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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）過程管理材料 題 目 小型農(nóng)機(jī)旋耕機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名 熊加勇 系部名稱 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級(jí) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化06-2班 指導(dǎo)教師 孫曉娟 職 稱 副教授 教研室 工程圖學(xué)教研室 起止時(shí)間 2010/3/01—2010/6/20 教 務(wù) 處 制 SY-025-BY-1 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目審定表 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 孫曉娟 職稱 副教授 從事 專業(yè) 機(jī)械工程 是否外聘 □是■否 題目名稱 小型農(nóng)機(jī)旋耕機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 課題適用專業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 課題類型 X 課題簡(jiǎn)介：（主要內(nèi)容、意義、現(xiàn)有條件、預(yù)期成果及表現(xiàn)形式。） 1、 主要內(nèi)容 本次設(shè)計(jì)主要針對(duì)旋耕機(jī)機(jī)架、懸掛架、傳動(dòng)部分、旋耕刀軸、刀片、罩殼等部分進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。 二、目的意義 目前我國(guó)旋耕機(jī)的使用范圍不斷擴(kuò)大，從南方水田到北方旱地以及牧場(chǎng)荒地和果林等都廣泛使用旋耕機(jī)進(jìn)行耕耘作業(yè)。為了進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化，針對(duì)旋耕刀、速度參數(shù)、 幅寬和復(fù)式作業(yè)功能進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)；采用基礎(chǔ)件組合式結(jié)構(gòu)，完成本次設(shè)計(jì)，以滿足不同農(nóng)藝需求。 三、現(xiàn)有條件 學(xué)生已學(xué)習(xí)過機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)、機(jī)械制圖、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)造、工程機(jī)械地盤、液壓傳動(dòng)、機(jī)械工程材料及加工基礎(chǔ)、工程力學(xué)等專業(yè)及專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課程，并完成了柴油機(jī)拆裝實(shí)習(xí)、機(jī)械制造工藝實(shí)習(xí)、金工實(shí)習(xí)等實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)，具備了完成設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。哈市的農(nóng)業(yè)部門可做為學(xué)生的調(diào)研對(duì)象，取得相應(yīng)調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)。 四、預(yù)期成果 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書1份（不少于20000字）；0號(hào)圖紙折合3張以上；為答辯需要，可提供相關(guān)調(diào)研報(bào)告。 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 教 研 室 意 見 1 選題與專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的符合度 □好 □較好 □一般 □較差 2 對(duì)學(xué)生能力培養(yǎng)及全面訓(xùn)練的程度 □好 □較好 □一般 □較差 3 選題與生產(chǎn)、科研、實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)等實(shí)際的結(jié)合程度 □好 □較好 □一般 □較差 4 論文選題的理論意義或?qū)嶋H價(jià)值 □好 □較好 □一般 □較差 5 課題預(yù)計(jì)工作量 □較大 □適中 □較小 6 課題預(yù)計(jì)難易程度 □較難 □一般 □較易 教研室主任簽字： 年 月 日 系（部）教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)意見： 負(fù)責(zé)人簽字： 年 月 日 注：課題類型填寫 W.科研項(xiàng)目；X.生產(chǎn)（社會(huì)）實(shí)際；Y.實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)；Z.其它。 SY-025-BY-2 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書 學(xué)生姓名 熊加勇 系部 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)、班級(jí) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化06-2班 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 孫曉娟 職稱 副教授 從事 專業(yè) 機(jī)械工程 是否外聘 □是■否 題目名稱 小型農(nóng)機(jī)旋耕機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 一、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）目的、意義 隨著新的種植、耕作農(nóng)藝的發(fā)展和推廣，新系列旋耕機(jī)采用的新型旋耕刀，綜合了合理的速度 參數(shù)、 幅寬和復(fù)式作業(yè)功能，采用旋耕機(jī)基礎(chǔ)件組合式結(jié)構(gòu)，可組裝再多種機(jī)型上，滿足不同的用途與農(nóng)藝要求。目前我國(guó)旋耕機(jī)的使用范圍不斷擴(kuò)大，從南方水田到北方旱地以及牧場(chǎng)荒地和果林等都廣泛使用旋耕機(jī)進(jìn)行耕耘作業(yè)。 