盤磨機(jī)齒輪減速器的設(shè)計(jì)
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1常州信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告系 別 : 機(jī) 電 工 程 學(xué) 院 專 業(yè) : 機(jī) 械 設(shè) 計(jì) 與 制 造 班 號(hào) : 機(jī) 制 101 班 學(xué) 生 姓 名 : 張 鵬 學(xué) 生 學(xué) 號(hào) : 11111111 設(shè) 計(jì) ( 論 文 ) 題 目 : 盤磨機(jī)齒輪減速器的設(shè)計(jì) 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 : 王軍(大) 設(shè) 計(jì) 地 點(diǎn) : 常州信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院 起 迄 日 期 : 2012.12-_2013.5 2目 錄緒論6一、設(shè)計(jì)方案 7二、電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇 8三、傳動(dòng)比的分配 8四、計(jì)算傳動(dòng)裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力參數(shù) 8五、齒輪的設(shè)計(jì) 9六、軸的設(shè)計(jì) .14七、減速器的潤(rùn)滑與密封 .21八.箱體結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 21九、結(jié)論 .24十、 謝辭 .24參考文獻(xiàn) .25作者: 常州信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院 機(jī)電工程系 機(jī)制 101 班 張鵬日期:2013 年 4 月3盤磨機(jī)二級(jí)斜齒圓柱齒輪減速器的設(shè)計(jì)摘 要本報(bào)告主要研究了盤磨機(jī)二級(jí)斜齒圓柱齒輪減速器的設(shè)計(jì)方法和具體步驟。斜齒輪主要是能夠提高齒輪嚙合的重合度,使齒輪傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),降低噪音。 提高齒根的彎曲強(qiáng)度、齒面的接觸強(qiáng)度,可以選擇合適的變位系數(shù)來(lái)解決?;蛘呒哟簖X輪的模數(shù)。電動(dòng)機(jī)型號(hào)選定后,進(jìn)行了傳動(dòng)比的計(jì)算并進(jìn)行分配,是否合理的分配傳動(dòng)比將直接影響到傳動(dòng)裝置的外廓尺寸、重量、成本以及減速器的中心距等。其后的傳動(dòng)裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力參數(shù)的計(jì)算在計(jì)算部分占有一定的比重,各項(xiàng)參數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性對(duì)整個(gè)機(jī)器的運(yùn)行有著很大的影響。在齒輪設(shè)計(jì)中詳細(xì)介紹了齒輪材料的選擇及許用應(yīng)力的確定、按齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算確定齒輪參數(shù)及主要尺寸、確定齒輪傳動(dòng)精度以及齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),在設(shè)計(jì)齒輪的具體結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要綜合考慮多種因素,如齒輪的尺寸、材料、加工方法、熱處理等。關(guān)鍵字:減速器、齒輪4Abstract:This report mainly studies plate mill level 2 helical gear reducer design methods and steps. The helical gear is mainly can improve the gear meshing coincidence degree, make smooth transmission gears, reduce noise. Improve the tooth root bending strength, the tooth contact strength, can choose the right shift coefficient to solve. Or increase the gear module. Motor model selected, the calculation of the transmission and distribution, whether reasonable distribution of transmission ratio will directly affect the transmission device the size, weight, cost profile and the center distance of gear reducer, etc. Subsequent transmission device of sport and the computation of dynamic parameters in the calculation of the proportion of taking a part, the accuracy of the parameters of the whole machine operation has very big effect. In the design of gear introduced the selection of materials and gear allowable stress, according to the determination of tooth root bending fatigue strength design parameters and the main gear calculate and determine the size, sure gear transmission precision and gear structure design, the design of concrete structure in gear, considering many factors, such as the size of the gear, materials, processing methods, heat treatment, etc. Keywords:reducer 、 gear5緒論:減速器的類別、品種、型式很多,目前已制定為行(國(guó))標(biāo)的減速器有40 余種。