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Module 4 Seeing the doctor Unit 1 I haven’t done much exercise since I got my computer. 【熱身訓(xùn)練】 1. 咳嗽 2. 發(fā)燒 3. 頭疼 4. 胃疼 5. 感冒 I’ve got a stomachache and my head hurts. 我胃疼和頭疼。 I have got a stomachache.意為“我胃疼”，是表示疾病的一種表達(dá)方式，還可以用“My stomach hurts/aches. 或I have a pain in my stomach. ”來表示“我胃疼?！崩纾? I have got a toothache. My tooth hurts/aches. I have a pain in my tooth. 與 stomachache的構(gòu)詞法相同的單詞有：toothache (牙疼）；headache (頭疼）；backache (背疼）等。 How long have you been like this? 你像這樣已經(jīng)有多長時(shí)間了？ how long意為“多長時(shí)間”，用來詢問一段時(shí)間。通常對“for + 一段時(shí)間”或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句提問。 —How long do you sleep every night? 你每晚睡多長時(shí)間？ —For about eight hours. 大約8個(gè)小時(shí)。 how long也可意為“多長”，用來提問物體的長度。 How long is the ruler? 這把直尺有多長？ 【即學(xué)即練】 — will it take you from your school to the library? —About half an hour. So I’ll be there by 9 o’clock. A. How far B. How soon C. How long D. How many 解析:本題考查特殊疑問短語。how far“多遠(yuǎn)”，對距離提問；how soon“多久以后”，對將來時(shí)的時(shí)間提問；how long“多長時(shí)間”，對時(shí)間段或長度提問；how many“多少”，對可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量提問；由此可知選C。 Since Friday. I’ve been ill for about three days! 自從星期五開始。我已經(jīng)病了大約三天了。 since可作介詞或連詞，意為“自……以來”，后接表示過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的名詞或短語，表示一段時(shí)間，常用于完成時(shí)態(tài)。 She has worked here since 1992. 自從 1992 年以來她就在這兒工作。 He has taught us since he came to our school. 自從他來到我們學(xué)校就一直教我們。 for+—段時(shí)間 for about three days“大約三天”。“for+—段時(shí)間”表示時(shí)間段，表示某種動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)間，所以要與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。常用于 完成時(shí)態(tài)，但也可以和其他時(shí)態(tài)連用。注意for后接表示一段 時(shí)間的短語。 She has lived there for nine months.她住在那兒九個(gè)月 了。 He worked here for two years.他在這兒工作過2年。 【即學(xué)即練】 1. My uncle has taught in this school he was twenty years old. A. since B. for C. until D. after 解析:本題考查連詞。由于主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句是一般過去時(shí)，所以從句的引導(dǎo)詞用since，故選A。 2. —He the English-Chinese dictionary for about twenty years, but it is still new. —What a careful man! A. has bought B. has borrowed C. has had 解析:本題考查延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法。 3. —How long have you written letters in English? — . A. Since six years B. For 1998 C. For six years D. Six years ago 解析:本題考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語。由how long可知回答的是時(shí)間段。A和B項(xiàng)本身不對，可排除；D項(xiàng)與 一般過去時(shí)連用；只有C項(xiàng)意為“六年了 ”，可回答how long的提問，故選C。 That’s why you’ve got a stomachache. 那就是你為什么胃疼的原因。 That’s why ...是常用句型，意為“那就是……的原因；因此……”，why后面用陳述句語序。該句型通常用于針對前面已經(jīng)說明過的原因進(jìn)行總結(jié)。 I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I got wet all through. 我既沒穿雨衣，也沒帶雨傘，所以全身都淋濕了。 That’s why your father backed off, and that’s why you backed off. 那正是你爸爸后退的原因，也是你后退的原因。 【即學(xué)即練】 根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子 那就是我為什么上學(xué)遲到的原因。 It can be very harmful to your health. 那會(huì)對你的健康有害處。 be harmful to...意為“對.........有害處”，其同義短語是be harmful for/be bad for;其反義短語是be good for“對有好處”。 Eating junk food is harmful to you. 吃垃圾食品對你有害處。 Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 做早操對你的健康有好處。 health健康（狀況） health是名詞，意為“健康（狀況）”，是不可數(shù)名詞。其形容詞形式是healthy，反義詞是unhealthy; 副詞形式是healthily。 【即學(xué)即練】 1. 在太陽底下看書對我們的眼睛有害。 提示：注意本題是動(dòng)名詞短語作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)is。 2. 如果你想保持健康，你就得多做鍛煉。 提示：注意keep之后接形容詞，意為“保持一種狀態(tài)”。 3. 老年人比青年人更注重健康。 提示：本題考查名詞。在their之后，要用名詞作look after的賓語。 1. Reading in the sun is harmful to our eyes. 2. If you want to keep healthy, you have to do more exercise. 3. The old look after their health better than the young. Unit 2 We have played football for a year now. 【熱身訓(xùn)練】 1. take him for a walk 2. the first member of the team 3. 在過去的幾年里 4. 臉上帶著微笑 Now I get exercise by taking him for a walk every day. 現(xiàn)在，我通過每天帶他散步來做鍛煉。 by doing sth. 通過做某事 短語中by是介詞，意為“通過；以……方式”，其后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。