二、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）內(nèi)容、技術(shù)要求（研究方法） 設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容： 1、分析研究題目的意義和發(fā)展?fàn)顩r； 2、進(jìn)行總結(jié)分析，確立設(shè)計(jì)方案， 3、小型農(nóng)用旋耕機(jī)總體設(shè)計(jì)； 擬解決的問題： 1、解決小型農(nóng)用旋耕機(jī)的總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)問題 ，從而更合理地對(duì)不同地域的適應(yīng)能力。 2、解決旋耕機(jī)的刀具分配的距離，刀具的工作壽命。 研究方法： 1、利用對(duì)比確定總體方案,根據(jù)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論和方法設(shè)計(jì)旋耕機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)； 2、進(jìn)行零件的設(shè)計(jì)和校核； 三、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）完成后應(yīng)提交的成果 1.提交材料：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書1份（不少于20000字），0號(hào)圖紙折合3張以上。 2.其他：為答辯需要，可提供相關(guān)調(diào)研報(bào)告。 四、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)度安排 3月01號(hào)～3月20號(hào) 聽畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)講座 查閱資料 撰寫開題報(bào)告 3月21號(hào)～4月20號(hào) 確定方案設(shè)計(jì)、有關(guān)計(jì)算校核 4月21號(hào)～5月20號(hào) 畫CAD草圖、撰寫說明書 5月21號(hào)～5月30號(hào) 出CAD圖、整理說明書 更改并最終完成設(shè)計(jì) 6月1號(hào)～6月20號(hào) 提交指導(dǎo)老師審核、準(zhǔn)備答辯 5、 主要參考資料 [1] 馬蘭.機(jī)械制圖.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000．5 [2]鄭甲紅,朱建儒,劉喜平.機(jī)械原理.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006.1 [3] 彭國(guó)勛,肖正揚(yáng)編著.自動(dòng)機(jī)械的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990 [4] 鄒慧君.機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)原理.北京:科學(xué)出版社,2003 [5] 吳宗澤,羅圣國(guó).機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].3版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.5 [6] 張春林.機(jī)械創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì).2版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007.9 [7] 呂志強(qiáng),董海.人機(jī)工程學(xué)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社2006.6 [8] 董敬，莊志，常思勤.汽車拖拉機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī).3版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000 [9] 吳官聚﹑楊志義編.新編耕種機(jī)械使用維修. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001 [10] [聯(lián)邦德國(guó)] H.L.文內(nèi)爾著.現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù). 北京：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械出版社，1990 [11]周建來(lái)、李源知、焦巧鳳.農(nóng)機(jī)化研究2000.05，49～51，第2期國(guó)內(nèi)外旋耕機(jī)的技術(shù)狀況. [12]周宏明、鄭蓓蓉、薛偉.農(nóng)機(jī)化研究2002.08，85～87，第3期旋耕機(jī)總體參數(shù)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì). [13][日]山脅三平主編，郭殿福、裴克譯.林業(yè)機(jī)械手冊(cè). 北京：中國(guó)林業(yè)出版社，1987 [14] Mi Bolin,Tu Chenghai, Guan yanling,Li Bai,Zheng Qiumei. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,Vol.5,No.1 48~54. Northeast Agricultural University Harbin [ [15]Suh C H,Radcliffe C W.Kinematics and Mechanisms Design.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1978 六、備注 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 教研室主任簽字： 年 月 日 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告 學(xué)生姓名 熊加勇 系部 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)、班級(jí) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化06-2班 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 孫曉娟 職稱 副教授 從事 專業(yè) 機(jī)械工程 是否外聘 □是■否 題目名稱 小型農(nóng)機(jī)旋耕機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 一、 課題研究現(xiàn)狀、選題目的和意義 1.課題研究現(xiàn)狀 我國(guó)對(duì)旋耕機(jī)的研制始于20世紀(jì)50年代末，初期主要研制與手扶拖拉機(jī)配套的旋耕機(jī)，后來(lái)研制出與中型輪式拖拉機(jī)配套的旋耕機(jī)；70年代初完成了與當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)產(chǎn)的各類拖拉機(jī)配套的系列旋耕機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)，并使之得到了推廣應(yīng)用；到80年代，與手扶拖拉機(jī)配套的旋耕機(jī)由專用型發(fā)展到兼用型，由與手扶拖拉機(jī)配套發(fā)展到與輪式及履帶式拖拉機(jī)配套。 