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主旨大意題 真題題組 A (2017全國Ⅲ，D) The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well－being among older people，leading to them being more isolated(隔絕) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe，the Newcastle team are developing in－vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life. These include custom－made navigation(導(dǎo)航) tools，night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains： “For many older people，particularly those living alone or in the country，driving is important for preserving their independence，giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others. ” “But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to. ” Dr Amy Guo，the leading researcher on the older driver study，explains： “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. ”For example，most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly，we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that. “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解決方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel. ” 文章大意：本文是一篇科普說明文，介紹了智能交通團(tuán)隊(duì)建立移動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，研究老年人開車存在的問題和難點(diǎn)，幫助老年人安全駕駛。 ?　What is the purpose of the DriveLAB？ __C__ A．To explore new means of transport. B．To design new types of cars. C．To find out older driver’s problems. D．To teach people traffic rules. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段最后一句中的“in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are”可知，建立實(shí)驗(yàn)室的目的是要找出老年人開車有困難的地方，故選C。 ?　Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe？ __A__ A．It keeps them independent. B．It helps them save time. C．It builds up their strength. D．It cures their mental illnesses. 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“For many older people，particularly those living alone or in the country，driving is important for preserving their independence，giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others”可知，對(duì)于老年人來說，開車對(duì)保持他們生活的獨(dú)立性至關(guān)重要，故選A。 ?　What do researchers hope to do for older drivers？ __B__ A．Improve their driving skills. B．Develop driver－assist technologies. C．Provide tips on repairing their cars. D．Organize regular physical checkups. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“the Newcastle team are developing in—vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life”可知，研究者正在研發(fā)車載式的技術(shù)以幫助老年人晚年依然能開車，故選B。 ?　What is the best title for the text？ __D__ A．A new Model Electric Car B．A Solution to Traffic Problems C．Driving Services for Elders D．Keeping Older Drivers on the Road 解析：考查標(biāo)題歸納。本文的關(guān)鍵詞是老年人駕車，重點(diǎn)講述了為了讓他們安全駕車所進(jìn)行的研究。故選D。 B (2017天津，A) Suppose you’re in a rush，feeling tired，not paying attention to your screen，and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after you’ve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame. What to do？ Here are four mon email accidents，and how to recover. Clicking “send” too soon Don’t waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored. Writing the wrong name The sooner you notice，the better. Respond quickly and briefly，apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured： don’t handle it too lightly，as people can be offended，especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture (i. e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names). Clicking “reply all” unintentionally You accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire pany what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner，or what holiday you’d like to take. In this instance，the best solution is to send a quick，light－h(huán)earted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse，when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance，step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down. Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually mitted in anger. You write an unkind message about someone，intending to send it to a friend，but accidentally send it to the person you’re discussing. In that case，ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person. 文章大意：這是一篇應(yīng)用文。匆忙之中或心不在焉時(shí)發(fā)送電子郵件出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤怎么辦？比如，郵件還沒寫好就發(fā)送了，把收件人的名字拼寫錯(cuò)了，個(gè)人郵件被你誤發(fā)給了所有人，或者把埋怨的郵件誤發(fā)給了被你吐槽的那個(gè)人。本文告訴我們出現(xiàn)這些情況時(shí)我們?cè)撊绾窝a(bǔ)救。 ?　After realising an email accident，you are likely to feel __C__. A．curious 　 B．tired C．a(chǎn)wful D．funny 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)題干中的“realising an email accident”可把答案定位在第二段。