)際的。Ourexaminationofenvironmentalproblemsisthereforelimitedbyourdefinitionof“environment”.因此，我們對(duì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題的應(yīng)對(duì)受我們的“環(huán)境”定義的限定Anumberofdifferentenvironmentalproblemsareassociatedwithwater,air,orlandsystems.許多不同的環(huán)境問(wèn)題跟水、大氣和土壤圈密切相關(guān),Manyoftheseproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofthesesystems,justifyingthebreakdownintothesecategories.而許多問(wèn)題只適用于其中一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，正因?yàn)榇诉@也說(shuō)明了上述分類的合理性Moreover,itissensiblebecause,formanagerialandadministrativereasons,suchsubfieldsasairpollution,watersupply,wastewaterdisposal,andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies.并且從行政管理方面看也是合理的，空氣污染、供水、廢水處理和固體廢物處置，這些單個(gè)環(huán)境問(wèn)題都被政府部門(mén)分開(kāi)單獨(dú)處理Unfortunately,manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfinedtoanair,water,orlandsystem,butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems.事實(shí)上，許多重大的環(huán)境問(wèn)題并不局限于大氣、水或土壤圈中的某個(gè)單一系統(tǒng)，而是各系統(tǒng)之間相互作用。,Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehensionofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem.這種分類方法有助于我們更好的理解同一系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)問(wèn)題。Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfromtheemissionofsulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacksofgeneratingstations,smelters,andautomobileexhausts.一個(gè)典型的例子是由于從許多發(fā)電站、冶煉廠和汽車尾氣向大氣釋放的二氧化硫和氮氧化物造成的酸雨問(wèn)題。,Thesegasesarethentransportedbyaircurrentsoverwideregions,Rainfall“washesthemout”,creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife,forests,andagriculturalcrops.這些氣體被氣流輸送到更廣的區(qū)域，然后經(jīng)降雨的沖刷后形成了酸雨，這對(duì)水生生物、森林和農(nóng)作物有危害。Twoexamplesofinteractionbetweensystemsthatcausemajorenvironmentaldisturbancesarepresented-thebuildupofatmosphericcarbondioxide,aglobalproblem.andtheacidrainproblem,normallyofregionalnature.對(duì)各系統(tǒng)間的相互作用造成了較大的環(huán)境破壞這里給出了兩個(gè)例子，一個(gè)是全球性問(wèn)題即大氣中二氧化碳的逐漸增加，另一個(gè)是酸雨問(wèn)題，通常是區(qū)域性問(wèn)題。,Theproductionofmoreandbetterqualityfood越來(lái)越豐富、越來(lái)越好吃的食品Thecreationofhousingasprotectionfromextremesfromclimatesandaslivingspace創(chuàng)造了可以保護(hù)我們免受極端氣候并作為生活空間的房子Thebuildingoffastandreliablemeansoftransportation方便快捷的交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)Theinventionofvarioussystemsofcommunication各類通訊系統(tǒng)的發(fā)明Theinventionofmachinestoreplacehumanoranimalpower代替人力和動(dòng)物的機(jī)器發(fā)明Thesupplyofsafewaterandthedisposalofwastes安全引用水的供應(yīng)與廢物的處置Theeliminationofmanyinfectiousdiseases許多傳染病的消滅,Theeliminationofmostwater-bornediseasesinthedevelopedworldthroughimprovedwatertechnology在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家通過(guò)改進(jìn)水處理工藝消除了大多數(shù)水傳染病Theavailabilityofleisuretimethroughgreaterproductivity,providingtheopportunityforculturalandrecreationalactivities由于高效的生產(chǎn)效率，用于文化娛樂(lè)的時(shí)間增加了Theprotectionfromtheworsteffectsofnaturaldisasterssuchasfloods,droughts,earthquakes,andvolcaniceruptions.