2.選題目的和意義 因此目前研究新型的農(nóng)用旋耕機(jī)是有其必要性的，由于機(jī)械化早已覆蓋我國(guó)的平原地區(qū)；對(duì)新型機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)需提出以下幾點(diǎn)要求：首先要小型化，以促使丘陵地區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化；其次要低耗能，以保證綠色種植；最后要低價(jià)位，以滿足大多數(shù)農(nóng)戶能夠使用上新產(chǎn)品。 這樣一來(lái)必定加快我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)的機(jī)械化進(jìn)程，讓廣大農(nóng)民群眾早日奔小康。 二、設(shè)計(jì)的基本內(nèi)容、擬解決的主要問題 設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容： 1、分析研究題目的意義和發(fā)展?fàn)顩r； 2、進(jìn)行總結(jié)分析，確立設(shè)計(jì)方案， 3、小型農(nóng)用旋耕機(jī)總體設(shè)計(jì)； 擬解決的問題： 1、解決小型農(nóng)用旋耕機(jī)的總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)問題 ，從而更合理地對(duì)不同地域的適應(yīng)能力。 2、解決旋耕機(jī)的刀具分配的距離，刀具的工作壽命。 三、技術(shù)路線（研究方法） 1、利用對(duì)比確定總體方案,根據(jù)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論和方法設(shè)計(jì)旋耕機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)； 2、進(jìn)行零件的設(shè)計(jì)和校核； 擬取得的成果：1、設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份，2萬(wàn)字左右。 2、總體裝備圖A0一張，零件圖若干，折合零號(hào)圖3張。 四、進(jìn)度安排 3月01號(hào)～3月20號(hào) 聽畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)講座 查閱資料 撰寫開題報(bào)告 3月21號(hào)～4月20號(hào) 確定方案設(shè)計(jì)、有關(guān)計(jì)算校核 4月21號(hào)～5月20號(hào) 畫CAD草圖、撰寫說明書 5月21號(hào)～5月30號(hào) 出CAD圖、整理說明書 更改并最終完成設(shè)計(jì) 6月1號(hào)～6月20號(hào) 提交指導(dǎo)老師審核、準(zhǔn)備答辯 五、參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 馬蘭.機(jī)械制圖.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000．5 [2]鄭甲紅,朱建儒,劉喜平.機(jī)械原理.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006.1 [3] 彭國(guó)勛,肖正揚(yáng)編著.自動(dòng)機(jī)械的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990 [4] 鄒慧君.機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)原理.北京:科學(xué)出版社,2003 [5] 吳宗澤,羅圣國(guó).機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].3版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.5 [6] 張春林.機(jī)械創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì).2版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007.9 [7] 呂志強(qiáng),董海.人機(jī)工程學(xué)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社2006.6 [8] 董敬，莊志，常思勤.汽車拖拉機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī).3版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000 [9] 吳官聚﹑楊志義編.新編耕種機(jī)械使用維修. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001 [10] [聯(lián)邦德國(guó)] H.L.文內(nèi)爾著.現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù). 北京：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械出版社，1990 [11]周建來(lái)、李源知、焦巧鳳.農(nóng)機(jī)化研究2000.05，49～51，第2期國(guó)內(nèi)外旋耕機(jī)的技術(shù)狀況. [12]周宏明、鄭蓓蓉、薛偉.農(nóng)機(jī)化研究2002.08，85～87，第3期旋耕機(jī)總體參數(shù)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì). [13][日]山脅三平主編，郭殿福、裴克譯.林業(yè)機(jī)械手冊(cè). 北京：中國(guó)林業(yè)出版社，1987. [15]Suh C H,Radcliffe C W.Kinematics and Mechanisms Design.