對它提問時(shí)用特殊疑問詞how。 —How do you study for a test? 你是怎么備考的？ —I study for a test by working in groups. 我是通過小組合作學(xué)習(xí)的方式備考的。 【即學(xué)即練】 按要求完成句子 The students study English by reading aloud in the morning. (對畫線部分提問） 解析:本題考查對表示方式的短語的提問。對方式提問用 特殊疑問詞how。本題是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語是the students，所以用助動(dòng)詞do。 I have had him for three months now. 現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)擁有他有三個(gè)月了。 had在句中是動(dòng)詞的過去分詞，與助動(dòng)詞have構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成 時(shí)。又因?yàn)閔ad是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，可以和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。 Tony bought the car two years ago. 托尼兩年前買的這輛車。 = Tony has had the car for two years. 托尼擁有這輛車已經(jīng)有兩年了。 動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過程的長短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，可以與表示時(shí)間段的狀語連用。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也稱終止性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng) 詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。但是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間可以轉(zhuǎn)換，常用且?？嫉挠校? leave—be away borrow—keep buy—have begin/start—be on die—be dead join—be in catch a cold—have a cold come here—be here go there—be there become—be come back—be back get to know—know The old man died 4 years ago. 這個(gè)老人四年前去世了。 The old man has been dead for 4 years. 這個(gè)老人已經(jīng)去世四年了。 He joined the Party 2 years ago. 他兩年前入黨了。 He has been in the Party for 2 years. 他入黨已經(jīng)有兩年了。 【即學(xué)即練】 1. —How long have you this book? —For three days. A. borrowed B. kept C. lent D. bought 解析:本題考查延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法。由句中的how long可知本題要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；borrow，lend和buy都是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，keep意為“借了之后的保存”。故本題選B。 2. When he arrives at the bus stop, the bus for 20 minutes. A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away 解析:本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。由于從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以主句也應(yīng)用相應(yīng)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，故排除B和D項(xiàng)；而A項(xiàng)中l(wèi)eft是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能和for 20 minutes連用，所以本題選C。 ...... and she also takes part in the same training with us. ......, 她也和我們一起參加同樣的訓(xùn)練。 take part in意為“參加”，指參加群眾性活動(dòng)、會(huì)議、勞動(dòng)、游行等，往往指參加者持有積極的態(tài)度，起一份作用，有時(shí)與join in可互換。 Will you take part in the English evening party? 你同我們一起參加英語晚會(huì)好嗎？ All the students took an active part in the thorough cleaning. 所有的學(xué)生都積極參加了大掃除。 join也意為“參加”，多指參加某組織，成為其中的一個(gè)成員，如加入某黨派、某組織或某社會(huì)團(tuán)體，以及參軍等，還可表示參與某種活動(dòng)。 I will never forget the day when I joined the Party. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了入黨的那一天。 Will you join us for dinner? 請你和我們一起吃晚飯好嗎 I arrive at work with a smile on my face. 我面帶微笑著到達(dá)工作地點(diǎn)。 with a smile on my face意為“面帶微笑”，其結(jié)構(gòu)是“with +賓語+介詞短語”，在句中作狀語。 The man left the meeting with a book in his hand. 這個(gè)男人手里拿著書離開了會(huì)議。 The woman with a diamond necklace around the neck must be wealthy. 那個(gè)脖子上帶鉆石項(xiàng)鏈的女人一定很有錢。 【小結(jié)】with/without其他復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的用法 (1) with或without+名詞/代詞+形容詞； She came into the room with her nose red because of cold. 由于天冷她紅著鼻子進(jìn)了房間。 (2) with或without+名詞/代詞+副詞； With the meal over, we all went home. 吃完飯后，我們都回家了。 (3) with或without+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式； He could not finish it without me to help him. 沒有我?guī)椭? 他是不可能完成的。 (4) with或without+名詞/代詞+分詞。 She fell asleep with the light burning. (with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞） 她點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。 Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat. (without+名詞+過去分詞） 櫥柜里什么都沒剩下，她出去找吃的了。 【即學(xué)即練】 根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子 1. 她開著燈睡著了。 She fell asleep the light on. 2. 