CM6150機床總體設計-普通精密機床【含17張CAD圖紙】【JC系列】

喜歡就充值下載吧。。。資源目錄里展示的全都有，，下載后全都有，所見即所得，CAD圖紙均為高清圖可自行編輯，文檔WORD都可以自己編輯的哦，有疑問咨詢QQ:1064457796

附錄A英文原文 Lathe Description The purpose of a lathe is to rotate a part against a tool whose position it controls. It is useful for fabricating parts and/or features that have a circular cross section. The spindle is the part of the lathe that rotates. Various workholding attachments such as three jaw chucks, collets, and centers can be held in the spindle. The spindle is driven by an electric motor through a system of belt drives and/or gear trains. Spindle speed is controlled by varying the geometry of the drive train. The tailstock can be used to support the end of the workpiece with a center, or to hold tools for drilling, reaming, threading, or cutting tapers. It can be adjusted in position along the ways to accomodate different length workpices. The ram can be fed along the axis of rotation with the tailstock handwheel. The carriage controls and supports the cutting tool. It consists of: · A saddle that mates with and slides along the ways. · An apron that controls the feed mechanisms. · A cross slide that controls transverse motion of the tool (toward or away from the operator). · A tool compound that adjusts to permit angular tool movement. · A toolpost T-slot that holds the toolpost. Fundamentals of Mechanical Design Mechanical design means the design of things and systems of a mechanical nature—machines, products, structures, devices, and instruments. For the most part mechanical design utilizes mathematics, the materials sciences, and the engineering-mechanics sciences. The total design process is of interest to us. How does it begin? Does the engineer simply sit down at his desk with a blank sheet of paper? And, as he jots down some ideas, what happens next? What factors influence or control the decisions which have to be made? Finally, then, how does this design process end? Sometimes, but not always, design begins when an engineer recognizes a need and decides to do something about it. Recognition of the need and phrasing it in so many words often constitute a highly creative act because the need may be only a vague discontent, a feeling of uneasiness, or a sensing that something is not right. The need is usually not evident at all. For example, the need to do something about a food-packaging machine may be indicated by the noise level, by the variation in package weight, and by slight but perceptible variations in the quality of the packaging or wrap. There is a distinct difference between the statement of the need and the identification of the problem which follows this statement. The problem is more specific. If the end is for cleaner air, the problem might be that of reducing the dust discharge from power-plant stacks, or reducing the quantity of irritants from automotive exhausts. Definition of the problem must include all the specifications for the thing that is to be designed. The specifications are the input and output quantities, the characteristics and dimensions of the space the thing must occupy and all the limitations on these quantities. In this case we must specify the inputs and outputs of the box together with their characteristics and limitations. The specifications define the cost, the number to be manufactured, the expected life, the range, the operating temperature, and the reliability. There are many implied specifications which result either from the designer’s particular environment or from the nature of the problem itself. The manufacturing processes which are available, together with the facilities of a certain plant, constitute restrictions on a designer’s freedom, and hence are a part of the implied specifications. A small plant, for instance, may not own cold-working machinery. Knowing this, the designer selects other metal-processing methods which can be performed in the plant. The labor skills available and the competitive situation also constitute implied specifications. After the problem has been defined and a set of written and implied specifications has been obtained, the next step in design is the synthesis of an optimum solution. Now synthesis cannot take place without both analysis and optimization because the system under design must be analyzed to determine whether the performance complies with the specifications. As stated previously, the purpose of machine design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Installing a Cutting Tool Lathe cutting tools are held by tool holders. To install a tool, first clean the holder, then tighten the bolts. The tool post is secured to the compound with a T-bolt. The tool holder is secured to the tool post using a quick release lever. Positioning the Tool In order to move the cutting tool, the lathe saddle and cross slide can be moved by hand. There are also power feeds for these axes. Procedures vary from machine to machine. A third axis of motion is provided by the compound. The angle of the compound can be adjusted to allow tapers to be cut at any desired angle. First, loosen the bolts securing the compound to the saddle. Then rotate the compound to the desired angle referencing the dial indicator at the base of the compound. Retighten the bolts. Now the tool can be hand fed along the desired angle. No power feed is available for the compound. If a fine finish is required, use both hands to achieve a smoother feed rate. The cross slide and compound have a micrometer dial to allow accurate positioning, but the saddle doesn't. To position the saddle accurately, you may use a dial indicator mounted to the saddle. Feed, Speed, and Depth of Cut Cutting speed is defined as the speed at which the work moves with respect to the tool (usually measured in feet per minute). Feed rate is defined as the distance the tool travels during one revolution of the part. Cutting speed and feed determines the surface finish, power requirements, and material removal rate. The primary factor in choosing feed and speed is the material to be cut. However, one should also consider material of the tool, rigidity of the workpiece, size and condition of the lathe, and