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1978 六、備注 指導(dǎo)老師意見： 簽字： 年 月 日 Selecting a Rotary Garden Tiller The right rotary tiller can make the job of gardening much easier, but if you choose the wrong tiller for the job, it can make your job more difficult. Tillers range in size from small hand-held models to those weighing several hundred pounds, with corresponding differences in capacity. There are several factors to consider in selecting the best tiller for your job. Size Several companies offer small, hand-held rotary tillers, typically with 2-cycle engines. These little tillers have star-shaped blades instead of separate tines. They are suitable for?light-duty tilling such as cultivating small vegetable or flower gardens. They are narrow and can get into tight places. They will not till deeply, nor will they handle much surface trash. Other garden tillers range from 3-5 hp front-tine models to 8-10 hp rear-tine models. Some semi-commercial rear-tine models are even more powerful. The larger units have tilling widths of 20-26 inches and can cut 6-8 inches deep under ideal conditions. Front or Rear Tines Rotary tillers can have the tines in front of the wheels (front-tine) or behind the wheels (rear tine). The two styles overlap in size (horsepower and tilling width). The wheels on front-tine models are usually not powered, but the wheels on rear-tine models usually are. The tines are usually covered with a shield on a rear-tine tiller, but exposed on a front-tine tiller. ?Larger rear-tine tillers will have the ends of the tine assembly as well as the top shielded. Most rear-tine tillers provide a flap or drag at the rear to keep feet out of the tines and to level the tilled soil. The powered wheels on the rear-tine tillers help hold the tiller back and provide a more uniform speed, while you will have to control the speed of front-tine models by brute force.? Depth control is generally easier with a rear-tine tiller since the depth control drag bar is generally effective. On front-tine models a drag bar is usually provided, but most depth control comes from how you hold the tiller. With a front-tine tiller, it is almost always necessary to walk right behind the tiller in the freshly tilled ground while fighting to control the machine. With a rear-tine tiller, it is often possible to walk to one side, controlling the tiller with one hand, and thus avoid walking in the tilled soil. Soil tilth is almost always better with a rear-tine tiller. Rear-tine models are more expensive but well worth the extra cost. Drive Type Tiller tines can be driven by a shaft or a chain. The clutching mechanism can be an actual clutch or clutching can be accomplished by slackening a belt drive. Many rear-tine tillers will have two or more forward speeds as well as reverse. In many cases, it is necessary to hold the reverse control in place while going backward, but some tillers?allow you to shift into reverse and operate just as you would in forward. The latter design is less safe. Forward or Reverse Tine Rotation Most tillers have the tines moving in a forward direction; in other words, the tines rotate in the same direction as the wheels. Some tillers turn the tines in reverse. The manufacturers who offer reverse tines claim that the reverse rotation is more effective at breaking up sod; however, reverse tine rotation should be avoided from the safety standpoint. With forward-rotating tines, if the tines "grab" on a root, rock, stump, etc., the tiller will jump forward - thus away from you. With reverse rotation, if the tines "grab" on anything, the tiller will jump backward - with the rotating tines coming at your feet and