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徐州工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
附錄
附錄1
Chapter III of planting machinery Section I outlined
Plants machine mainly composed by to sow seeds and transplants two broad heading machineries The former including each type surface planter, seed drill and selection and broadcast (bunch planting) machine; The latter is mainly refers to the arid land to transplant the machinery.
According to use, may divide into the seeder the general seeder and the special-purpose seeder. The general seeder's adaptation scope is broad, it can be broadcasted many kinds of crops seeds; The special-purpose seeder is designed by some crops the special request, it can only meet one crops sowing seeds need.
With the development of science's and technology's and the cultivation method's unceasing change, which designs with the new principle of work, like the fine quantity seeder and is suitable in the reduced cultivation union seeder (one time completes loose earth, sowing seeds, to apply fertilizer and spraying) widely has also used in producing.
一, sowing seeds
The commonly used sowing seeds method may divide into four broad headings such as the broadcast sowing, the drilling, the bunch planting and sows seeds precisely
1. Broadcast sowing scatters the seed in the ground, uses the sowing seeds method which other tools fill to be called the broadcast sowing again. The broadcast sowing seed distributes non-uniform, fills in the depth not to be inconsistent, the sowing seeds quality is bad. This method uses in sowing seeds artificially originally, after using machinery sowing seeds, although has presented some surface planters, but already very little used now. In recent years, the broadcast sowing law uses in aviation sowing seeds. Because the air seeding speed quick, sows evenly, may sow in good time and improve the sowing seeds quality, therefore with the airplane big product broadcast sowing certain crops like paddy rice, the forage grass and so on has become one of current sowing seeds technology development directions.
2. The drilling
Sowing the seed in rows to be buried the method to be called the drilling. When drilling fills in the depth to be consistent, emerges neatly even, the sowing seeds quality is good. The drilling law application is very broad, may use in broadcasting many kinds of crops, the corresponding seeder is called the seed drill.
3. Bunch planting (also said that selection and broadcast)
Put seeds concentrate in a hole is called the bunch planting. The bunch planting law is suitable for to sow seeds the tilled crop, may guarantee that the row spacing and the distance between hills are accurate, compare to the drilling law to save the seed and to reduce the thinning work load. Broadcasts when the cotton may also enhance the cotton seed to emerge ability. Control of the breeding holed position, causes to plant the holed longitudinal with crosswise to be able to form a line, is called the square planting. The square planting may longitudinal and the crosswise intertillage, enhances mechanized degree which the intertillage removes weeds. The square planting law was once quick in the overseas development, but along with chemistry herbicide's development, already tends the elimination at present.
4. Precise sowing
The characteristic of precise sowing seeds is the sowing seeds quantity is precise, the distance between plants precise and broadcasts deeply precise. The grain drilling and tilled crop sowing seeds may use the precise sowing seeds law.
The characteristic of precise drilling's is the distance between plants is precise, compares with the ordinary drilling, distributed the seeds very even, thus is good at the crops growth, can raise the output.
The tilled crop precise sowing seeds characteristic is each hole only broadcasts a seed, with guaranteed that each Chinese acre number guarantees the output. Its merit is may save the seed and save the thinning working procedure, thus may the labor saving. But must guarantee that under the seed-germination percentage and the sowing seeds condition emerges ability, and prevents sickness Chinese caterpillar fungus evil, guarantees the full stand. Is low to certain germination percentages, the field emergence ability bad seed (for example beet and so on), uses when precise sowing seeds may reduce the distance between plants to increase broadcasts the quantity, uses again mechanical or auxiliary guarantees each Chinese acre number by the artificial thinning.
5. Membrane sowing seeds
Sowing seeds in plants the bed surface to spread out the plastic film, after the seed emerges, seedling long outside membrane one sowing seeds way. This way may broadcasts the seed first, afterward spreads the membrane, after treating the seedling unearthed, puts the seedling again by the artificial broken membrane; May also spreads out the membrane first, drills immediately on the membrane sows seeds.
