高一英語(yǔ)必修二語(yǔ)法.doc

《高一英語(yǔ)必修二語(yǔ)法.doc》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《高一英語(yǔ)必修二語(yǔ)法.doc（9頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

Module 1 Grammar I. be going to 的用法 be going to結(jié)構(gòu)表示按計(jì)劃、打算去做某事，表示人的主管意圖，有時(shí)還可表示預(yù)測(cè)有跡象要發(fā)生某事。如： . How long is your aunt going to stay in China for a visit? (計(jì)劃、打算) . Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain. (有跡象要發(fā)生) . George is putting on weight. He is going to be quite fat. (預(yù)測(cè)) II. be going to與will的區(qū)別 . will表示說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為、相信要發(fā)生的事, 不含具體時(shí)間, 可以指遙遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái); be going to 表示按計(jì)劃、打算即將發(fā)生的事。 . 二者都可以表示“意圖” 。但是表示事先考慮的事情用be going to, 否則用will。如: I am not going to / won’t tell him about it. --This is a very heavy box. --I’ll help you to carry it. . be going to 可以用在條件句中表示 將來(lái), will則不行。 如: If you are going to attend the party, you’d better leave now. Module 2 Grammar 不定式作狀語(yǔ) 不定式作目的狀語(yǔ) He broke into the house to steal something. Many drug addicts are now in treatment centers to stop taking drugs. He’s saving up to buy a new car. He uses a computer to send emails. 2)有時(shí)候在不定式前面加上in order to或 so as to, 否定式為 in order not to 和so as not to: Let’s hurry so as to go to school in time. Let’s hurry so as not to be late for school. She studied very hard in order to catch up with others. She studied very hard in order not to lag behind. 3) 不定式表示目的時(shí),通常它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ),但如果不是的話,就要用for… 結(jié)構(gòu)表示邏輯主語(yǔ),如： Mom opened the door for Jane and Betty to come in. Module 3 Grammar I. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 II. 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 . 常見的連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有: when, while, as, before, after, until/till, since, ever since, whenever, as soon as, no sooner… than, hardly / scarcely… when 等 When When 還有意義為‘這時(shí)’，(at this time)‘那時(shí)’(at that time) 常用于下列句型： Somebody was doing something when……某人正在做 ……突然 …… Somebody was about to do something when…….某人正要做 ……突然 …… Somebody had just done something when……某人剛剛干了……這時(shí)…… 1, I was reading English when my teacher came in. 2, I was about to talk in the classroom when the teacher came in. 3, I had just made the mistake when the teacher came in . While 觀察： While they were doing homework, someone broke into the house. While he was still a teenager, he was a big star. 分析：while引導(dǎo)的從句表示“在……過(guò)程中”，強(qiáng)調(diào)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)主句和從句的動(dòng)作在同一時(shí)期發(fā)生。從句的動(dòng)作表示較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，因此常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 While 表示強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比關(guān)系，可譯成“然而” She is tall while I am short. While I was studying English, he was playing football. As 試觀察： 1) As they were picking tea, the girls were singing happily. 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行 2) As he grew older, he found it difficult to compose good music. 兩種情況一起發(fā)展變化 分析：as引導(dǎo)的從句表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)；一邊……一邊……”，主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)伴隨。有時(shí)可譯為“隨著”。 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成: “助動(dòng)詞had+過(guò)去分詞” The public wondered why the president hadn’t attended the top conference. 2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法: 1). 過(guò)去完成時(shí)主要用來(lái)表明在某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 它表示時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如: The patient had died when the doctor arrived. Up until then they had just finished half the work. He had pressed the button before we could stop him. When I had finished my everyday work, I did some gardening. 2). 如果發(fā)生的動(dòng)作很短暫, 或兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生, 則常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。尤其是在含有before, after, as soon as的復(fù)合句中, 因?yàn)樗鼈儽旧淼脑~義就可以表示出先后順序。如: Just before I left New York, I sent an e-mail to Mr White, my teacher in the university. 3). 過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可以表示未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、愿望等, 常用的動(dòng)詞有except, hope, mean, suppose, think 等。如: I had hoped to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage, but didn’t manage it. Mother had expected me to come to her birthday party, but I really had a lot of important work to do. Note: 當(dāng)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生, 次序明顯時(shí), 只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When he got home from work, he was very tired. He opened the door, turned on the light, washed his face and went to bed without taking off his clothes. 