保護(hù)我們不受例如洪水、干旱、地震和火山噴發(fā)等自然災(zāi)害的惡劣影響,Withtheseimprovements,however,havecomedisturbingsideeffects,suchaslostarableland,disappearingforests,environmentalpollution,andneworganismsresistanttocontrols.盡管有所改進(jìn)，但也帶來(lái)了負(fù)面效應(yīng)，比如可耕地的消失、森林的消失、環(huán)境污染和新生物入侵等。Manyeffectsoriginallyconsideredtobejustnuisancesarenowrecognizedaspotentialthreatstonatureandtohuman.許多影響一開(kāi)始被認(rèn)為只是一點(diǎn)小問(wèn)題，但現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)識(shí)到對(duì)自然和人類都存在潛在的危害。,Inanagrariansociety,peoplelivedessentiallyinharmonywithnature,raisingfood,gatheringfirewood,andmakingclothingandtoolsfromtheland.在農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)，人們依靠精耕細(xì)作、燒柴做飯、手工裁衣、制造工具，與自然和諧相處。Thewastesfromanimalsandhumanswerereturnedtothesoilasfertilizer.Few,ifany,problemsofwater,land,orairpollutionoccurred.人和動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生的垃圾作為肥料返耕。所以水、土壤和大氣污染的情況很少發(fā)生。Thecitiesofancienttimes,particularlythoseoftheRomanEmpirehadsystemstosupplywaterandtodisposeofwastes.古代時(shí)期，特別是羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期，擁有完善的供水和排水系統(tǒng)。,TheaqueductssupplyingtheancientcityofRome(populationabout1million)withsafewaterfromtheCloacaMaxims,thebestknownandoneoftheearliestsewerstobebuilt,areexamplesofsuchsystems.用水管從世界上最早建造的天下聞名的CloacaMaxima向羅馬城（大約百萬(wàn)人口）輸送飲用水，就是其中的一個(gè)例子。ThemunicipaltechnologyofancientcitiesseemstohavebeenforgottenformanycenturiesbythosewhobuiltcitiesthroughoutEurope.幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，整個(gè)歐洲城市的建筑者們忘記了古代城市的市政工程。Watersupplyandwastedisposalwereneglected,resultinginmanyoutbreaksofdysentery,cholera,typhoid.andotherwaterbornediseases.人們忽略了供水和排水，導(dǎo)致痢疾、霍亂、傷寒和其他水源性疾病多次爆發(fā),Untilthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,itwasnotrealizedthatimproperwastesdisposalpollutedwatersupplieswithdisease-carryingorganisms.直到19世紀(jì)中期，人們才意識(shí)到不正確的廢物處置方式污染了水源，導(dǎo)致水體攜帶病原體。Theindustrialrevolutioninnineteenth-centuryBritain,Europe,andNorthAmericaaggravatedtheenvironmentalproblemssinceitbroughtincreasedurbanizationwiththeindustrialization.19世紀(jì)英國(guó)、歐洲和北美的工業(yè)革命帶來(lái)的城市化和工業(yè)化加速了環(huán)境惡化Bothphenomena,urbanizationandindustrialization,wereandarefundamentalcausesofwaterandairpollutionwhichthecitiesofthattimewereunabletohandle.無(wú)論是現(xiàn)在還是過(guò)去，城市化和工業(yè)化這兩種現(xiàn)象是水和大氣污染的根本原因，這是那個(gè)時(shí)期的城市所無(wú)法處理的。