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外文資料翻譯
Mechatronics and Its Applications
The electromechanical integration technology for the changing face of the machinery manufacturing industry has played an important role, and describe its application in the steel industry and trends.
Keywords Mechatronics Technology
1 Mechatronics Technology
Mechatronics is a mechanical, microelectronics, control, computer, information processing multidisciplinary integration, its development and progress depends on the progress and development of related technologies, the main development direction of the digital, intelligent, modular, network , humanity, miniaturization, integration with source-based and green.
1.1 Digital
Microcontroller and its development has laid a foundation for digital electronic products, such as the continuous development of CNC machine tools and robots; and the rapid rise of computer networks for digital design and manufacturing, paving the way, such as virtual design, computer integrated manufacturing. Required mechanical and electrical integration of digital software products with high reliability, operability, maintainability, self-diagnosis capabilities, and friendly interface. Will facilitate the realization of digital remote control, diagnosis and repair.
1.2 Intelligent
Requiring mechanical and electrical products have a certain intelligence, that it have similar logical thinking, reasoning, independent decision-making capacity. CNC machine tools such as an increase in man-machine conversation function, set the smart I / O interface and smart technology database, will the use, operation and maintenance of great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray theory, wavelet theory, artificial intelligence techniques such as chaos and bifurcation of the progress and development, development of mechatronics opened up a vast world.
1.3 modular
As mechatronics many product categories and manufacturers, research and development of a standard mechanical interface, power interface, the environment interface unit module mechatronic products is a complex and promising work. Such as the development of a set of slow, one of the power frequency conversion motor drive unit; has the vision, image processing, identification and ranging functions such as motor integrated control unit. Thus, in product development, design, modular units can use these standards to develop new products quickly.
1.4 Network
As the network's popular Web-based remote control and monitoring of various technologies in the ascendant. The remote control of the terminal equipment itself Jiushi mechatronic products, field bus and LAN technology to home appliance network as possible, use of family networks into the Ge Zhong Jiayongdianqi Lianjie to Jisuan Ji-centric computer integrated appliance system, and let people high-tech home can fully enjoy the benefits of all kinds, so no doubt mechatronic product development towards the direction of the network.
1.5 human
Mechatronic product end-use is people, how to give people mechatronic product intelligence, emotions and human nature are increasingly important in electromechanical integration products in addition to improved performance, but also require color, shape and other aspects and the environment, use of these products on people, or a kind of art to enjoy, such as household robots is the highest state of man-machine integration.
1.6 Miniaturization
Micro-fine processing technology is the necessity of the development is the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, referred to as MEMS) is available in volume production, set mini-institutions, micro-sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit, until the interface, communication and power is equal to one micro-devices or systems. Since 1986, Stanford University developed the first medical micro-probe, 1988, University of California, Berkeley campus developed the first micro-motor has been abroad in MEMS technology, micro-mechanics of materials, and has made great progress in developing various MEMS devices and systems, such as various micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometers, micro-tactile sensor), various micro-elements (micro-film, micro-beam, micro-probes, micro link, micro gears, micro bearings, micro pump, micro springs and micro robots, etc.).
1.7 Integration
I ntegration of various technologies including both mutual penetration, integration and optimization of various products with different structures and composite, but also included in the production process in the treatment of processing, assembly, testing, management and other processes. In order to achieve variety and small batch production of automation and high efficiency, the system should have a wider range of flexibility. First, the system can be decomposed into several levels, make the system functionally diversified, and enabled partial reconciliation without security Di Yunzhuan, then Zai through software and hardware to link the Ge Ge level together organically, the properties of the optimal, most powerful.
1.8 with source of
Mechatronics refers to the product itself with energy such as solar batteries, fuel cells and high-capacity battery. Since energy can not be used on many occasions, so the movement of mechanical and electrical integration products, own power source has a unique advantage. Source is the mechanical and electrical integration with product development directions.