該段說，在你點(diǎn)擊“發(fā)送”數(shù)秒鐘之后你就會(huì)意識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)誤，結(jié)合下文的“freeze in horror and burn with shame”可知，人們意識(shí)到“郵件事故”后，可能會(huì)感覺糟糕，因此選C。 ?　If you have written the wrong name in an email，it is best to __A__. A．a(chǎn)pologise in a serious manner B．tell the receiver to ignore the error C．learn to write the name correctly D．send a short notice to everyone 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)題干中的“written the wrong name”可把答案定位在第五段，該部分提出建議說，此時(shí)趕緊給對(duì)方發(fā)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的回復(fù)，為自己的錯(cuò)誤道歉(apologising for your mistake)，而且要注意道歉的語調(diào)(don’t handle it too lightly)，這與A項(xiàng)的陳述是一致的。 ?　What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email？ __B__ A．Try offering other choices. B．Avoid further involvement. C．Meet other staff members. D．Make a light－h(huán)earted apology. 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)題干的內(nèi)容可把答案定位至第六段，這部分提到，如果你不小心點(diǎn)了“回復(fù)所有人”，可能有人會(huì)就此開始回復(fù)不太友好的話，此時(shí)你最好離開電腦鍵盤(step away from your keyboard)，以便讓大家都冷靜下來。這與B項(xiàng)的陳述相吻合，表示“避免繼續(xù)卷入(這樣的對(duì)話)”。 ?　How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email？ __D__ A．By promising not to offend the receiver again. B．By seeking support from the receiver’s friends. C．By asking the receiver to control his anger. D．By talking to the receiver face to face. 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)題干中的“offensive email”可把答案定位在最后一段。這部分提到，在出現(xiàn)冒犯對(duì)方的情況時(shí)，要盡快親自向?qū)Ψ降狼浮９蔬xD。 ?　What is the passage mainly about？ __C__ A．Defining email errors. B．Reducing email mistakes. C．Handling email accidents. D．Improving email writing. 解析：考查主旨大意。通讀全文，尤其是第三段的內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹的是發(fā)送電子郵件出現(xiàn)問題時(shí)人們?cè)撊绾蚊鎸?duì)和補(bǔ)救，因此C項(xiàng)最能概括本文的主題。 C (2017浙江，A) Benjamin West，the father of American painting，showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days，a brush was made from camel’s hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long，the cat began to look ragged(蓬亂). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing. The_cat’s_lot_was_about_to_improve. That year，one of Benjamin’s cousins，Mr. Pennington，came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamin’s drawings. When he went home，he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings(版畫)by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr. Pennington returned for another visit . He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamin’s parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit. In the city，Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (風(fēng)景) painting. William Williams，a well－known painter，came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little，having been a poor student. But he later said，“Those two books were my panions by day，and under my pillow at night. ” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine－year－old boy decided then that he would be an artist. 文章大意：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了美國著名藝術(shù)家本杰明韋斯特是如何開始他的藝術(shù)生涯的。 　What is the text mainly about？ __C__ A．Benjamin’s visit to Philadelphia. B．Williams’ influence on Benjamin. C．The beginning of Benjamin’s life as an artist. D．The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington. 解析：主旨大意題。文章從本杰明在六歲時(shí)自制畫筆作畫寫起，到后來利用專業(yè)工具作畫，再到知名畫家送給本杰明書籍，都是在講述本杰明是如何一步步走上藝術(shù)之路的。故選C。 　What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest？ __D__ A．The cat would be closely watched. B．The cat would get some medical care. C．Benjamin would leave his home shortly. D．Benjamin would have real brushes soon. 解析：推理判斷題。由前文可知，本杰明在沒有專業(yè)畫筆之前是用貓的毛制作畫筆的。畫線句的字面意思是“貓的命運(yùn)將會(huì)得到改善”。由該段后文可知，本杰明的表兄送給了他專業(yè)的顏料和畫筆。由此可推知D項(xiàng)與畫線句的意思相符。 　What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent？ __B__ A．He took him to see painting exhibitions. B．He provided him with painting materials. C．He sent him to a school in Philadelphia. D．He taught him how to make engravings. 解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。短文第四段提到“He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. ”，接著下一段又談到“. . . Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. ”，由此可知，潘寧頓送給本杰明繪畫材料來幫助他發(fā)展藝術(shù)才能，故選B項(xiàng)。 　Williams’ two books helped Benjamin to __D__. A．master the use of paints B．a(chǎn)ppreciate landscape paintings C．get to know other painters D．make up his mind to be a painter 解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章最后兩句“While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine－year－old boy decided then that he would be an artist. ”可知，這兩本書是他通往古典繪畫的指引，也幫助他下定決心成為一名畫家，故選D項(xiàng)。 