legs! Also, if you are maneuvering in tight quarters - in a fence corner or next to a building the tiller can come back at you, pin you against the obstacle and injure you. Forward rotation is much safer, and you should not purchase or use a reverse-rotation model. Reverse tine rotation should?be used only on tractor-mounted tillers. Quality Tillers, like other lawn and garden equipment, are available in different levels of quality from different manufacturers. A quality tiller can easily cost?two to three?times as much as a comparably sized cheap tiller. Since tillers are work hard under adverse conditions, a high quality model is generally a good investment. Ergonomics There are big differences in the ergonomics of tillers. Some tillers that at first seem to be?similar may, in fact, have?different ergonomics. Some clutches are much easier to use than others, some reverse mechanisms are much easier to engage than others, some depth controls are easy to move and some require tools and a struggle, some operator presence controls (OPCs) are easy to use and some are not.?Try out a tiller or talk to an owner before buying a tiller. It is hard to evaluate ergonomics while looking at a tiller in a store (or a catalog); it takes personal experience to separate the good designs from the awkward designs. Remember, if you have a small garden you may be better off with a good garden spade and a scuffle hoe, and thus eliminate the cost and maintenance hassles of a tiller. If you really do need a tiller, a rear-tine model is much easier to use and does a better job. A small, hand-held tiller may be satisfactory for?small jobs. Use of a Rotary Garden Tiller Whether you buy, rent or borrow a tiller, you will find that it has many uses. In some countries, particularly in Southeast Asia where farms are small, a rotary tiller is a general purpose farm tool. It can be a general purpose garden tool for you. Attachments Some tillers can be fitted with attachments to do jobs other than garden tilling. Some of the small hand-held models can be equipped with dethatching tines or rotary brushes. Some of the larger rear-tine tillers can handle a snow/dirt blade or a middle buster (lister); and can have the entire tiller assembly replaced with a sicklebar mower, a shredder/grinder or even a generator. These attachments can be useful, but may not work as well as separate machines. You have to decide whether this capability will be useful for you. Preparing the Garden Rotary tillers can be used for primary tillage (working up the garden in the spring), secondary tillage (breaking up clods and preparing the soil for planting) and for cultivation while the crop is growing. Under ideal conditions, one pass with the tiller may provide both primary and secondary tillage, leaving a good seedbed. Under other conditions, multiple passes may be needed to chop up existing vegetation and then prepare the seedbed. If vegetation is heavy, it is often helpful to make one or two passes and then leave it alone until after the next rain before tilling again. This process will help the vegetation to break down. Primary tillage requires the slowest speed (lowest gear) available, but you can sometimes use a higher gear for secondary tillage. You should always run your tiller at full engine rpm and