1.9 Green
The development of science and technology has brought tremendous changes in people's lives, rich in material resources but also bring about reduction of the ecological consequences of environmental degradation. Therefore, it calls for protection of the environment, return to nature and achi the concept of green products in this voice emerged. Green products is the low power, low-consumption, low pollution, comfortable, coordinated and can be recycled products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction should be environmentally friendly and human health requirements, mechanical and electrical integration of green products is predominantly refers to its use Bu Wuranshengtai Huan Jing, product life end, the product can be decomposed He recycled.
2 Mechatronics applications in iron and steel enterprises
In the iron and steel enterprises, mechatronics system is based on the microprocessor core, the computer, industrial computer, data communication, display devices, instruments and other techniques of combining organic and, combined with assembly means, for the realization of an integrated large scale engineering systems integration to create strong conditions to enhance the control precision, quality and reliability. Mechatronics mainly used in iron and steel enterprises in the following areas:
2.1 Intelligent Control (IC)
As the steel industry has a large, high-speed and continuous characteristics, the traditional control techniques have encountered insurmountable difficulties, so it is necessary to adopt intelligent control technology. Intelligent control technology include expert systems, fuzzy control and neural networks, intelligent control technology is widely used in iron and steel product design, production, control, diagnostic equipment and product quality and other aspects, such as blast furnace control systems, electric furnace and continuous casting plant , steel rolling system, steel casting --- --- integrated scheduling system rolling, cold rolling and so on.
2.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central computer control command for a number of field monitoring and control station computers, and intelligent control unit. Distributed control system can be two, and three or more levels. Use computers to concentrate on monitoring the production process, operation, management and decentralized control. With the development of measurement and control technology, distributed control systems more and more powerful. Can not only control the production process, but also allows online optimization, the production process real-time scheduling, production planning statistical management functions, into a test, control, possession of a comprehensive system integration. Diversification of DCS control with features, easy operation, the system can be expanded, easy maintenance and reliability. DCS is to monitor the centralized control of decentralized, fault affected area is small, and the system has a chain of protection, using the system failure manually control operations measures to the system reliability. Distributed control system and centralized control system compared to the more powerful, higher security. Mechatronic systems is currently the principal large-scale trend.
2.3 Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology leading to new structural system concept. "Open" means a standard information exchange protocols for consensus and support, this standard design system that can achieve different manufacturers products, compatibility and exchange, and resource sharing. Open control system through the communications network to a variety of industrial control equipment, management, computer interconnection, for control and management, management, decision-making integration, through the field bus control room to field instrumentation and control equipment, interconnection, measurement and control to achieve integration.
2.4 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
Iron and steel enterprise CIMS is people and production management, production management and process control fused to achieve from the raw material into the plant, production and processing to product delivery process throughout the production process of global integration and control. Current iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved the automation, but this "islands of automation"-style stand-alone automated lack of information resource focus of future competition in iron and steel enterprises are many varieties, small volume, low price, timely delivery. eve sustainable development, In order to improve productivity, save energy, reduce personnel and existing inventory, accelerate cash flow, production, operation, management overall optimization, the key is to strengthen the management, access to economic benefits, improve the competitiveness of enterprises. United States, Japan and some large-scale iron and steel enterprises in the 20th century has been widely realized 80 years of CIMS.
2.5 Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) is the connection settings set in the field of instrumentation and control equipment in the control room between the digital, bi-directional, multi-station communication link. Use of fieldbus technology to replace the existing signal transmission technologies (such as 4 ~ 20mA, DC DC transmission) so that more information can be intelligent field instrumentation devices and higher-level control system of communication between the media on a common two-way transmission. Field bus connections can be saved by 66% or more field signal wiring. DCS Fieldbus lead changes and the introduction of a new generation of automated systems around the open field bus of instruments, such as smart transmitters, smart actuators, field bus-based instrumentation, fieldbus-based PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and field-site control stations and other development.