Membrane sowing seeds has the following merit:
(1) Enhances and maintains a ground temperature. As a result of sunlight permeable thin film for soil quantity of heat, but the thin film may separate the air transport and the soil by the long wave form the quantity of heat which disappears to the air radiation, when is advantageous is somewhat low in the ground temperature the seed germinates with the seedling growth.
(2) Reduces the soil moisture evaporation. The thin film was cut off in the soil evaporation water vapor inflow atmosphere to disappear, therefore the water vapor gathered under the mulching plastic in the small and narrow space, caused the air humidity to be very high, reduced the moisture evaporation; Congealment water vapor, but may also return to the soil, thus enables the topsoil soil to have high and the stable moisture content.
(3) Improves the adult plant illumination condition. The thin film itself and under the membrane slight droplet has certain reflective power to the light, improved the adult plant lower level leaf blade's illumination condition, is advantageous in enhances the crops the photosynthesis.
(4) Improves the soil physics character and the fertility. Because the moisture content gaseous state and the liquid state cyclic change makes under the membrane the soil to contract unceasingly and to inflate, the irrigation water or the rain water through the crosswise osmosis infiltration membrane under the soil, cause it quite loose not to harden. Moreover the temperature is high, retention ability, is advantageous in the edaphon activity, can speed up the organic matter to decompose, strengthen the soil fertility.
(5) Can suppress the weed growth. Around crops seedling is the thin film cover seal, the weed is unable to grow.
The mulching plastic cultivation has many merits, but the cost is high, the consumption labor force to be many, the specification is also high. After crops harvest, the remnant membrane recycling question has not solved completely. Therefore mainly uses at present in the peanut, the cotton, the vegetables and so on the economic value high plant culture.
6. Exempted plows sowing
Since the mid-20th century US exempts plows the planter technology to obtain is successful, the world to exempts plows the technology to give the enormous value. Many countries are positived to experiment and promotion. Exempts plows technical the basic content is after the stubble crops harvest, the land does not carry on plows, lets the original manuscript stalk, the remnant stubble or the covers the ground; When treats stubble crops sowing seeds, exempts with the hand tailor plows the seeder to carry on partial loose earth sowing seeds directly in the stub land; And after sowing seeds or sowing seeds sprays the weed killer and the agricultural chemicals. According to climatic environment and land situation difference, some areas in execution zero tillage process, also uses the disc harrow either the loose earth weed before the harvest or sowing seeds carries on the surface soil cultivation to replace plows; Some places, every other 2-3 years also use the plow share type plow or chisel type plow deep plowing one time. Therefore exempts plows the technology to have the different name in the different area, like zero tillage, reduced cultivation, cover cultivation law, direct seeding law and so on. This method and the conventional cultivation law compares, may reduce the machines and tools investment expenses and the soil cultivation number of times, thus may reduce the production cost, the reduced energy consumption, to reduce to the soil compaction and the destruction, and may reduce the wind erosion, the water erosion and the soil moisture evaporation and the outflow. But uses the zero tillage to have the condition, must coordinate closely with the plant culture technology. Because does not carry on the soil plough, the harmful insect weed are many. Therefore is big to the herbicide and the pesticide required quantity, the quality requirement is also high. , because this has the possibility to counter-balance the cost which little plows saves. Exempts plows sowing seeds to hold the important position in the zero tillage.
present, certain crops (for example soybean) uses the method which the precise selection and broadcast and the narrow good close planting do evenly, the exemption intertillage work, may the great scope enhance the crops the output and reduces the cost of operation, is one new planter method.
Second, the planting of agricultural technical requirements
(A) Of planting agricultural technical requirements
Sowing the agricultural technical requirements, including broadcast of, spaced, distance between plants (or from the point), the uniformity of sowing, planting depth, soil depth and extent of pressure. The planting of various crops require different, with a crop from region to region, the different farming systems will be very different. Table 3-1 to China's north, northwest, northeast and northern Jiangsu, Henan and other places of several major agricultural crop sowing the technical requirements. Seeding should be according to the local agricultural technical requirements.