減速器的類別是根據(jù)所采用的齒輪齒形、齒廓曲線劃分;減速器的品種是根據(jù)使用的需要而設(shè)計(jì)的不同結(jié)構(gòu)的減速器;減速器的型式是在基本結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上根據(jù)齒面硬度、傳動(dòng)級(jí)數(shù)、出軸型式、裝配型式、安裝型式、聯(lián)接型式等因素而設(shè)計(jì)的不同特性的減速器。與減速器聯(lián)接的工作機(jī)載荷狀態(tài)比較復(fù)雜,對(duì)減速器的影響很大,是減速器選用及計(jì)算的重要因素,減速器的載荷狀態(tài)即工作機(jī)(從動(dòng)機(jī))的載荷狀態(tài),通常分為三類:① —均 勻 載 荷 ;② —中 等 沖 擊 載 荷 ;③ —強(qiáng) 沖 擊 載 荷 。減速器是指原動(dòng)機(jī)與工作機(jī)之間獨(dú)立封閉式傳動(dòng)裝置,用來(lái)降低轉(zhuǎn)速并相應(yīng)地增大轉(zhuǎn)矩。此外,在某些場(chǎng)合,也有用作增速的裝置,并稱為增速器。 我們通過(guò)對(duì)減速器的研究與設(shè)計(jì),我們能在另一個(gè)角度了解減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能、用途和使用原理等,同時(shí),我們也能將我們所學(xué)的知識(shí)應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐中。在設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程中,我們能正確的理解所學(xué)的知識(shí),而我們選擇減速器,也是因?yàn)閷?duì)我們過(guò)控專業(yè)的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),這是一個(gè)很典型的例子,能從中學(xué)到很多知識(shí)。1、設(shè)計(jì)方案1.1、根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目要求,考慮到電動(dòng)機(jī)購(gòu)買方便、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制造、使用和維護(hù)方便,且運(yùn)行可靠,所以原動(dòng)機(jī)選用電動(dòng)機(jī),并且盤磨機(jī)的工作沒(méi)有太大的沖擊,所以電動(dòng)機(jī)與減速器用聯(lián)軸器直接相連,為了消除電動(dòng)機(jī)軸與減速器軸的同軸度誤差,我們選彈性套柱銷聯(lián)軸器。1.2、此裝置每日工作 8 小時(shí),傳動(dòng)工作年限為八年,盤磨機(jī)傳動(dòng)不逆轉(zhuǎn),而且工作時(shí)可以有輕微的振動(dòng),主軸轉(zhuǎn)速允許有±5%的誤差,因此選擇二級(jí)斜齒圓柱齒輪減速器。斜齒輪主要是能夠提高齒輪嚙合的重合度,使齒輪傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),降低噪音。 提高齒根的彎曲強(qiáng)度、齒面的接觸強(qiáng)度,可以選擇合適的變位系數(shù)來(lái)解決?;蛘呒哟簖X輪的模數(shù)。采用斜齒輪時(shí)傳動(dòng)時(shí),齒輪會(huì)產(chǎn)生軸向推力,要采用推力軸承消除。1.3、由于展開式齒輪相對(duì)于軸承為不對(duì)稱布置,因而載荷分布不均勻,要求軸有較大的剛度。為了減小高速級(jí)齒輪對(duì)軸的彎矩,高速級(jí)齒輪要遠(yuǎn)離電動(dòng)機(jī),以增大扭矩。低速級(jí)齒輪靠近電動(dòng)機(jī)。6注意事項(xiàng):采用斜齒輪時(shí)傳動(dòng)時(shí),齒輪會(huì)產(chǎn)生軸向推力。要采用角接觸球軸承消除。2、電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇已知電動(dòng)機(jī)功率 P=9KW,電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速 n=1500r/min,查表可得電動(dòng)機(jī)為 Y 系列三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī), 電動(dòng)機(jī)型號(hào)為 Y132M-4(Y 表示系列代號(hào),132 表示機(jī)座中心高,M表示中機(jī)座,4 為電動(dòng)機(jī)的級(jí)數(shù)),滿載轉(zhuǎn)速 1440r/min,額定功率 p 額 =7.5KW,額定轉(zhuǎn)矩為 2.2N·m。3、傳動(dòng)機(jī)的分配根據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)的滿載轉(zhuǎn)速 n 電 及工作機(jī)軸的轉(zhuǎn)速 n 主 ,可求得傳動(dòng)裝置的總傳動(dòng)比i:i =n 電 /n 主 =1440/50 =28.8分配傳動(dòng)比由 i 減 i 錐 =i 得 i 減 =i/i 錐=28.8/4=7.2按展開式布置,考慮潤(rùn)滑條件,減速器的外型尺寸盡量減小,參考相關(guān)資料可?。焊咚偌?jí): i 高 =37則低速級(jí): i 低 =i 減 /i 高 =7.2/3=2.44、計(jì)算傳動(dòng)裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力參數(shù)4.1、各軸的轉(zhuǎn)速:1 軸: n 1=n 電 /i 高 =1440/3=480r/min2 軸: n 2=n1/i 低 =480/2.4=200r/min主軸: n 主 =n2/i 錐 =200/4=50r/min4.2、各軸的輸入功率:取齒輪傳動(dòng)效率 η 1=0.95,滾動(dòng)軸承的傳動(dòng)效率 η 2=0.981 軸: p 1=p 額 η 1η 2=7.5*0.95*0.98=6.983kw2 軸: p 2=p1η 1η 2=6.983*0.95*0.98=6.501kw4.3、各軸的輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩:電動(dòng)機(jī)軸: T 0=9550(p 額 /n 電 )=9550(7.5/1440)=49.74N.m1 軸: T 1=9550(p 1/n1)=9550(6.983/480)=138.93N.m2 軸: T 2=9550(p 2/n2)=9550(6.501/200)=310.42N.m4.4、整理列表軸名 功率 p/kw 轉(zhuǎn)矩 T/N.m 轉(zhuǎn)速 n/(r.min)電動(dòng)機(jī)軸 1 7.5 49.74 14402 軸 6.983 138.93 4803 軸 6.501 310.42 2005、齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)5.1、 1、2 齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)5.1.1、依照傳動(dòng)方案,本設(shè)計(jì)選用二級(jí)展開式斜齒圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)。