2.6 AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the steel industry played a vital role to make. With the power electronics and microelectronics technology, the development of AC is very fast. As the superiority of AC drive, electric drive technology in the near future replace the DC by the AC drive transmission, the development of digital technology to make sophisticated vector control technology to achieve practical, AC variable speed system speed performance have reached and exceeded DC converter level. Now, both small and medium-capacity high-capacity motor or motors can be used to achieve synchronous motor or asynchronous motor speed reversible smooth. AC drive system in rolling production appeared to be welcomed b continue to expand. s sharing and unified management of the production process, difficult to adapt to the modern iron and steel production.
機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用研究
機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)對于改變整個(gè)機(jī)械制造業(yè)面貌所起的重要作用，并說明其在鋼鐵工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用以及發(fā)展趨勢。
關(guān)鍵詞 機(jī)電一體化 技術(shù) 應(yīng)用
1 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展
機(jī)電一體化是機(jī)械、微電子、控制、計(jì)算機(jī)、信息處理等多學(xué)科的交叉融合，其發(fā)展和進(jìn)步有賴于相關(guān)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展，其主要發(fā)展方向有數(shù)字化、智能化、模塊化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、人性化、微型化、集成化、帶源化和綠色化。
1.1 數(shù)字化
微控制器及其發(fā)展奠定了機(jī)電產(chǎn)品數(shù)字化的基礎(chǔ)，如不斷發(fā)展的數(shù)控機(jī)床和機(jī)器人；而計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的迅速崛起，為數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與制造鋪平了道路，如虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造等。數(shù)字化要求機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的軟件具有高可靠性、易操作性、可維護(hù)性、自診斷能力以及友好人機(jī)界面。數(shù)字化的實(shí)現(xiàn)將便于遠(yuǎn)程操作、診斷和修復(fù)。
1.2 智能化
即要求機(jī)電產(chǎn)品有一定的智能,使它具有類似人的邏輯思考、判斷推理、自主決策等能力。例如在CNC數(shù)控機(jī)床上增加人機(jī)對話功能，設(shè)置智能I/O接口和智能工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫，會給使用、操作和維護(hù)帶來極大的方便。隨著模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、灰色理論、小波理論、混沌與分岔等人工智能技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展，為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展開辟了廣闊天地。
1.3 模塊化
由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多，研制和開發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、動力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元模塊是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜而有前途的工作。如研制具有集減速、變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)一體的動力驅(qū)動單元；具有視覺、圖像處理、識別和測距等功能的電機(jī)一體控制單元等。這樣，在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，可以利用這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊化單元迅速開發(fā)出新的產(chǎn)品。
1.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化
由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及，基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾。而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，現(xiàn)場總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)使家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為可能，利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)把各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家用電器系統(tǒng)，使人們在家里可充分享受各種高技術(shù)帶來的好處，因此，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無疑應(yīng)朝網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。