then shift up or down as needed. Garden Cultivation Tillers can be effective at cultivating around crops, and the cultivation can usually be done at a higher ground speed than you would use for primary or secondary tillage. Be careful to use a very shallow depth setting when cultivating to avoid damaging crop roots. It is best to avoid walking on the cultivated ground since weeds will germinate and/or re-establish better in your footprints. Growing and Incorporating Organic Matter A rotary tiller can contribute to the health of your garden soil by incorporating cover crops and green manure crops. In our climate, it is difficult to?increase organic matter permanenly, but you can?improve structure and tilth by incorporating vegetation and/or compost. A tiller can also be used in planting cover crops. After a seedbed is prepared, you can broadcast seed and then run the tiller over the ground at high speed and minimum depth to cover the seeds. A tiller is most effective at covering larger seeds such as peas. Small cover crop seeds such as ryegrass may be covered too deeply by a tiller; raking or dragging is more effective for small seeds. Middlebusting Probably the most useful accessory for your tiller is a wide sweep or middlebuster (sometimes called a "furrower"). This tool attaches to the rear of the tiller (with the tines still in place) and allows you to dig a shallow furrow. Two adjacent passes with a sweep or middlebuster will throw up a raised bed, which can be?important in many parts of Louisiana. You can then level the top of the raised bed and plant your crops there. The furrow from a single pass is ideal for planting Irish potatoes. You can then run the sweep beside the row to cover the potato seed and again later to throw soil up on the plants. You can throw soil on sweet corn roots the same way. Trenching Tillers also have uses outside of the garden. A tiller can be? helpful when digging a ditch or trench. Just run the tiller over the ditch lineto loosen the soil, then shovel out the loosened soil and repeat until you reach the desired depth. Tillers are useful garden helpers. It is difficult to manage a large garden without one. Proper use can make your gardening experience more pleasant and productive. Rotary Tiller Safety and Maintenance To get the best performance and longevity from your tiller, you need to?maintain it properly. You also need to be aware of some of the dangers involved in using a tiller and take steps to protect yourself and others. Engine Maintenance You will need to maintain the engine on your tiller carefully. Because your tiller operates in dust and dirt, oil and filter changes are more critical than for lawn mowers and most other lawn and garden machines. At the very minimum, you should change the oil after 50 hours of use or at least once a year. If the oil looks dirty, change it more often. Keep any grease fittings properly lubricated. Check the oil in the gearcase or chaincase, and add as needed.? Your air cleaner will need to be cleaned or replace often - perhaps as often as after 1-2 hours of use in dusty conditions. Occasionally, you will need to blow or brush the dust and dirt out of the cooling fins on the engine and flywheel. Tiller Maintenance One of the most important things you can do for your tiller