5.1.2、盤磨機(jī)為一般工作機(jī)器,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度不高,查《常用機(jī)構(gòu)與零件設(shè)計(jì)》 ,選用 8 級(jí)精度。5.1.3、材料選擇:小齒輪材料為 40Gr,調(diào)質(zhì),齒面硬度為 55HRC,由圖 10-15、圖 10-16 查的:接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限 σ H,lim1=620MPa,彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度極限 σ F,lim1=500MPa。大齒輪材料為 45 鋼,表面淬火,齒面硬度為 50HRC,由圖 10-15、圖 10-16 查的:接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限 σ H,lim2=590MPa,彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度極限 8σ F,lim2=460MPa。取 SH,lim=1 SF,lim=1 則[σ H1]=σ H,lim1/SH,lim=620/1=620 MPa[σ H2]=σ H,lim2/SH,lim=590/1=590 MPa[σ F1]=σ F,lim1/SF,lim=500/1=500 MPa[σ F2]=σ F,lim2/SF,lim=460/1=460 MPa5.1.4、按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算:d1≥ 302)1()][59(iKTdH???載荷系數(shù) K: 因載荷有輕微沖擊,齒輪相對(duì)于軸承不對(duì)稱布置,由表 10-7取 K=1.4,齒寬系數(shù) 由表 10-8 取得 =1.0。d?d許用接觸應(yīng)力[σ H] [σ H]=[σ H2]=590MPa傳動(dòng)比 i i=i 高 =3將以上參數(shù)代入式 d 1≥ 得302)1()][59(iKTdH???d1≥ 3 321)(74.)59(?d1≥45.35.1.5、確定齒輪參數(shù)及主要尺寸:?齒數(shù) 取 z1=23,則 z2=iz1=3*23=69?模數(shù) 初選螺旋角 β=15 o 則法面模數(shù)mn= 1.899㎜????mzd)235cs4.(cs1?取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值 mn=2mm?中心距標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中心距 a 1= =95.4mmmzn???15cos2)693(*cos2)(?為了便于箱體的加工和測(cè)量,取 a1=96mm,則實(shí)際螺旋角9??????? 6.192)3(*arcos2)(arcos1zmn?在 8o~25 o的范圍內(nèi),故合適。④其他主要尺寸:分度圓直徑: 48mm???mzdn?6.1cos231?144mmn?.922齒頂圓直徑: dna 52481????mm122齒寬: bd1?。取 b1=55mm58~3)05(21???5.1.6、齒輪尺寸表:將幾何尺寸匯于表:序號(hào) 名稱 符號(hào) 參數(shù)選擇1 法面模數(shù) mn 22 螺旋角 β 16.6o3 分度圓直徑 d1,d 2 48mm,144mm4 齒頂圓直徑 da1, da2 52mm,148mm5 齒寬 b1, b2 55mm,48mm6 中心距 a1 96mm7 齒數(shù) z1, z2 23,698 螺旋方向 右、左9 徑向變位系數(shù) x 010 精度等級(jí) 8HKGB/T10095-19885.1.7、驗(yàn)算齒面彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度:當(dāng)量齒數(shù) Zv1= Z1/ =23/ =24?cos?6.110Zv2= Z2/ =69/ =72?cos?6.1復(fù)合齒數(shù)系數(shù) YFs:由 x=0(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪)及 Zv1、Z v2查圖 10-42 得YFs1=4.3,Y Fs2=4.0則 1.21?15齒輪端面與內(nèi)機(jī)壁距離 22 10機(jī)蓋,機(jī)座肋厚 m,1 85.0,.11?9 8.5?1m軸承端蓋外徑 2D+(5~5.5)?23d83(1 軸)103(2 軸)118(3 軸)軸承旁聯(lián)結(jié)螺栓距離S2?83(1 軸)103(2 軸)118(3 軸)9、結(jié)論作為一名機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化大三的學(xué)生,我覺(jué)得能做類似的課程設(shè)計(jì)是十分有意義,而且是十分必要的。在已度過(guò)的大三的時(shí)間里我們大多數(shù)接觸的是專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課。我們?cè)谡n堂上掌握的僅僅是專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課的理論面,如何去鍛煉我們的實(shí)踐面?如何把我們所學(xué)到的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí)用到實(shí)踐中去呢?我想做類似的大作業(yè)就為我們提供了良好的實(shí)踐平臺(tái)。在做本次課程設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程中,我感觸最深的當(dāng)數(shù)查閱大量的設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)了。