1.5 人性化
機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對象是人，如何給機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦予人的智能、情感和人性顯得愈來愈重要，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品除了完善的性能外，還要求在色彩、造型等方面與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)，使用這些產(chǎn)品，對人來說還是一種藝術(shù)享受，如家用機(jī)器人的最高境界就是人機(jī)一體化。
1.6 微型化
微型化是精細(xì)加工技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然，也是提高效率的需要。微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)(Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems，簡稱MEMS)是指可批量制作的，集微型機(jī)構(gòu)、微型傳感器、微型執(zhí)行器以及信號處理和控制電路，直至接口、通信和電源等于一體的微型器件或系統(tǒng)。自1986年美國斯坦福大學(xué)研制出第一個(gè)醫(yī)用微探針，1988年美國加州大學(xué)Berkeley分校研制出第一個(gè)微電機(jī)以來，國內(nèi)外在MEMS工藝、材料以及微觀機(jī)理研究方面取得了很大進(jìn)展，開發(fā)出各種MEMS器件和系統(tǒng)，如各種微型傳感器（壓力傳感器、微加速度計(jì)、微觸覺傳感器），各種微構(gòu)件（微膜、微粱、微探針、微連桿、微齒輪、微軸承、微泵、微彈簧以及微機(jī)器人等）。
1.7 集成化
集成化既包含各種技術(shù)的相互滲透、相互融合和各種產(chǎn)品不同結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化與復(fù)合，又包含在生產(chǎn)過程中同時(shí)處理加工、裝配、檢測、管理等多種工序。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)的自動化與高效率，應(yīng)使系統(tǒng)具有更廣泛的柔性。首先可將系統(tǒng)分解為若干層次，使系統(tǒng)功能分散，并使各部分協(xié)調(diào)而又安全地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，然后再通過軟、硬件將各個(gè)層次有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來，使其性能最優(yōu)、功能最強(qiáng)。
1.8 帶源化
是指機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品自身帶有能源，如太陽能電池、燃料電池和大容量電池。由于在許多場合無法使用電能，因而對于運(yùn)動的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，自帶動力源具有獨(dú)特的好處。帶源化是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展方向之一。
1.9 綠色化
科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展給人們的生活帶來巨大變化，在物質(zhì)豐富的同時(shí)也帶來資源減少、生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化的后果。所以，人們呼喚保護(hù)環(huán)境，回歸自然，實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲中應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。綠色產(chǎn)品是指低能耗、低材耗、低污染、舒適、協(xié)調(diào)而可再生利用的產(chǎn)品。在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷毀時(shí)應(yīng)符合環(huán)保和人類健康的要求，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指在其使用時(shí)不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境，產(chǎn)品壽命結(jié)束時(shí)，產(chǎn)品可分解和再生利用。
2 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵企業(yè)中應(yīng)用
在鋼鐵企業(yè)中，機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)是以微處理機(jī)為核心，把微機(jī)、工控機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)通訊、顯示裝置、儀表等技術(shù)有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來，采用組裝合并方式，為實(shí)現(xiàn)工程大系統(tǒng)的綜合一體化創(chuàng)造有力條件，增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)控制精度、質(zhì)量和可靠性。機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵企業(yè)中主要應(yīng)用于以下幾個(gè)方面：
2.1 智能化控制技術(shù)(IC)
由于鋼鐵工業(yè)具有大型化、高速化和連續(xù)化的特點(diǎn)，傳統(tǒng)的控制技術(shù)遇到了難以克服的困難，因此非常有必要采用智能控制技術(shù)。智能控制技術(shù)主要包括專家系統(tǒng)、模糊控制和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等，智能控制技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用于鋼鐵企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、控制、設(shè)備與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量診斷等各個(gè)方面，如高爐控制系統(tǒng)、電爐和連鑄車間、軋鋼系統(tǒng)、煉鋼———連鑄———軋鋼綜合調(diào)度系統(tǒng)、冷連軋等。
2.2 分布式控制系統(tǒng)(ＤCS)