,Rapidadvancesintechnologyforthetreatmentofwaterandthepartialtreatmentofwastewatertookplaceinthedevelopedcountriesoverthenextfewdecades.在接下來(lái)的幾十年里，水處理技術(shù)和部分廢水治理技術(shù)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家得到了快速發(fā)展。Thisledtoadramaticdecreaseintheincidenceofwaterbornediseases.Notethatallwastesdischargeintotheenvironment,andthuspolluteourwater,air,andlandsystems.水傳染性疾病的發(fā)病率隨之也急劇減少。記?。号欧诺江h(huán)境的所有廢物，它們污染了我們的水、大氣和土壤。,Unit2HistoricalOverviewofHazardousSubstanceDisposalintheUSA美國(guó)的危險(xiǎn)廢棄物處理歷史概要,HazardoussubstancedisposalpracticesintheUnitedStateshavetraveledfullcircle.在美國(guó),對(duì)有害物質(zhì)處置的實(shí)行基本上沒(méi)有進(jìn)展（繞了一整圈)Priorto1978therewerefewifanyregulationsregardingthedisposalofthesematerials.1978年以前幾乎沒(méi)有什么關(guān)于廢棄物處置方面的法規(guī)。Improperdisposalofmanyofthesechemicalsresultedinhealthproblemsformanycitizens,contaminatedwatersupplies,anddestructionofwildlife.許多化學(xué)品的不當(dāng)處置導(dǎo)致了居民的健康問(wèn)題、飲用水污染和野生生物的減少,WiththeenactmentoftheResourceConversationandRecoveryAct(RCRAY1of1978,manufacturingfacilitiesnowhaveanobligationtoaccountforallwastematerialsthataregeneratedbythefacility.ImplementationofRCRAhasbeenslow.隨著1978年《資源回收保護(hù)法》（RCRA）的頒布，現(xiàn)在工廠(企業(yè)）有義務(wù)對(duì)它們產(chǎn)生的所有廢物進(jìn)行處置。但RCRA法規(guī)的實(shí)施進(jìn)展（執(zhí)行）緩慢。FromtheveryearlyindustrialperiodintheUnitedStates,whichstartedabout1920,untilseveralyearsaftertheSecondWorldWar,therewaslittleconcernforthepropermethodsofdisposalofwastematerialsthatweregeneratedasby-productsduringmanufacturingprocesses.從美國(guó)的最早期工業(yè)時(shí)代，大約是1920年，到二戰(zhàn)后的若干年，很少對(duì)加工過(guò)程中以副產(chǎn)品形式產(chǎn)生的廢物的正確處置方法給以關(guān)注,Upuntilthe1960’sitwasquitecommontofindfreshwaterriversandstreamsfouledwithwastechemicalsfrommanufacturing,saltwaterfromoilproductionwellsandwasteacidsfromsteelmillactivities.直到六十年代，（經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)）淡水河流和溪水被工廠的廢棄化學(xué)品、油井的咸水和鋼廠操作產(chǎn)生的廢酸污染是（一個(gè)普遍的現(xiàn)象）。Virtuallyeveryconceivablewasteoil,solvent,orresinwastecouldbefoundintherivers.在河里，幾乎可以找到任何一種你想得到的廢油、溶劑和樹(shù)脂垃圾。Thelawsofthetimewereeithernon-existentornotenforced.Theliteraturehasmanyexamplesofhealthproblemsofindividualsaswellasdestructionoffishandwildlifehabitat.Manyothercasesoccurredthatwerenotreportedintheliterature.這時(shí)期，這方面的法律要么沒(méi)有，要么沒(méi)有法律效力（加強(qiáng)）。關(guān)于居民個(gè)人健康問(wèn)題以及魚(yú)類和野生生物棲息地受到破壞的報(bào)道屢見(jiàn)報(bào)端。當(dāng)然，還有很多其他沒(méi)有報(bào)道的案例。,Otherwastematerialsweredumpedhaphazardlyinmakeshiftexcavationseitheratthefactorysideorthroughoutthecountryaide.其它廢棄物隨意傾倒在工廠旁邊或鄉(xiāng)下臨時(shí)挖的坑里。Becauseofignoranceandlackofeconomicincentivestodoso,thefactoriesmadenoattempttopreventcontaminationofundergroundwatersuppliesbythechemicalsthatweredisposedof.