編號：畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文翻譯（原文）學 院：專 業(yè)：學生姓名：學 號：指導教師單位 ：指導老師：職 稱：資料來源：文章名：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY書刊名：《Digital Image Processing》作 者： Y. Torres, J. J. Pavón, I. Nieto and J. A. Rodríguez出版社：武漢大學出版社，2004章 節(jié)：2.4 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY頁 碼：P15～P18INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development. Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t ， echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery“ by “the machinery electrification“ for the characteristic development phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, “integration of machinery“ covering “technology“ and “product“ two aspects .Only is, the integration of machinery technology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions, like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneous condition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stage which makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the huge progress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Council had been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as “863 plans“ this technology .When formulated “95“ the plan and in 2010 developed the summary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology development trend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity. 3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .The artificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bed intellectualization is the important application .Here said “the intellectualization“ is to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes the scheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are variousThese question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out a condition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of\“the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over\“, it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .翻譯機電一體化摘要機電一體化是現代科學技術發(fā)展的必然結果,本文簡述了機電一體化技術的基本概要和發(fā)展背景。綜述了國內外機電一體化技術的現狀，分析了機電一體化技術的發(fā)展趨勢。關鍵詞機電一體化 技術 現狀 產品 制造技術 發(fā)展趨勢1．緒論現代科學技術的不斷發(fā)展，極大地推動了不同學科的交叉與滲透，導致了工程領域的技術革命與改造。在機械工程領域，由于微電子技術和計算機技術的迅速發(fā)展及其向機械工業(yè)的滲透所形成的機電一體化，使機械工業(yè)的技術結構、產品機構、功能與構成、生產方式及管理體系發(fā)生了巨大變化，使工業(yè)生產由“機械電氣化“邁入了“機電一體化“為特征的發(fā)展階段。2．機電一體化概要機電一體化是指在機構得主功能、動力功能、信息處理功能和控制功能上引進電子技術，將機械裝置與電子化設計及軟件結合起來所構成的系統(tǒng)的總稱。機電一體化發(fā)展至今也已成為一門有著自身體系的新型學科，隨著科學技術的不但發(fā)展，還將被賦予新的內容。但其基本特征可概括為：機電一體化是從系統(tǒng)的觀點出發(fā)，綜合運用機械技術、微電子技術、自動控制技術、計算機技術、信息技術、傳感測控技術、電力電子技術、接口技術、信息變換技術以及軟件編程技術等群體技術，根據系統(tǒng)功能目標和優(yōu)化組織目標，合理配置與布局各功能單元，在多功能、高質量、高可靠性、低能耗的意義上實現特定功能價值，并使整個系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)工程技術。由此而產生的功能系統(tǒng)，則成為一個機電一體化系統(tǒng)或機電一體化產品。因此，“機電一體化“涵蓋“技術“和“產品“兩個方面。只是，機電一體化技術是基于上述群體技術有機融合的一種綜合技術，而不是機械技術、微電子技術以及其它新技術的簡單組合、拼湊。這是機電一體化與機械加電氣所形成的機械電氣化在概念上的根本區(qū)別。機械工程技術有純技術發(fā)展到機械電氣化，仍屬傳統(tǒng)機械，其主要功能依然是代替和放大的體力。但是發(fā)展到機電一體化后，其中的微電子裝置除可取代某些機械部件的原有功能外，還能賦予許多新的功能，如自動檢測、自動處理信息、自動顯示記錄、自動調節(jié)與控制自動診斷與保護等。即機電一體化產品不僅是人的手與肢體的延伸，還是人的感官與頭腦的眼神，具有智能化的特征是機電一體化與機械電氣化在功能上的本質區(qū)別。