(B) The requirements of the planter
Drilling on the requirements for the machine: the planting of agricultural technical requirements, spacing consistent, uniform sowing seed sowing in the wet soil, and covered with Wet soil, sowing deep consistent and in line with requirements of small seed injury.
Hole of the requirements for the machine: Each hole seed grains agreement (Each hole seed grains to n ± 1粒qualified, n Each hole average for grains such as corn requirements Hole 3 ± 1 tablets of not less than 85 points a few %), But in hole seeds of scattered, and in accordance with the same deep-sowing, seeds injury rate is low.
Precision Drill also called for a Each hole , Distance between plants Precision (Distance between plants to t ± 0.5t qualified, t for the average Distance between plants ).
Planter on the quality of performance indicators no one, Here are some specific data for reference;
1. China's grain seeder series of joint design of the provisions of tank rounds metering device indoor metering test the quality indicators for:
(1) The total emission stability of the average deviation c <2%; limit deviations ⊿ <4%
(2) The head office of consistency seed average deviation C <4%; limit deviations ⊿ <10%
(3)Of the small seed crushing seeds <0.5%; large seeds <1% C and an average deviation limits of deviation formula for ⊿ - Determination of the number of n - X-per-emission, X-average emissions.
Third, the seeds of the mechanical properties
Crop seeds and the nature of the mechanical planter is closely related to the design and use. And the seed planter features are: geometric seed size, seed density, seed grain weight, the seeds of friction between the features, such as seed flow characteristics. In the design of air-metering device when needed to understand the aerodynamics of the seed.
General seed of the geometric shapes can be used length, width and thickness of three sizes marked, with a length of maximum size, thickness of minimum size.
一, the type of planter
By planting methods can be divided into sow machines, Drilling Machine, Hole and a precision seeder. Hole can be further divided into ordinary machine, precision Drilling Machine, tilled precision seeder, and other crops. The planting of different crops can be divided into grain planter, corn planter, cotton planter, grass seeder and vegetables planter, and so on. In fact, many have a better GM seeder, a variety of crops could be planted, some ordinary Hole Drilling machine can also be used for cereal or precision seeding. Therefore, the planter can be divided into Drilling machines and tilled cereal crop seeder two categories. Domestic cereal Drilling machines, with most of fertilization devices, also known as fertilization planter or joint planter. Some Tilled crop planter installed in the working parts, can be used to Tilled , topdressing, the ridge, and other operations, also known as the planting of GM or GM Tilled rack planter. In addition, the driving force can be divided into human, animal and machine of the planter, of the planter can be divided into machine-Reply, suspension and semi-hanging three.
Second, the crop-seeder for the structure and work process
Ping used for the planting methods used by the planter collectively referred to as a crop-seeder, mainly divided into wheat and soybean Drilling Machine-made sophisticated jukebox.
(A) Drilling of wheat during the work and the general structure
The completion of ditching the main planter, planting, fertilizing, soil and repression, and so on. Figure 3-2 for the fertilization process diagram of the planter. Drill work, ditching the ground for a kind of groove, seeds were inside the seeds from the metering device. Through the loser of the fall of Canal. In addition, fertilizer box of fertilizer, manure from the Pai-loser into a separate species or the row of fertilizer, and seed together or separately fall of Canal, reuse soil with soil, repression and suppression for completion of planting.
Now 2 BSW-4.2C fertilization of wheat sowing of GM as an example to illustrate Drilling of the general structure. Drilling for the construction of two most general (3-3): working parts and ancillary components, including the work of the main components of slot wheeled seed, fertilizer row of slot wheel, corrugated-losers and losers of the Fat pipe, double-disc ditching and casing-linked ring. It is mainly applied to Drilling wheat crop, after adjustment, may also Drilling millet, flax and rapeseed crops such as the small. At the same time can be sown in the application of urea, ammonium sulfate, nitrate and the SSP, such as powdered or granular fertilizer. Planter ancillary components include rack, walking devices, transmission and ditching deep-conditioning devices.