D (2017年11月浙江，B) It’s surprising how much simple movements of the body can affect the way we think. Using expansive gestures with open arms makes us feel more powerful，crossing your arms makes you more determined and lying down can bring more insights(領(lǐng)悟). So if moving the body can have these effects，what about the clothes we wear？ We’re all well aware of how dressing up in different ways can make us feel more attractive，sporty or professional，depending on the clothes we wear，but can the clothes actually change cognitive(認(rèn)知的) performance or is it just a feeling？ Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on people’s powers of attention. The idea is that white coats are associated with scientists，who are in turn thought to have close attention to detail. What they found was that people wearing white coats performed better than those who weren’t. Indeed，they made only half as many errors as those wearing their own clothes on the Stroop Test (one way of measuring attention ). The researchers call the effect “enclothed cognition”，suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways. This opens the way for all sorts of clothes－based experiments. Is the writer who wears a fedora more creative？ Is the psychologist wearing little round glasses and smoking a cigar more insightful？ Does a chef’s hat make the resultant food taste better？ From now on I will only be editing articles for PsyBlog while wearing a white coat to help keep the typing error count low. Hopefully you will be doing your part by reading PsyBlog in a cap and gown (學(xué)位服). 文章大意：本文是一篇說明文，主要講述了“具衣認(rèn)知”理論，該理論認(rèn)為人們的衣著會(huì)影響人們的認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)。 　What is the main idea of the text？ __C__ A．Body movements change the way people think. B．How people dress has an influence on their feelings. C．What people wear can affect their cognitive performance. D．People doing different jobs should wear different clothes. 解析：考查主旨大意。根據(jù)文章第四段中的“The researchers call the effect ’enclothed cognition’，suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways”并結(jié)合全文可知，人們的衣著能夠影響人們的認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)，故C項(xiàng)能概括全文主旨。 干擾項(xiàng)分析：文章第一段說明肢體動(dòng)作會(huì)影響人們的思維方式，但這只是為了引入話題，并不是文章的主旨，故A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；文章第二段提出衣著會(huì)真正改變?nèi)藗兊恼J(rèn)知表現(xiàn)還是這只是一種感覺的疑問，由第四段中的“suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways”可知，衣著可能會(huì)影響人們的認(rèn)知而不是感覺，故B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；第五段說明了“具衣認(rèn)知”理論為各種以衣著為基礎(chǔ)的實(shí)驗(yàn)打開了新的思路，但并不是說從事不同職業(yè)的人應(yīng)該穿不同的衣服，故D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。 　Adam and Galinsky’s experiment tested the effect of clothes on their wearers’ __C__ A．insights B．movements C．a(chǎn)ttention D．a(chǎn)ppearance 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on people’s powers of attention”可知，該實(shí)驗(yàn)主要測(cè)試的是穿著實(shí)驗(yàn)室白袍對(duì)人們的注意力的影響，由此選C項(xiàng)。 　How does the author sound in the last paragraph？ __B__ A．Academic. B．Humorous. C．Formal. D．Hopeful. 解析：考查推理判斷。作者最后一段提到從現(xiàn)在開始他要穿著白外套來編輯文章，以此來保持低的打字出錯(cuò)率，并希望讀者穿著學(xué)位服閱讀文章。因此，作者是在用幽默風(fēng)趣的語言來表達(dá)自己和讀者在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中如何運(yùn)用“具衣認(rèn)知”理論，故選B項(xiàng)。 E (2017全國Ⅰ，C) Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations，though，in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite，” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to acplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black or white anymore. It’s actually colorful，and it’s actually digital. ” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move，because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran. Last year，Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party，“just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music，” says Moran. “For me，it’s the recontextualization. In music，where does the emotion(情感) lie？ Are we，as humans，gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts？ Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context，” says Moran，“so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster. ” 文章大意：本文介紹了舉辦第一屆國際爵士樂日的宗旨、當(dāng)前爵士樂面臨的挑戰(zhàn)以及如何讓爵士樂重新流行的設(shè)想。 　Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？ __D__ A．To remember the birth of jazz. B．To protect cultural diversity. C．To encourage people to study music. D．To recognize the value of jazz. 