為了讓自己的設(shè)計(jì)更加完善,更加符合工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn),一次次翻閱機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)23是十分必要的,同時(shí)也是必不可少的。我們是在作設(shè)計(jì),但我們不是藝術(shù)家。他們可以拋開實(shí)際,盡情在幻想的世界里翱翔,我們是工程師,一切都要有據(jù)可依.有理可尋,不切實(shí)際的構(gòu)想永遠(yuǎn)只能是構(gòu)想,永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法升級(jí)為設(shè)計(jì)。作為一名專業(yè)學(xué)生掌握一門或幾門制圖軟件同樣是必不可少的,由于本次大作業(yè)要求用 auto CAD 制圖,因此要想更加有效率的制圖,我們必須熟練的掌握它。雖然過(guò)去從未獨(dú)立應(yīng)用過(guò)它,但在學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中帶著問(wèn)題去學(xué)我發(fā)現(xiàn)效率好高,記得大一學(xué) CAD 時(shí)覺(jué)得好難就是因?yàn)槲覀儧](méi)有把自己放在使用者的角度,單單是為了學(xué)而學(xué),這樣效率當(dāng)然不會(huì)高。邊學(xué)邊用這樣才會(huì)提高效率,這是我作本次課程設(shè)計(jì)的第二大收獲。但是由于水平有限,難免會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤,還望老師批評(píng)指正。謝辭本文從擬定題目到定稿,歷時(shí)四月有余。在本設(shè)計(jì)完成之際,首先要向我的導(dǎo)師王軍老師致以誠(chéng)摯的謝意。在本設(shè)計(jì)的寫作過(guò)程中,老師給了我極大的指導(dǎo)和幫助。老師學(xué)識(shí)淵博、治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),平易近人,在老師的悉心指導(dǎo)中,我不僅學(xué)到了扎實(shí)的專業(yè)知識(shí),也在怎樣處人處事等方面收益很多;同時(shí)他對(duì)工作的積極熱情、認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)、有條不紊、實(shí)事求是的態(tài)度,給我留下了深刻的印象,使我受益非淺。在此我謹(jǐn)向王軍老師表示衷心的感謝和深深的敬意。同時(shí),我要感謝我們學(xué)院其他授課的各位老師,如儲(chǔ)巖老師、周正元老師、蘇沛群老師等,正是由于他們的無(wú)私的傳道、授業(yè)、解惑,不僅讓我學(xué)到了專業(yè)知識(shí),并從他們身上學(xué)到了如何求知治學(xué)、如何為人處事。我也要感謝我的母校常州信息學(xué)院,是她提供了良好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境和生活環(huán)境,讓我的大學(xué)生活豐富多姿,為我的人生留下精彩的一筆。另外,衷心感謝我的同窗同學(xué)們,在我畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)寫作中,與他們的探討交流使我受益頗多;同時(shí),他們也給了我很多無(wú)私的幫助和支持,我在次深表謝意。 學(xué)無(wú)止境。 因本人知識(shí)面有限,有些地方難免有所欠缺,望老師多提寶貴意見(jiàn),謝謝您們一直以來(lái)對(duì)我的幫助!24參考文獻(xiàn)成大先 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(減變速器) 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2004 年王三民 機(jī)械原理于設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì) 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2005 年 吳克堅(jiān) 于曉紅 錢瑞明 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 高等教育出版社 2003 年 駱莉 盧記軍機(jī)械制造工藝基礎(chǔ) 華中科技大學(xué)出版社 2005 年25畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) ( 論 文 ) 任 務(wù) 書專業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造 班級(jí) 機(jī)制 101 班 姓名 張 鵬 實(shí)踐單位名稱: 實(shí)踐崗位名稱: 崗位職責(zé): 崗位能力要求: 一、課題名稱: 盤磨機(jī)齒輪減速器的設(shè)計(jì) 二、主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)(或基本要求): 該盤磨機(jī)的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 n=50r/min,圓錐齒輪傳動(dòng)比 i=4,電動(dòng)機(jī)功率 P=7.5kw,電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速 n1=1500 r/min,每日工作八小時(shí),傳動(dòng)工作年限為八年,盤磨機(jī)傳動(dòng)不逆轉(zhuǎn),工作時(shí)有輕微的振動(dòng),起動(dòng)載荷為名義載荷的 1.5倍,主軸轉(zhuǎn)速允許誤差為±5%。 三、主要工作內(nèi)容:這是一個(gè)展開式二級(jí)斜齒圓柱齒輪減速器。要求根據(jù)上面的給定條件,通過(guò)強(qiáng)度計(jì)算和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),完成該減速器的總體和傳動(dòng)件的設(shè)計(jì),并繪制該減速器的總裝圖和零件工作圖。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,要求通過(guò)對(duì)兩對(duì)圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)比的適當(dāng)分配,使該減速器的外形尺寸盡量減小,并通過(guò)對(duì)圓柱齒輪的位置設(shè)計(jì),使各軸的受力情況達(dá)到最合理的狀態(tài)。