校長胳膊底下夾著尺子在到處走動(dòng)。 The headmaster was walking up and down ruler under his arm. Unit 3 Language use 【熱身訓(xùn)練】 一、英譯漢。 1. have a healthy diet 2. this type of exercise 3. ride a bike to school 4. from time to time 二、用since或for完成句子。 1. He has had this pair of shoes three months. 2. The Greens have lived here they moved here two years ago. 3. Sandy has been a member of the Party 1999. 4. We have studied the Chinese history many years. I haven’t done much exercise since I got my computer last year. 自從去年我買了電腦之后，我就沒做多少鍛煉。 I haven’t done“我沒做”是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句形式，其構(gòu)成是在助動(dòng)詞have或has之后加not。 We haven’t studied the project. 我們還沒有研究這個(gè)課題。 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立刻結(jié)束，不能和一段時(shí)間連用。有趣的是，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的肯定式不能“延續(xù)”，但是它的否定式可以“延續(xù)”，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)動(dòng)作根本沒有發(fā)生過。 He hasn’t come here for two days. 他兩天沒來這兒了。 I haven’t received her letter for half a month. 我有半個(gè)月沒收到她的信了。 So last month I decided to take more exercise and started walking to school. 所以上個(gè)月我決定多做鍛煉，并開始走著去學(xué)校。 decide作動(dòng)詞，意為“決定”，后面接動(dòng)詞不定式，即decide to do sth.，相當(dāng)于 make up one’s mind to do sth.。其否定形式為 decide not to do sth.，意為“決定不做某事”。 I decided to stay at home and play with the computer. 我決定待在家里玩電腦。 He decided not to give up smoking. 他決定不戒煙。 decision是decide的名詞形式，意為“決定，決心”。make a decision to do sth. “下決心做某事”。 His parents were surprised at his decision. 他的父母對他的決定感到很吃驚。 At last, we made a decision to buy a new car. 最后我們決定買輛新車。 【即學(xué)即練】 1. (2013河北中考)The children decide their school yard this Friday afternoon. A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned 2. —It’s a pity that Jerry didn’t go to yesterday’s meeting. —Yes, he missed a good of being chairperson of the Students’ Union. A. chance B. choice C. decision D. conclusion 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法 III 一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的延續(xù)性用法 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去就已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)，且常和for與since連用。因?yàn)楸硎镜氖浅掷m(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀 態(tài)，所以使用的動(dòng)詞通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have等。 He has had/kept the book for two months.他買這本書已經(jīng)有 兩個(gè)月了。 He has been here for 2 years.他待在這兒已經(jīng)有兩年了。 二、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞想要表達(dá)延續(xù)的意義時(shí)，我們可以用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語來替換部分短暫性動(dòng)詞或與之對應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 短暫性動(dòng)詞 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞/短語 die be dead borrow keep buy/catch have get up be up come be in leave be away open be open close be closed begin be on become interested in be interested in 三、for與since 二者后接的詞有所不同 (1) for后常跟一個(gè)時(shí)間段，如for two years。 Mary has learned Chinese for three years. 瑪麗學(xué)習(xí)漢語已經(jīng)有三年了。 (2) since后跟一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如since 1980;也可以接 “一段時(shí)間+ ago”，如 since three years ago, since two months ago; 還可接一般過去時(shí)的從句，如 since he came here。 She has been heartbroken since her boyfriend left her. 自從她的男朋友離開她，她就心碎了。 四、對以上表示時(shí)間段的狀語進(jìn)行提問要用特殊疑問短語how long。 How long have you played soccer on the playground? 你在操場上踢足球踢了多長時(shí)間了? 【即學(xué)即練】 1. (2013上海中考）一 have you been in the sports club? —Since the first month I came to the school. A. How old B. How long C. How much D. How soon 解析:本題考查特殊疑問詞組的辨析。結(jié)合答語可知上句問的應(yīng)是“你在運(yùn)動(dòng)俱樂部多長時(shí)間了？”故how long 符合題意。 2. (2013山東濟(jì)南中考）一How long has Robert ? —Since 2004. A. been to Beijing B. become a policeman C. joined the art club D. studied in this school 解析:本題考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法。本題是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)， 而且和時(shí)間段搭配，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有D項(xiàng)屬于延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，所以選D。