3．機電一體化的發(fā)展狀況機電一體化的發(fā)展大體可以分為 3 個階段。20 世紀 60 年代以前為第一階段，這一階段稱為初級階段。在這一時期，人們自覺不自覺地利用電子技術的初步成果來完善機械產品的性能。特別是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，戰(zhàn)爭刺激了機械產品與電子技術的結合，這些機電結合的軍用技術，戰(zhàn)后轉為民用，對戰(zhàn)后經濟的恢復起了積極的作用。那時研制和開發(fā)從總體上看還處于自發(fā)狀態(tài)。由于當時電子技術的發(fā)展尚未達到一定水平，機械技術與電子技術的結合還不可能廣泛和深入發(fā)展，已經開發(fā)的產品也無法大量推廣。20 世紀 70~80 年代為第二階段，可稱為蓬勃發(fā)展階段。這一時期，計算機技術、控制技術、通信技術的發(fā)展，為機電一體化的發(fā)展奠定了技術基礎。大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路和微型計算機的迅猛發(fā)展，為機電一體化的發(fā)展提供了充分的物質基礎。這個時期的特點是：①首先在日本被普遍接受，大約到 20世紀 80 年代末期在世界范圍內得到比較廣泛的承認；②機電一體化技術和產品得到了極大發(fā)展；③各國均開始對機電一體化技術和產品給以很大的關注和支持?；M入深入發(fā)展時期。一方面，光學、通信技術等進入了 20 世紀 90 年代后期，開始了機電一體化技術向智能化方向邁進的新階段，機電一體機電一體化，微細加工技術也在機電一體化中嶄露頭腳，出現了光機電一體化和微機電一體化等新分支；另一方面對機電一體化系統(tǒng)的建模設計、分析和集成方法，機電一體化的學科體系和發(fā)展趨勢都進行了深入研究。同時，由于人工智能技術、神經網絡技術及光纖技術等領域取得的巨大進步，為機電一體化技術開辟了發(fā)展的廣闊天地。這些研究，將促使機電一體化進一步建立完整的基礎和逐漸形成完整的科學體系。我國是從 20 世紀 80 年代初才開始在這方面研究和應用。國務院成立了機電一體化領導小組并將該技術列為“863 計劃“中。在制定“九五“規(guī)劃和 2010 年發(fā)展綱要時充分考慮了國際上關于機電一體化技術的發(fā)展動向和由此可能帶來的影響。許多大專院校、研究機構及一些大中型企業(yè)對這一技術的發(fā)展及應用做了大量的工作，不取得了一定成果，但與日本等先進國家相比仍有相當差距。4．機電一體化的發(fā)展趨勢機電一體化是集機械、電子、光學、控制、計算機、信息等多學科的交叉綜合，它的發(fā)展和進步依賴并促進相關技術的發(fā)展和進步。因此，機電一體化的主要發(fā)展方向如下：4.1 智能化智能化是 21 世紀機電一體化技術發(fā)展的一個重要發(fā)展方向。人工智能在機電一體化建設者的研究日益得到重視，機器人與數控機床的智能化就是重要應用。這里所說的“智能化“是對機器行為的描述，是在控制理論的基礎上，吸收人工智能、運籌學、計算機科學、模糊數學、心理學、生理學和混沌動力學等新思想、新方法，模擬人類智能，使它具有判斷推理、邏輯思維、自主決策等能力，以求得到更高的控制目標。誠然，使機電一體化產品具有與人完全相同的智能，是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，高性能、高速的微處理器使機電一體化產品賦有低級智能或人的部分智能，則是完全可能而又必要的。在現代制造過程中，信息不僅已成為主宰制造產業(yè)的決定性因素，而且還是最活躍的驅動因素。提高制造系統(tǒng)的信息處理能力已成為現代制造科學發(fā)展的一個重點。由于制造系統(tǒng)信息組織和結構的多層次性，制造信息的獲取、集成與融合呈現出立體性、信息度量的多維性、以及信息組織的多層次性。在制造信息的結構模型、制造信息的一致性約束、傳播處理和海量數據的制造知識庫管理等方面，都還有待進一步突破。各種人工智能工具和計算智能方法在制造中的廣泛應用促進了制造智能的發(fā)展。一類基于生物進化算法的計算智能工具，在包括調度問題在內的組合優(yōu)化求解技術領域中，受到越來越普遍的關注，有望在制造中完成組合優(yōu)化問題時的求解速度和求解精度方面雙雙突破問題規(guī)模的制約。制造智能還表現在：智能調度、智能設計、智能加工、機器人學、智能控制、智能工藝規(guī)劃、智能診斷等多方面?，F代機械工程的前沿科學間的交叉融合將產生新的科學聚集，經濟的發(fā)展和社會的進步對科學技術產生了新的要求和期望，從而形成前沿科學。前沿科學也就是已解決的和未解決的科學問題之間的界域。前沿科學具有明顯的時域、領域和動態(tài)特性。工程前沿科學區(qū)別于一般基礎科學的重要特征是它涵蓋了工程實際中出現的關鍵科學技術問題。制造系統(tǒng)是一個復雜的大系統(tǒng)，為滿足制造系統(tǒng)敏捷性、快速響應和快速重組的能力，必須借鑒信息科學、生命科學和社會科學等多學科的研究成果，探索制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結構、制造模式和制造系統(tǒng)有效的運行機制。制造系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化的組織結構和良好的運行狀況是制造系統(tǒng)建模、仿真和優(yōu)化的主要目標。制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結構不僅對制造企業(yè)的敏捷性和對需求的響應能力及可重組能力有重要意義，而且對制造企業(yè)底層生產設備的柔性和可動態(tài)重組能力提出了更高的要求。生物制造觀越來越多地被引入制造系統(tǒng)，以滿足制造系統(tǒng)新的要求。21 世紀將是生命科學的世紀，機械科學和生命科學的深度融合將產生全新概念的產品(如智能仿生結構)，開發(fā)出新工藝(如生長成形工藝)和開辟一系列的新產業(yè)，并為解決產品設計、制造過程和系統(tǒng)中一系列難題提供新的解決方法。這是一個極富創(chuàng)新和挑戰(zhàn)的前沿領域。從生命現象中學習組織與運行復雜系統(tǒng)的方法和技巧，是今后解決目前制造業(yè)所面臨許多難題的一條有效出路。仿生制造指的是模仿生物器官的自組織、自愈合、自增長與自進化等功能結構和運行模式的一種制造系統(tǒng)與制造過程。制造在機制的驅動下，在組織結構和運行模式上不斷自我完善、從而提高對于環(huán)境適應能力的過程。為自下而上的產品并行設計、制造工藝規(guī)程的自動生成、生產系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)重組以及產品和制造系統(tǒng)的自動趨優(yōu)提供了理論基礎和實現條件。制造屬于制造科學和生命科學的“遠緣雜交“，它將對 21 世紀的制造業(yè)產生巨大的影響。