四、主要參考文獻(xiàn):1. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)2. 齒輪設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)學(xué) 生(簽名) 張 鵬 年 月 日指 導(dǎo) 教師(簽名) 年 月 日 教研室主任(簽名) 年 月 日系 主 任(簽名) 年 月 日26畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目盤磨機(jī)齒輪減速器的設(shè)計(jì)一、選題的背景和意義:減速器中齒輪傳動(dòng)具有傳動(dòng)比準(zhǔn)確,可用的傳動(dòng)比、圓周速度和傳遞功率的范圍都很大,以及傳動(dòng)效率高,使用壽命長(zhǎng),結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,工作可靠等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)。因此,齒輪及其傳動(dòng)裝置是機(jī)械工業(yè)中一大類重要的基礎(chǔ)件。齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)是組織該類機(jī)械產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的依據(jù)和頭道工序,因而是決定該產(chǎn)品技術(shù)性能和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的重要環(huán)節(jié)。然而齒輪傳動(dòng)在使用上也受某些條件的限制:如成本較高(特別是高精度齒輪) ,使用和維護(hù)的要求高等。雖然存在這些局限性,但只要選用適當(dāng),考慮周到,齒輪傳動(dòng)總不失為一種最可靠、最經(jīng)濟(jì)、用得最多的傳動(dòng)形式。一、課題研究的主要內(nèi)容:通過(guò)強(qiáng)度計(jì)算和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),完成該減速器的總體和傳動(dòng)件的設(shè)計(jì),并繪制該減速器的總裝圖和零件工作圖。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,通過(guò)對(duì)兩對(duì)圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)比的適當(dāng)分配,使該減速器的外形尺寸盡量減小,并通過(guò)對(duì)圓柱齒輪的位置設(shè)計(jì),使各軸的受力情況達(dá)到最合理的狀態(tài)。27二、主要研究(設(shè)計(jì))方法論述:在該圓柱齒輪減速器的設(shè)計(jì)中,主要運(yùn)用了類比法、數(shù)據(jù)分析法、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算法與圖形相結(jié)合的方法,分析了各齒輪的強(qiáng)度,與總傳動(dòng)比四、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度安排:時(shí)間(迄止日期)工 作 內(nèi) 容2012.11.20 選題11.20-12.10 完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告12.11-12.30 收集資料13.1.01-1.29 寫稿:主要設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、畫各部件圖及裝配圖1.30-3.31 完成初稿4.01-4.15 檢查設(shè)計(jì)并請(qǐng)教老師,修改不合理處4.16-4.20 定稿、打印5.08-5.30 畢業(yè)答辯28五、指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn):指導(dǎo)教師簽名: 年 月 日六、系部意見(jiàn):系主任簽名: 年 月 日ag an employment tribunal clai Emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you don't agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed under Further help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed under Further help. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven't appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as a damages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can't charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.you're clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click on nearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see Employment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch m Cay man Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at 29Chelsea on Sunday.“I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Ya ya Toure,“ he told BBC Sport.“For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.“Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the “racist behaviour of their fans“ during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were “surprised and disappointed“ by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: “We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.“Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲?;蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過(guò)成了同一天的樣子;或許是追溯過(guò)去,對(duì)自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟,這些天以來(lái),思緒一直很凌亂,在腦海中不斷糾纏??傆X(jué)得自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么,或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺,突然就感覺(jué)到有些事情,非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可?During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isn't really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can't remember his appearance.童年時(shí),覺(jué)得壓歲錢和新衣服是過(guò)年必備,但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn),會(huì)越來(lái)越發(fā)現(xiàn),那些東西根本就可有可無(wú);初中時(shí),以為要有一場(chǎng)暗戀才意味著真正的成長(zhǎng),但三年過(guò)去后,自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候,突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長(zhǎng)了,好像并沒(méi)有那么重要了;然后到了高中,覺(jué)得非要吐露出自己的心30聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn),但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉,后來(lái)再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場(chǎng),看著他投過(guò)籃球的球框時(shí),突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來(lái),這個(gè)世界上,對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的,除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決,還有,時(shí)間。A person's time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個(gè)人的時(shí)候,自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的,不想要的,界限明確,好像沒(méi)有什么可以撼動(dòng)自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事,但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過(guò)自己的怯懦,最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分,有很多錯(cuò)過(guò),好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可,只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑,或者說(shuō),是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that haven't start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻,天空是陰暗的,空氣里有著剛下過(guò)雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫;那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙;那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼;還有那場(chǎng)還沒(méi)有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃……那些年那些天的非做不可,終于和青春一樣,都將在我們的人生中謝幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm -- winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. We often close ourselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesn’t exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we can’t hide from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us.生活發(fā)生不幸時(shí),我們常常會(huì)關(guān)上心門;世界不僅沒(méi)能慰藉我們,反倒使我們更加消沉。我們假裝一切仿佛都不曾發(fā)生,以此試圖忘卻傷痛,可就算隱藏得再好,最終也還是騙不了自己。既然如此,何不嘗試打開心門,擁抱生活中的各種可能,讓世界感化我們呢?Whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we should take a step back and re-evaluate our behavior. The items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely.當(dāng)恐懼與焦慮來(lái)襲時(shí),我們應(yīng)該退后一步,重新反思自己的言行。下面六個(gè)方法有助于你更完滿透徹地敞開心扉。Whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. 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