Rack by the U-shaped steel through the folder from the closure of a fixed rectangular frame structure, has sufficient rigidity to prevent deformation. Rack in front by three points hoisted bodies connected with the tractor.
When walking round support for sowing planter and transmission parts work, the domestic use of rubber tire planter most of the past instead of steel wheels, to reduce the work into the rolling resistance.
Transmission device used chain drive (3-4), by walking through two rounds of chain drive shaft drive row of fat, then passed to a metering sprocket shaft, and by adjusting the metering row of fat shaft axis and the effective To regulate the length of the work of planting and sowing of fat, the greater the scope of regulation bodies adjust and adjust and reliable than in the past by changing the speed to regulate the planting and sowing quantity of fertilizer has been enhanced.
Because of the extensive high-powered tractors, planter commonly used suspension and power machinery to access, omitted the landing gear and power from agencies to simplify the structure of the planter.
(B) Of soybean-seeder for the work process and the general structure
With the improvement of crop cultivation techniques, especially for soybean-ping, close planting the extensive application of technology so that the corresponding supporting sowing machinery also have been greatly improved, 2 BD series of multi-functional precision seeder and the cultivation technology is a combination of planting fertilization institutions.
Sowing the structure of the machinery shown in Figure 3-5, the main components include rack, seed boxes, seed, fertilizer sliding knife-ditching, ditching two-disc seed, double disc chain Soil and transmission. Work to fly with the power machinery in the form of connection, the first by sliding a knife-ditching for a fat groove, through the trough row fertilizer Implementation of the base fertilizer and manure application to eat and slip knife-ditching work for Waterloo Performance-cut, the resistance of small, small trailers pushed phenomenon. When planting from two-disc ditching out of uniform depth ditch by the Waterloo eye-metering device to achieve precision planting, the final completion of soil-casing work.
As the ridge without sowing machinery, and a dual disc ditching and casing, making the total working hours decreased resistance, reduced fuel consumption and operating costs, but also simplify the structure of the planting machinery, increased use of reliable mechanical seeding Sexual.
At the same time sowing the mechanical assembly on the ridge planting devices and change the spacing of fertilizer, maize to be completed on the ridge precision planting, improve the general machinery and reduce the cost of the mechanical inputs.
Table 3-3 2BD-4-type precision seeder the main technical specifications
3. Tilled crop seeder process and the general structure
Chinese current production of the crop seeder Tilled most common intertillage seeder sowing machine. It's a wide-spaced, soil compaction and the requirements on the ground will require a higher imitation. At the same time, in order to increase the planting machinery GM, Wheat Ridge planter and a GM crop planter rack (3-6), in accordance with the planting of different crops to replace the work of different components. To high-powered tractor (160 hp or more) supporting sowing machinery, there are also many lines operating in 10, 12 or even 16 lines, and other large dedicated Ridge crop seeder has been widely used for the main planting crops of corn and soybeans. As shown in Figure 3-7. The aircraft are the main components of Waterloo eye-seed, fertilizer row of slot wheel, sliding knife-ditching, and the scraper-type casing for the suppression round. Ancillary components for the rack, single-seed boxes, gear, walking devices, transmission and hydraulic control system.
Work, every line from a single seed boxes, metering and ditching for the formation of a single group planting, sowing single group by profiling four parallel institutions connected with the main beam, seed and ditching me for a fixed link , Thus ditching large-entering soil, entering soil and strong, copying good performance. Metering device for dual or four ranked Waterloo round eyes, planting a low position, sowing of uniform, sowing accurate, were not injured and can adapt to the higher operating speed, high operating efficiency. At the same time sowing single group can be installed in accordance with the need to change the location to adjust the spacing. Walking round installed in the main beam in the work place, used to support the body weight, limit the location of the main beam and through the transmission mechanism to drive the various components, commonly used crop seeder Tilled the main technical specifications in Table 3-4 .
4, sow – Machinery dealers
In some cases (such as ranch in grass seed broadcast on the large area, not in the rice harvest, green manure in