is to keep it clean. Wash the tiller, particularly the tines and housing, after each use (be careful not to spray water on a hot engine!). For continued effectiveness, you will need to replace the tines when they become worn down. You may occasionally need to adjust the control linkages. See your owner’s manual for instructions. Your tires should be maintained at the recommended pressure. End-of-season Storage Like many pieces of lawn and garden equipment, tillers are used seasonally and then stored for the winter.?It is a good idea to change the oil before storing them. You should either run the gasoline tank dry or fill it with fresh gas containing a stabilizer. Check the spark plug and regap or replace if needed.? If you are?storing the tiller for several months, it is a good idea to squirt a teaspoonful or so of clean engine oil into the spark plug hole and then pull the starter rope to rotate the crankshaft a time or two before replacing the spark plug. Be sure to use a torque wrench to tighten the spark plugs. Many small engines are made of aluminum, and it is very easy to strip the threads when tightening the spark plug. Clean or replace the air filter. Check the oil in the gearcase or chaincase and refill (or replace if dirty). Be sure the tiller is clean before storage, then store it out of the weather. Be sure it is not stored in direct sunlight,?because the UV light will degrade the tires. Safety Tiller tines are aggressive! They can chew up a hand or foot just as easily as a patch of bermudagrass. Stay away from rotating tines! Keep bystanders, particularly children, away from tillers. Watch out for roots, stumps, rocks, buried pipes, etc. that might cause the tiller to "grab" and jump. Even if it jumps away from you, it can cause a sprained back. A 200-pound tiller leaping forward can really jerk an operator.? Avoid areas where electric or gas lines might be buried. Most tillers now have operator presence controls (OPCs) which consist of a lever or handle that must be held in place while operating or the engine will die (or the tines stop rotating). Don’t try to defeat the OPC on a tiller. It is there to protect you. Remember, your tiller works?hard under some?dirty conditions. You will need to be?conscientious about maintenance to overcome the effects of the tilling environment. Remember, too, that tillers are potentially dangerous. Treat them with respect. 選擇小型農(nóng)用旋耕機(jī) 選擇了合理的旋耕機(jī)能使你的田間作業(yè)事半功倍，相反，如果你選擇了不合適的旋耕機(jī)，那么你的田間工作只能事倍功半了。 旋耕機(jī)的尺寸系列從手扶式小型農(nóng)用旋耕機(jī)到幾百磅的大型農(nóng)用旋耕機(jī)種類繁多，并且各有各的用途，你應(yīng)當(dāng)從多方面考慮選擇對(duì)你最有幫助的旋耕機(jī)。 尺寸 很多公司提供了小型、手提式、及典型2-循環(huán)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)旋耕機(jī)，這些小型旋耕機(jī)用星形刀片代替齒狀刀片。它們適合輕負(fù)載的耕種，例如，在小菜園或花園里耕作。它們耕作時(shí)既不會(huì)耕太深也不揚(yáng)起很大的塵土。其它的小型旋耕機(jī)系列從3-5馬力的前置式到8-10馬力的后置式旋耕機(jī)不一。一些半貿(mào)易型后置式旋耕機(jī)的馬力甚至更大。大型旋耕機(jī)的耕寬為20-26英寸，并且在理想條件下耕深能達(dá)到6-8英寸。 前置或后置式旋耕機(jī) 旋耕機(jī)有的彎刀在輪子前面，有的在輪子后面，這兩種樣式在參數(shù)（馬力和耕寬）上重疊。輪子在前刀軸上的通常動(dòng)力不大，而在后刀軸上的動(dòng)力卻很大。彎刀經(jīng)常被后置的防護(hù)罩遮擋，相反，前置式卻暴露在外面。大型后置式旋耕機(jī)將刀柄像防護(hù)罩一樣集中在一起，大部分后置式旋耕機(jī)帶有防護(hù)罩和拖板，以防止腿腳受傷或泥土濺出。當(dāng)你通過蠻力來(lái)控制前置式旋耕機(jī)后退時(shí)，后置式旋耕機(jī)刀軸上的動(dòng)力輪幫助你拉著機(jī)器以一個(gè)恒定的速度后退。 耕深的控制對(duì)于后置式旋耕機(jī)來(lái)說非常容易，它通過控制拉桿來(lái)有效的控制耕深。前置式旋耕機(jī)也有拉桿，但是耕深往往要你自己來(lái)完成。