2.與某個(gè)時(shí)間段或時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用時(shí), 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在這個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生, 而過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在這個(gè)時(shí)間之前就已經(jīng)完成。如: He learned Russian during his stay in Russia. He had already learned Russian during his stay in Russia. 3. 在間接引語(yǔ)中，與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如： He told me somebody had phoned when I was out. John said the film had been on five minutes when he got to the cinema. Module 4 Grammar –ing form and the infinitive 作主語(yǔ) (1) -ing形式和不定式都可在句中用作主語(yǔ)。一般情況下可以互換。 To learn a foreign language is not easy. =Learning a foreign language is not easy. 學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)是不容易的。 (2) 表示具體的, 特定情況下的或有待于完成的動(dòng)作時(shí), 常用不定式。 ① To finish such a novel will take me several days. 讀完這本小說(shuō)需要花去我?guī)滋斓臅r(shí)間。 ② It’s impossible to get to Beijing in three hours this time, because there is something wrong with our car. 看來(lái)這次三個(gè)小時(shí)是到不了北京了, 因?yàn)槲覀兊能嚦鰡?wèn)題了。 在 “It is + 形容詞(如necessary) + for/ of sb. ”的結(jié)構(gòu)后, 通常用不定式作真正的主語(yǔ)。而 “It is no use/no good/a waste of time”后通常接ing形式。 It’s quite impossible to finish the work with so little money. 用這么少的錢想完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。 ② It’s no use asking him for help. 向他求助是沒(méi)有用的。 There is no 結(jié)構(gòu)后只能接ing形式。There is no knowing whether he is dead or alive. 無(wú)從得知他是死是活。 作表語(yǔ) (1) 兩者都可用作表語(yǔ), 而且一般情況下可以互換。 His work is to paint houses. = His work is painting houses. 他的工作就是粉刷房屋。 表示具體的, 特定情況下的, 將來(lái)的動(dòng)作, 通常用動(dòng)詞不定式。 Our homework today is to finish the exercises 2 and 3 on page 10. 我們今天的作業(yè)就是完成第10頁(yè)的練習(xí)2和3。 (3) 主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)通常要保持形式一致。 To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。 作賓語(yǔ) (1) 有些動(dòng)詞后面只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，常見此類動(dòng)詞有： ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, set out, want, wish, expect, demand ① She decided to help him. 她決定幫他。 admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider(考慮), delay, deny, endure, enjoy, excuse, escape, face, fancy, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep, keep on, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practise, put off, risk, resist, suggest, understand等。 ① The doctor advised taking more exercise. 醫(yī)生建議多做運(yùn)動(dòng)。 ② I suggest doing it in this way. 我建議這樣做。 注意: 一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中含有介詞to, 不要和不定式中的to混淆。常見此類短語(yǔ): be used to, come to, devote to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, pay attention to, refer to, stick to等。 ①I really must get down to considering it seriously. 我真的必須認(rèn)真考慮一下這事了。 ② We are looking forward to seeing you again. 我們盼望著再次見到你。 有些動(dòng)詞后既可接ing形式, 也可接不定式, 而且意義上沒(méi)有差別。常見此類動(dòng)詞: can’t stand, prefer, learn, continue等。 ① I can’t stand seeing/to see good food going to waste. 我無(wú)法忍受看到好好的糧食被浪費(fèi)掉。 ② She continue to work/working after having a baby. 有了孩子后她仍然繼續(xù)工作。 (4) begin, start后跟不定式或動(dòng)名詞皆可, 通常可以互換, 但在下列情況下, 只用不定式。 1) start, begin本身為時(shí)行時(shí)時(shí)。 The boy noticed his father was beginning to get angry, so he ran away. 那個(gè)小男孩注意到他的父親開始生氣了, 所以就跑開了。 2) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為非生物名詞或it時(shí)。 A strong wind started to blow. 一陣強(qiáng)風(fēng)開始刮起來(lái)。 3) 當(dāng)其后接表示心理活動(dòng)的詞時(shí), 如understand, realize, know, see等。 He began to realize the importance of foreign languages. 他開始意識(shí)到外語(yǔ)的重要性。 4) 在hate, like, love后, 表示經(jīng)常性, 習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)詞時(shí), 通常用動(dòng)名詞; 表示特定的、具體的某次行為則用不定式。 I don’t like bothering him when he is busy. 我不喜歡在他忙得時(shí)候打擾他。 ② I usually like staying with him, but I even hate to see him that night. 我通常喜歡和他在一起，但是那天晚上我甚至不想見到他。 (5) 在remember, forget, try, go on, regret, mean, stop, want, need, require等動(dòng)詞后既可接ing, 也可接不定式, 但含義不同。 1) remember to do記著去做(還沒(méi)有做的事) remember doing記得做過(guò)某事 2) forget to do 忘記要去做某事 forget doing 忘記了做的事 3) go on to do 繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing 繼續(xù)做(原來(lái)做的)同一件事 4) regret to do 遺憾將要做某事 regret doing 后悔做過(guò)某事 5) mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味著做某事 6) stop to do 停止(正在做的事)去做另一件 stop doing 停止正在做的事 7) try to do 努力做某事 try doing 償試著做某事 8) want to do 想要做某事 want doing 需要被 9) need/require to do 需要做某事 need/require doing 需要被 ① Please remember to turn off the light when you leave. 離開時(shí)請(qǐng)記著關(guān)燈。 ② Certainly I posted your letter—I remember posting it. 我當(dāng)然給你寄信了, 我記得寄過(guò)它。 ③ The machine needs cleaning.( needs to be cleaned). 這臺(tái)機(jī)器需要清潔了。 作賓補(bǔ) (1) 常見用不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞。 allow, help, warn, ask, force, tell, expect, promise, wish, want ① We expected him to win an Olympic gold medal. 我們期盼他贏一枚奧運(yùn)金牌。 ② Tell him to come early. 告訴他早點(diǎn)來(lái)。 (2) 不定式(不帶to)和動(dòng)詞ing形式都可在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞(feel, make, let, see, hear, watch, listen to, look at, notice, observe)后作賓補(bǔ)。不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生了, 完成了; ing形式則強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 ① I saw a man walk into the garden and pick some flowers. 我看到一個(gè)男的進(jìn)入花園, 摘了一些花。(進(jìn)園摘花的動(dòng)作已完成) ② I saw a man walking into the garden. 我看到一個(gè)男的正在進(jìn)入花園。(walk這個(gè)動(dòng)作在“我看的時(shí)候”正在進(jìn)行) ③ We heard him sing a song at the party.我們?cè)谕頃?huì)上聽他唱了一首歌。(他唱了一首, 我們完整的聽了一首。) ④ I heard him singing a song when passing his window. 經(jīng)過(guò)他的窗戶時(shí)，我聽到他正在唱歌。(我只聽了一部分, 沒(méi)有聽完, 我過(guò)去后他可能還在唱） (3) 不定式在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不能帶to, 而變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要加上to。 ① They saw him steal Tom’s money. 他們看到他偷了湯姆的錢。 ② He was seen to steal Tom’s money. 他被看到偷了湯姆的錢。 作狀語(yǔ) 不定式作狀語(yǔ), 通常表示目的, 結(jié)果, 有時(shí)也放在形容詞、過(guò)去分詞后表示原因; ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)通常表示時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨等。 ① I’ve taken some money out of the bank to buy a laptop. (目的) 為了買手提電腦, 我從銀行了取了錢。 ② He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.(結(jié)果) 他匆忙趕到學(xué)校, 卻發(fā)現(xiàn)那兒沒(méi)人。 ③ I’m glad to hear that.(原因) 聽到那件事我很高興。 ④ Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days.(時(shí)間) 看到這張照片(的時(shí)候), 他情不自禁地想起了那些難忘的日了。 ⑤ Not knowing his address, we couldn’t get in touch with him. (原因) 不知道他的地址, 我們無(wú)法和他取得 聯(lián)系。 ⑥ Working hard, you will get what you want. (條件) 努力工作, 你會(huì)得到你想要的東西的。 ⑦ The baby was lying in bed crying. (伴隨) 嬰兒在床上哭泣。 Module 5 Grammmar 狀語(yǔ)從句 原因狀語(yǔ)從句 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 條件狀語(yǔ)從句 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 1. 由when, whenever, as , while, after, before, until, till, since, once, as soon as, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 1> When the bell rang, the guard was waiting in his seat. 2> While ants grow they change their forms three times. 3> Three months went by before Aqiao knew it. 2. 由the minute, the moment, the instant, the day, the week, the year, the first time, any time, every time, each time, the last time, all the time, from the time, by the time, immediately, instantly, directly 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 1> 我一見到你就認(rèn)出了你。 I recognized you the minute I saw you. 3. 其中the minute, the moment, the instant, the second, 以及immediately, instantly, directly 表達(dá)的意思一樣, 都是 “一…就…” 可以相互替換。 Eg: You must show the gentleman in immediately he comes. You must show the gentleman in the minute /the moment/instantly he comes. 另外還要注意 hardly …when… ,scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…的意義和用法。 這三者的意思都是 “一…就…”. 通常都是hardly, scarcely, no sooner 位于句首,他們后面的主句用had done,且倒裝.而when, than 后面的從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 Eg: Hardly/scarcely had I got home when it started to rain. when, while, as 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。 1> 作為 “當(dāng)…時(shí)”講,when可以和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用,也可以和短暫性動(dòng)詞連用,而while 和as 只能和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。 2> when 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以在主句動(dòng)詞之前或之后發(fā)生或同時(shí)發(fā)生.而while 和as 從句的動(dòng)詞必須是和主句的動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。 When he had finished his homework, he took a rest. When I got to the airport, the guests had left. 也就是說(shuō)當(dāng)主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,切從句動(dòng)作為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí), 三者可互換。 When/While/As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter. 3> when 還有 “在那時(shí)” 通常用在以下句型中。 be about to do …when… had done…when… be doing…when… be on the point of doing…when… 4> as 還有 “因?yàn)椤? “作為” “隨著” “一邊….一邊” As the time went on, the weather got worse. The little girl sang as she went. 5> 在將來(lái)時(shí)的從句中常用when, 且從句必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it. 6> when還用在表示 “一…就…”的句型中。 Hardly/Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang. 7> while 還做并列連詞 “然而” 表對(duì)比。和從屬連詞 “盡管” 的意思, 相當(dāng)與though/although。 While he is a little boy, he knows a lot. I’m working while my wife is watching TV.