分布式控制系統(tǒng)采用一臺中央計(jì)算機(jī)指揮若干臺面向控制的現(xiàn)場測控計(jì)算機(jī)和智能控制單元。分布式控制系統(tǒng)可以是兩級的、三級的或更多級的。利用計(jì)算機(jī)對生產(chǎn)過程進(jìn)行集中監(jiān)視、操作、管理和分散控制。隨著測控技術(shù)的發(fā)展，分布式控制系統(tǒng)的功能越來越多。不僅可以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程控制，而且還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在線最優(yōu)化、生產(chǎn)過程實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)度、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃統(tǒng)計(jì)管理功能，成為一種測、控、管一體化的綜合系統(tǒng)。ＤCS具有特點(diǎn)控制功能多樣化、操作簡便、系統(tǒng)可以擴(kuò)展、維護(hù)方便、可靠性高等特點(diǎn)。ＤCS是監(jiān)視集中控制分散，故障影響面小，而且系統(tǒng)具有連鎖保護(hù)功能，采用了系統(tǒng)故障人工手動控制操作措施，使系統(tǒng)可靠性高。分布式控制系統(tǒng)與集中型控制系統(tǒng)相比，其功能更強(qiáng)，具有更高的安全性。是當(dāng)前大型機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的主要潮流。
2.3 開放式控制系統(tǒng)(OCS)
開放控制系統(tǒng)(Open Control System)是目前計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展所引出的新的結(jié)構(gòu)體系概念?！伴_放”意味著對一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息交換規(guī)程的共識和支持，按此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同廠家產(chǎn)品的兼容和互換，且資源共享。開放控制系統(tǒng)通過工業(yè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)使各種控制設(shè)備、管理計(jì)算機(jī)互聯(lián)，實(shí)現(xiàn)控制與經(jīng)營、管理、決策的集成，通過現(xiàn)場總線使現(xiàn)場儀表與控制室的控制設(shè)備互聯(lián)，實(shí)現(xiàn)測量與控制一體化。
2.4 計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)
鋼鐵企業(yè)的CIMS是將人與生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營、生產(chǎn)管理以及過程控制連成一體，用以實(shí)現(xiàn)從原料進(jìn)廠，生產(chǎn)加工到產(chǎn)品發(fā)貨的整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程全局和過程一體化控制。目前鋼鐵企業(yè)已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了過程自動化，但這種“自動化孤島”式的單機(jī)自動化缺乏信息資源的共享和生產(chǎn)過程的統(tǒng)一管理，難以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的要求。未來鋼鐵企業(yè)競爭的焦點(diǎn)是多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)，質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)廉，及時(shí)交貨。為了提高生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)能降耗、減少人員及現(xiàn)有庫存，加速資金周轉(zhuǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營、管理整體優(yōu)化，關(guān)鍵就是加強(qiáng)管理，獲取必須的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，提高了企業(yè)的競爭力。美國、日本等一些大型鋼鐵企業(yè)在20世紀(jì)80年代已廣泛實(shí)現(xiàn)CIMS化。
2.5 現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù)(ＦBT)
現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù)(Ｆieｄ Bus Technology)是連接設(shè)置在現(xiàn)場的儀表與設(shè)置在控制室內(nèi)的控制設(shè)備之間的數(shù)字式、雙向、多站通信鏈路。采用現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù)取代現(xiàn)行的信號傳輸技術(shù) (如4～20mA，ＤC直流傳輸)就能使更多的信息在智能化現(xiàn)場儀表裝置與更高一級的控制系統(tǒng)之間在共同的通信媒體上進(jìn)行雙向傳送。通過現(xiàn)場總線連接可省去66%或更多的現(xiàn)場信號連接導(dǎo)線?，F(xiàn)場總線的引入導(dǎo)致ＤCS的變革和新一代圍繞開放自動化系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)場總線化儀表，如智能變送器、智能執(zhí)行器、現(xiàn)場總線化檢測儀表、現(xiàn)場總線化PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)和現(xiàn)場就地控制站等的發(fā)展。
2.6 交流傳動技術(shù)
傳動技術(shù)在鋼鐵工業(yè)中起作至關(guān)重要的作用。隨著電力電子技術(shù)和微電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展，交流調(diào)速技術(shù)的發(fā)展非常迅速。由于交流傳動的優(yōu)越性，電氣傳動技術(shù)在不久的將來由交流傳動全面取代直流傳動，數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使復(fù)雜的矢量控制技術(shù)實(shí)用化得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的調(diào)速性能已達(dá)到和超過直流調(diào)速水平?，F(xiàn)在無論大容量電機(jī)或中小容量電機(jī)都可以使用同步電機(jī)或異步電機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)可逆平滑調(diào)速。交流傳動系統(tǒng)在軋鋼生產(chǎn)中一出現(xiàn)就受到用戶的歡迎，應(yīng)用不斷擴(kuò)大。