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段的第二句“UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合)voice across cultures”可知，聯(lián)合國教科文組織近來把4月30日設(shè)立為國際爵士樂日，旨在增強(qiáng)人們對(duì)爵士樂價(jià)值的認(rèn)識(shí)，故答案為D。 　What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to？ __C__ A．Jazz being more accessible. B．The production of jazz growing faster. C．Jazz being less popular with the young. D．The jazz audience being larger. 解析：考查詞意猜測(cè)。根據(jù)語境可知，畫線詞that指代上段“Despite the celebrations，though，in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations”的內(nèi)容，即爵士樂聽眾的數(shù)量減少并且趨于老齡化，不受年輕人喜歡的現(xiàn)狀。故選C。 　What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz？ __C__ A．It will disappear gradually. B．It remains black and white. C．It should keep up with the times. D．It changes every 50 years. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容尤其是“It has to continue to move，because the way the world works is not the same”可知，由于時(shí)代在改變，人們的娛樂方式已經(jīng)發(fā)生改變，所以爵士樂應(yīng)該隨著時(shí)代改變，才能吸引更多的聽眾。故選C。 　Which of the following can be the best title for the text？ __A__ A．Exploring the Future of Jazz B．The Rise and Fall of Jazz C．The Story of a Jazz Musician D．Celebrating the Jazz Day 解析：考查主旨大意。本文介紹了為保護(hù)爵士樂，聯(lián)合國教科文組織設(shè)立國際爵士樂日。縱觀全文內(nèi)容尤其是第三至第六段中提到的杰森莫蘭對(duì)爵士樂的看法及希望可知，A項(xiàng)“探索爵士樂的未來”作本文標(biāo)題最佳。 模擬題組 A (2018福州市畢業(yè)班質(zhì)檢) Steve Brosnihan is the “resident cartoonist” at the Children’s Hospital，who wanders from room to room drawing and chatting and doing whatever else he can think of to cheer up the sick children. During one visit，he was saying good night to a teenage patient when he had a bright idea. Steve told the teenager to look out of the window after he left. Outside，Steve flickered(閃爍) his bike light up toward the hospital. To his surprise，the teen responded，flickering his own room lights right back. Every night after that，Steve flickered his light，and more and more kids flickered back. When he mentioned it to a friend working at a restaurant，the owner said he wanted in too. He started to flicker the restaurant sign for one minute every night at 8： 30. Soon enough，the customers started joining in with flashlights and cell phones. Almost_by_accident，_a_simple_action_was_changing_into_a_powerful_connection_between_local_people_and_sick_children. Now more than 20 groups are on board for the 8：30 p．m. flicker. Every Wednesday night，police officers line up their cars and flash them. Even boats on the river join in to give their bright good－night wave to kids who are going through frightening situations and sleeping in a strange place. “It is all I look forward to basically all day，” says Abigail Waldron，aged ten. “It just shows you that somebody is helping you through your whole experience in the hospital. ” “It would be very hard not to do this，” says Steve，“once you start. ” The most powerful of all，he adds，es from the families of children who have died. They continue to return to the hospital to flicker a light outside in support of children who are still patients. 文章大意：本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了Steve Brosnihan在兒童醫(yī)院外向醫(yī)院閃爍車燈使生病的孩子振作起來的故事，后來更多的人參與到閃爍燈光的活動(dòng)中。 ?　Why did Steve Brosnihan flicker his bike light？ __B__ A．To get light for the hospital. B．To fort a teenage patient. C．To inform the patients of his leaving. D．To expect a response from a teenager. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“Steve Brosnihan is the ’resident cartoonist’ at the Children’s Hospital，who wanders from room to room drawing and chatting and doing whatever else he can think of to cheer up the sick children”和最后一段中的“They continue to return to the hospital to flicker a light outside in support of children who are still patients”可以推知，Steve Brosnihan在醫(yī)院外閃爍車燈是為了使生病的孩子高興起來，是為了安慰生病的孩子。故答案選B項(xiàng)。 ?　What does the last sentence in Paragraph. 3 mean？ __A__ A．A small action can make a difference. B．Actions speak louder than words. C．Love makes the world go round. D．Great minds think alike. 解析：考查句意理解。句子的字面意思是：幾乎是偶然間，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作正在變?yōu)楫?dāng)?shù)厝撕蜕〉暮⒆觽冎g的強(qiáng)有力的紐帶。再根據(jù)本段中提到的Steve Brosnihan把自己所做的事告訴朋友后帶來的影響可以推出A選項(xiàng)(一個(gè)小小的動(dòng)作可以產(chǎn)生影響)符合文意。 ?　What can we learn from Waldron’s words？ __C__ A．He likes to flicker lights. B．He is frightened of treatment. C．He gets warmth from the lights. D．He likes the boat light. 解析：考查推理判斷。Waldron所說的話的意思是基本上來講這是“我”一整天所期待的，那完全向你表明有人正在幫你度過你在醫(yī)院那段難熬的時(shí)間；根據(jù)上下文可知，閃爍燈光這件事是為了使生病而住院的孩子們高興起來，Waldron表達(dá)的意思是閃爍燈光這件事對(duì)生病的他來說，是有所期待的，使自己感到受了幫助，得到了溫暖，故答案為C