由于忽視以及缺少經(jīng)濟(jì)利益刺激，工廠并沒(méi)有試圖阻止被棄置的化學(xué)品污染的地下水供應(yīng)Infact,knowledgeablescientistsofthetimeacceptedlandirrigationandpercolationintotheporousundergroundformationsasmethodsofwastetreatment.事實(shí)上，那個(gè)時(shí)代的專家認(rèn)可了把土地灌溉和地下多孔介質(zhì)過(guò)濾法作為廢物處理的方法。,Althoughthesetreatmentmethodsmayhavebeenintendedfornon-hazardousmaterials,theywereemployedforhazardousmaterialsaswell.Again,therewerenogovernmentalregulationsprotectingtheundergroundaquifersfromthesepractices.盡管這些處理方法原本只計(jì)劃用于處理無(wú)害（一般）廢物，但那時(shí)也用來(lái)處理有害（危險(xiǎn)）廢物。此外，沒(méi)有任何政府部門(mén)的法規(guī)來(lái)針對(duì)這些處置方法保護(hù)地下含水層TheproblemofdisposalofhazardouschemicalsdidnotimprovewiththecreationoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)in1966.危險(xiǎn)廢棄物處置問(wèn)題并沒(méi)有隨著1966年美國(guó)環(huán)保署的成立得到重視（改善）。Thefirsttaskofthenewagencywastocleanupriversandstreams.Unfortunately,nooneinpowerinthegovernmentatthetimehadinsightintotheproblemsthatweretobecreatedbythenewagency.新機(jī)構(gòu)的首要任務(wù)是清理河道和湖泊。但當(dāng)時(shí)政府里在政的人員中沒(méi)有人洞察（深刻的了解）到新的部門(mén)將會(huì)產(chǎn)生（怎樣）的問(wèn)題,TheEPAwasquitesuccessfulinthoseearlydaysintheenforcementofthemanywaterpollutionlawsthatevolved.成立早期，環(huán)保署在許多逐漸形成的水污染法律（法規(guī)）的執(zhí)法（執(zhí)行）方面取得了很大成功。Asthepracticeofthedumpingofhazardousmaterialsintotheriversandstreamswaseliminated,thosesamematerialscreatedotherdisposalproblems.當(dāng)向河流和溪水排放有害物質(zhì)行為被禁止了時(shí)（當(dāng)有害物質(zhì)不再向河流和溪水排放時(shí)），這些有害物質(zhì)又引發(fā)了其它的處置問(wèn)題,Manyofthechemicalssavedfromthesewerwereeitherworthlessorofsuchalowvalueastorenderrecoveryuneconomical.Insomecases,recoverywastechnicallyimpossible.從污水中回收化學(xué)物質(zhì)是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的，因?yàn)樵S多這些物質(zhì)要么沒(méi)有價(jià)值要么價(jià)值低(以至于不夠補(bǔ)償回收它們所用的資金)。在有些情況下，沒(méi)有可行的回收技術(shù)（回收在技術(shù)方面是不可行的）Asaresult,thewastechemicalsweredisposedofbyanyconvenientmethod.themakeshiftdumpssiteswereexpanded.結(jié)果，這些廢棄化學(xué)品就以任意方便的方式處理，而臨時(shí)傾倒地點(diǎn)則在擴(kuò)張著。,Becausetherewerenoregulationsregardingdisposal,personswithnotechnicalexpertiseenteredintothebusinessofwastedisposal.由于沒(méi)有任何相關(guān)法規(guī)規(guī)范處置方法，一些沒(méi)有任何專業(yè)技術(shù)的從業(yè)人員進(jìn)入到了廢棄物商業(yè)處理領(lǐng)域。Theprofitswerehighbecausetheseindividualsdidnottreatthechemicals.由于這些人并沒(méi)有真正處理這些化學(xué)垃圾，所以他們獲利頗豐。Inmostcases,thewastematerialsweretransportedtoimpoundingareaslocatedonprivatelyownedland.絕大多數(shù)時(shí)候，那些固體廢棄物僅僅被運(yùn)送并堆放到私人領(lǐng)地上的蓄水區(qū)。Thefactoriesthatgeneratedthewastefeltsecureinthebeliefthatthewastetransporterwasdisposingofthematerialsinanacceptablemanner.Inmostcases,thiswasnotacorrectassumption.制造這些垃圾的工廠就產(chǎn)生了這樣一個(gè)心安理得的想法，即以轉(zhuǎn)移方式來(lái)處置廢棄物是一個(gè)可接受的方案。