用前置式旋耕機(jī)，你需要努力的控制機(jī)器并且走在合適的地方，以免踩到剛耕過的土地。用后置式旋耕機(jī)，需要你走在一邊單手扶著它，這樣是為了避免踩到剛耕過的土地上，用后置式耕過的土地比前置式耕過的要好。多花點(diǎn)錢買一臺(tái)貴一點(diǎn)的后置式旋耕機(jī)是很劃算的。 驅(qū)動(dòng)類型 旋耕機(jī)的彎刀是通過聯(lián)軸器傳動(dòng)到刀軸或鏈上的動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)的。很多后置式旋耕機(jī)有2個(gè)或更多的前進(jìn)或倒退速度，在很多情況下，旋耕機(jī)要前進(jìn)時(shí)必須靠人操縱倒退，但是很多旋耕機(jī)有換檔裝置，可以換成反轉(zhuǎn)就像前進(jìn)時(shí)一樣，但是后一種設(shè)計(jì)部適很安全。 彎刀的正轉(zhuǎn)與反轉(zhuǎn) 很多旋耕機(jī)只能向前進(jìn)方向移動(dòng)，換言之，彎刀的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向與輪子旋轉(zhuǎn)方向一致。一些旋耕機(jī)能把彎刀旋轉(zhuǎn)方向改變。那些能提供反轉(zhuǎn)彎刀的制造商宣稱反向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)對(duì)打碎草地很有效，然而，反向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)應(yīng)該避免安全的問題。用正向旋轉(zhuǎn)彎刀時(shí)，如果碰到石塊、樹根、殘茬等，旋耕機(jī)可能避開。 用反轉(zhuǎn)式旋耕機(jī)時(shí)，如遇到什么東西，旋耕機(jī)將會(huì)彈回傷到你的你的腿腳，也或許你在一個(gè)較窄的地方或有籬笆的地方或墻角，旋耕機(jī)或許能彈回來(lái)傷著你。正轉(zhuǎn)旋耕機(jī)較安全，你不必非買一個(gè)帶反轉(zhuǎn)的旋耕機(jī)，翻轉(zhuǎn)式的旋耕機(jī)只用拖拉機(jī)牽引的形式。 質(zhì)量 旋耕機(jī)與其它農(nóng)具一樣隨制造商的不同它們的質(zhì)量也不同。一臺(tái)質(zhì)量高的旋耕機(jī)，通常是同尺寸的普通旋耕機(jī)的價(jià)錢的兩到三倍。用于相同的工作條件下，一臺(tái)高質(zhì)量的旋耕機(jī)通常是一項(xiàng)不錯(cuò)的投資項(xiàng)目。 人機(jī)工程學(xué) 旋耕機(jī)的人機(jī)工程學(xué)有很大的不同。一些旋耕機(jī)一眼看上去很相似，但實(shí)際上由不同人機(jī)工程學(xué)的運(yùn)用，一些是扶手好用，一些是反轉(zhuǎn)比其它的好用，一些是深度控制器比其它的好用，一些是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制器比其它的好用。在你買之前最好能試一下或詢問一下又旋耕機(jī)的人。在商場(chǎng)購(gòu)買很難評(píng)價(jià)一臺(tái)旋耕機(jī)的性能，它只能憑借著個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)去識(shí)別好的設(shè)計(jì)和不好的設(shè)計(jì)。 記著如果你有塊小田地你最好用鐵鍬或鋤頭，這樣既可以避免花銷又可避免麻煩的維護(hù)工作。如果你覺得你需要一臺(tái)旋耕機(jī)，買后置式的它很容易操作并且耕地也很好，小型手扶的旋耕機(jī)適合小塊地的工作。 使用小型農(nóng)用旋耕機(jī) 無(wú)論你是買、租還是借一臺(tái)旋耕機(jī)，你都發(fā)現(xiàn)它的用途很廣。在很多國(guó)家，尤其是在農(nóng)場(chǎng)很小的東南亞，一臺(tái)小型旋耕機(jī)是用途廣泛的農(nóng)場(chǎng)工具，它也能成為用途廣泛的田園農(nóng)具。 附件 一些旋耕機(jī)能與附件配合做很多工作，比園林翻土機(jī)更有效。一些手扶式旋耕機(jī)能夠和彎刀等裝配在一起。一些大型后置式耕作機(jī)具能帶動(dòng)中間破土犁，并且整個(gè)旋耕機(jī)的組合能集割草機(jī)、碎土機(jī)甚至是發(fā)電機(jī)的功能于一身，雖然這些附件很有用，但是它們工作起來(lái)可能稍遜色于單獨(dú)的成型機(jī)。你應(yīng)該注意一下這些附件的功用是否適合你。 準(zhǔn)備田園 旋耕機(jī)用于初耕（春天在土地上耕種）、復(fù)耕（打碎土塊并且準(zhǔn)備耕種）及種莊稼時(shí)的耕作，在理想條件下旋耕機(jī)一次耕作可擁有初耕、復(fù)耕及平整的壟，在其它條件下，復(fù)合耕作或許需要去去除存在的草本植物，然后呈現(xiàn)出壟。 假如草本植物旺盛的話，來(lái)兩次的耕作很有益，然后，擱置起來(lái)等到下完雨后再耕作，這個(gè)過程能夠幫你打碎那些草本植物。雖然初耕需要合適的低速，但常常你應(yīng)該經(jīng)常是你的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)處在最大馬力上，一旦你需要什么速度是你就可以隨心所欲了。 田園耕作 旋耕機(jī)在耕種莊稼時(shí)比什么時(shí)候都有效，這是耕種往往比初耕、復(fù)耕時(shí)速度要高，這時(shí)耕作務(wù)必用淺耕裝置，以免毀壞了莊稼的根部。最好不要走在剛耕過的地方，以免草的種子、草被踩實(shí)后重新生長(zhǎng)。 生成有機(jī)物質(zhì) 旋耕機(jī)通過合并覆蓋莊稼和綠肥是你的土地的土壤變的肥沃，在我們的這種氣候中，很難增加潛在的有機(jī)肥料，但你能通過覆蓋草本植物或綠肥來(lái)提高你土地的土壤結(jié)構(gòu)性能和耕種。當(dāng)土地平整完畢，你就可以播種，然后用高速檔去耕地翻土，用深土覆蓋種子。旋耕機(jī)是最有效的來(lái)種豌豆種子。用旋耕機(jī)翻土深埋小的種子如黑麥草的種子可能會(huì)埋得很深，對(duì)小種子應(yīng)用耙或耠的方式比較有效。 開溝破土犁 對(duì)旋耕機(jī)來(lái)說有一個(gè)寬大的開溝破土犁大有益處（常常成為開溝犁），這種附件裝載后刀柄上后，你能挖開淺溝，兩個(gè)相鄰的來(lái)回耕作能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)畦，這種方法在路易斯安那州非常重要。你能在產(chǎn)生的畦上種莊稼或花草。開溝犁的一次耕作對(duì)威爾士的土豆是一種理想的生長(zhǎng)的場(chǎng)所。你能操作拖板覆土，然后在植物上撒上土，你也可以把土撒在玉米根上。 開溝 旋耕機(jī)也可在田園外使用，在挖溝或挖排水溝時(shí)，旋耕機(jī)大有幫助。只要你在要開溝的路線上走幾個(gè)來(lái)回，松松土，然后把土鏟除，重復(fù)做幾次，直到溝挖到你覺得合適為止。旋耕機(jī)是田園助手，對(duì)于一個(gè)大的莊園來(lái)說沒有旋耕機(jī)很難。恰當(dāng)?shù)氖褂眯麢C(jī)能夠使你的園藝技術(shù)提高并且工作起來(lái)很愉快。 旋耕機(jī)的安全與維修 為使旋耕機(jī)經(jīng)久耐用，你需要恰當(dāng)?shù)谋ｐB(yǎng)。你必須意識(shí)到使用旋耕機(jī)時(shí)的危險(xiǎn)并且逐步