事實(shí)上，這種想法是不正確的。,Theunregulateddumpsgrewbothinsizeandcomplexity.不規(guī)范的傾倒（未受管理的廢物堆）在規(guī)模和復(fù)雜性上日益增長(zhǎng)Whenthedumpswereincloseproximitytopopulatedareasorpublicwatersupplies,aseriesofproblemsbegintodevelop.當(dāng)這些垃圾堆日益接近居民區(qū)或者水源地（公共供水點(diǎn)）時(shí)，一系列問(wèn)題開(kāi)始暴露出來(lái)。Citizensinthevicinityofsomeofthedumpsbegantoexperienceadversehealthproblemssuchasskinrashes,paralysis,cancer,andbirthdefects.Insomecases,theseproblemshavebeenattributedtocontaminationfromthechemicals.居住在一些垃圾堆附近的居民開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)（遭受）嚴(yán)重（有害的）的健康問(wèn)題，如，皮疹、癱瘓（中風(fēng)）、癌癥和出生畸形。在一些案例中，這些健康問(wèn)題很明顯是由化學(xué)污染造成的。Becauseoftheseconcerns,theUnitedStatesCongressenactedanewlegislationthatdealtwiththeissuesofdisposalofhazardouswastes.ThiswastheResourceConversationandRecoveryActof1978.由于這些利害關(guān)系，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)制定了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于處置有害（危險(xiǎn)）廢物的新法規(guī)，這就是1978年頒布的《資源回收保護(hù)法》,ThepurposeoftheActwastoallowregulationofhazardoussubstancedisposal.這部法案（法規(guī)）的目的是規(guī)范危險(xiǎn)廢物的處置。Asaresult,industriesthatgeneratedlargequantitiesofthesewastematerialsnowhadtoensurethatthematerialsweredisposedofintheamannerthatwassafefortheenvironment.結(jié)果，法案要求制造大量危險(xiǎn)廢棄物的工廠必須確保固體垃圾得到妥善處置，并對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)害。（現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生大量廢棄物的企業(yè)必須保證這些有害物質(zhì)采用對(duì)環(huán)境安全的方法來(lái)處置）ManyoftheimproperdumpsthatwerecreatedpriortotheRCRAlegislationwerecreatedbypersonswithlittleornofinancialresources.許多在RCRA法案頒布之前亂堆放的廢棄物是由沒(méi)有資金或資金短缺的人造成的。Asaresult,thecleanupoftheoldsideshasbeentakenoverbythegovernmentunderlegislation.Asofthistime,theresultsofthesecleanupeffortshavebeenineffective.結(jié)果，根據(jù)法規(guī)規(guī)定對(duì)這些舊場(chǎng)地的清除任務(wù)（清理工作）由政府接管。因此這段時(shí)期的清理工作的努力效果并不大（效率低下）,Becauseoftheabusesandproblemsofthepast,regulationshavebeenenactedthatforceAmericanindustrytoberesponsibleforhazardouswastedisposal.由于過(guò)去的亂堆亂放所造成的問(wèn)題，制定的法律法規(guī)強(qiáng)制要求美國(guó)工業(yè)界對(duì)危險(xiǎn)廢棄物的處置負(fù)責(zé)。Theproblemswerebroughtaboutbyalackofeconomicincentivestotheindustrialcommunity.帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題是由于工業(yè)界缺乏經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)機(jī)制造成的。Theproblemswerecompoundedbytheinexperienceandlackofinsightbyelectedgovernmentalofficialsandthegovernmentalagencieschargedwiththetaskofregulation.由于那些負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管任務(wù)的被選舉出來(lái)政府官員和政府機(jī)構(gòu)沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)并缺乏洞察力，結(jié)果使這些問(wèn)題惡化了（使這個(gè)問(wèn)題變得越發(fā)嚴(yán)重）,Althoughsufficientlegislationisnowinplacetosolvetheproblemofhazardouswastedisposal,itisunlikelythatatruesolutionwillbeachievedfor20yearsorlonger.雖然現(xiàn)在有大量的專門(mén)用于解決危險(xiǎn)廢物處置的法規(guī)，但仍然不可能在未來(lái)20年或者更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間將這個(gè)問(wèn)題給予真正解決。Onlythroughinteractionbetweenindustry,scientists,andgovernmentregulatorswilltruesolutionsbefinallyrealized.只有通過(guò)工業(yè)界、科學(xué)家和政府部門(mén)間的共同努力，才能最終得到解決。,Exercises1,Lifeexpectancypoverty-strickensmog-ladenairGlobalconditionshavesandhave-notsunderprivilegedSavannapredatorenvironmentdiscruptions農(nóng)藥化肥有機(jī)廢物微生物衰減阻滯的稀釋添加劑合成塑料再生,Exercises2,SoilerosionphotochemicalsmogthermalinversionsExacerbatethepollutionhouseholdspulpandpaperTannedproductsdeforestationdisablementdiscruptions重金屬有機(jī)溶劑國(guó)際貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)率一氧化碳氧化氮石棉水銀鈣懸浮顆粒物,課外英語(yǔ)詞匯,acidfallout酸性沉降物acidfog酸霧acidmist酸霧acidrain酸雨acidsulphatesoils酸性硫酸鹽土;熱帶沼澤林土acid(ic)deposit(ion)酸性沉積物,acid(ic)precipitation酸性降水a(chǎn)cid-affected受酸影響的;受酸危害的acid-causingsubstance致酸物質(zhì)acid-formingsubstance成酸物質(zhì)acidifyingsubstance酸化物質(zhì)acidogenicbacteria產(chǎn)酸細(xì)菌acid-producingbacteria產(chǎn)酸細(xì)菌,adverseclimatechange不利的氣候變化adverseeffect不利效應(yīng);不利影響adverseenvironmenteffect對(duì)環(huán)境不利的影響adversehealtheffect對(duì)健康不利的影響adverseimpact不利影響aircolumn氣柱aircurrent氣流environmentalmonitoring環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)environmentalmonitoringsatellite(EMS)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)衛(wèi)星environmentalnuisance環(huán)境公害environmentaloptimumconditions環(huán)境最適條件,environmentalqualitystandard環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)environmentalpathway進(jìn)入環(huán)境途徑environmentalpolicy環(huán)境政策environmentalpollution環(huán)境污染environmentalproduct環(huán)境友好產(chǎn)品garbage廚房垃圾;食物廢物garbagecollection收垃圾;垃圾收集garbagegrinding垃圾磨碎,habitatconservation生境保護(hù)habitatdislocation生境破壞;攏亂生境habitatmanagement生境管理hazardarea危害地區(qū);危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)hazardassessment危害評(píng)價(jià)hazardclassificationsystem危險(xiǎn)性分類制度hazardconcentrationlimit危險(xiǎn)濃度極限hazardlabel危險(xiǎn)標(biāo)記,hazardmapping繪制危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)示意圖hazardofpoisoning中毒的危險(xiǎn)hazardpotential危害潛力;潛在危害能力hazardrating危害等級(jí);危害分級(jí)hazardsubstance危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì);有害物質(zhì)hazardouscharacteristics危險(xiǎn)特性hazardouswastes危險(xiǎn)廢物hazard-resistingbuilding耐震建筑物;防險(xiǎn)建筑物,礦產(chǎn)資源Mineralresources國(guó)家保護(hù)計(jì)劃Nationalconservationprogrammes自然資源Naturalresources自然保護(hù)Natureconservation不可再生資源Non-renewableresources資源凈損耗Netresourcedepletion,謝謝！,