depth of cut. For most Aluminum alloys, on a roughing cut (0.010 to 0.020 inches depth of cut) run at 600 fpm. On a finishing cut (0.002 to .010 depth of cut) run at 1000 fpm. To calculate the proper spindle speed, divide the desired cutting speed by the circumference of the work. Experiment with feed rates to achieve the desired finish. In considering depth of cut, it's important to remember that for each thousandth depth of cut, the work diameter is reduced by two thousandths. Turning The lathe can be used to reduce the diameter of a part to a desired dimension. First, clamp the part securely in a lathe chuck. The part should not extend more than three times its diameter. Then install a roughing or finishing tool (whichever is appropriate). If you're feeding the saddle toward the headstock ，use a right-hand turning tool. Move the tool off the part by backing the carriage up with the carriage handwheel, then use the cross feed to set the desired depth of cut. Remember that for each thousandth depth of cut, the work diameter is reduced by two thousandths. Facing A lathe can be used to create a smooth, flat, face very accurately perpendicular to the axis of a cylindrical part. First, clamp the part securely in a lathe chuck. Then, install a facing tool. Bring the tool approximately into position, but slightly off of the part. Always turn the spindle by hand before turning it on. This ensures that no parts interfere with the rotation of the spindle. Move the tool outside the part and adjust the saddle to take the desired depth of cut. Then, feed the tool across the face with the cross slide. If a finer finish is required, take just a few thousandths on the final cut and use the power feed. Be careful clearing the ribbon-like chips; They are very sharp. Do not clear the chips while the spindle is turning. After facing, there is a very sharp edge on the part. Break the edge with a file. Parting A parting tool is deeper and narrower than a turning tool. It is designed for making narrow grooves and for cutting off parts. When a parting tool is installed, ensure that it hangs over the tool holder enough that the the holder will clear the workpiece (but no more than that). Ensure that the parting tool is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and that the tip is the same height as the center of the part. A good way to do this is to hold the tool against the face of the part. Set the height of the tool, lay it flat against the face of the part, then lock the tool in place. When the cut is deep, the side of the part can rub against sides of the groove, so it's especially important to apply cutting fluid. Drilling A lathe can also be used to drill holes accurately concentric with the centerline of a cylindrical part. First, install a drill chuck into the tail stock. Make certain that the tool on the back of the drill chuck seats properly in the tail stock. Withdraw the jaws of the chuck and tap the chuck in place with a soft hammer. Move the saddle forward to make room for the tailstock. Move the tailstock into position, and lock the it in place (otherwise it will slide backward as you try to drill). Before starting the machine, turn the spindle by hand. You've just moved the saddle forward, so it could interfere with the rotation of the lathe chuck. Always use a centerdrill to start the hole. You should use cutting fluid with the centerdrill. It has shallow flutes (for added stiffness) and doesn't cut as easily as a drill bit. Always drill past the beginning of the taper to create a funnel to guide the bit in. Take at most one or two drill diameters of material before backing off, clearing the chips, and applying cutting fluid. If the drill bit squeaks, apply solvent more often. The drill chuck can be removed from the tail stock by drawing back the drill chuck as far as it will easily go, then about a quarter turn more. A pin will press the chuck out of the collet. Boring Boring is an operation in which a hole is enlarged with a single point cutting tool. A boring bar is used to support the cutting tool as it extends into the hole. Because of the extension of the boring bar, the tool is supported less rigidly and is more likely to chatter. This can be corrected by using slower spindle speeds or by grinding a smaller radius on the nose of the tool. Single Point Thread Turning External threads can be cut with a die and internal threads can be cut with a tap. But for some diameters, no die or tap is available. In these cases, threads can be cut on a lathe. A special cutting tool should be used, typically with a 60 degree nose angle. To form threads with a specified number of threads per inch, the spindle is mechanically coupled to the carriage lead screw. Procedures vary for different machines. Advanced Work Holding Some parts require special techniques to hold them properly for lathe work. For instance, if you wish to cut on the entire outside diameter of a part, then the part cannot be held in a chuck or collet. If the part has a hole through it, you can press it on to a lathe arbor (a slightly tapered shaft), and clamp onto the arbor rather than the part itself. The hole must have an adequate aspect ratio or the part will not be firmly supported. If the part has a very large hole through it, a lathe arbor may not be a practicable solution. You may instead use the outside of the jaws to hold the inside diameter of the part. If the part has a very complex geometry, it may be neccesary to install the part onto a face plate. The face plate is then attached to the spindle. Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what mew, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have“bugs”or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. 附錄B漢語翻譯 車床 概述 車床的作用是通過控制刀具的位置來加工旋轉(zhuǎn)的零件。它用于加工有圓形橫截面的零件。主軸是車床的一部分，能夠轉(zhuǎn)動。各種各樣控制工件的附加裝置像爪式卡盤，卡頭，頂心等被裝在主軸中。主軸是由一個電動機經(jīng)由皮帶或齒輪傳動鏈驅(qū)動的。主軸轉(zhuǎn)速是通過改變傳動鏈的幾何參數(shù)來控制的。 尾座用來支承工件末端的中心或者安裝刀具進行鉆孔，鉸孔，車螺紋，錐形切削等。它可以沿著導軌調(diào)整位置來適應不同長度的工件。撞錘可用尾座的手輪控制沿著旋轉(zhuǎn)的軸的方向進給。 床鞍控制并支承著切削刀具。它包括： ·與導軌緊密配合并可沿導軌滑動的滑鞍。 ·控制進給裝置的溜板箱。 ·控制刀具橫向運動的托板（朝向或遠離操作者） 。 ·適應并允許刀具進行角度運動的刀具復合裝置。 ·控制刀具位置的T型槽。 機械設計是指設計機械固有的內(nèi)容和系統(tǒng)，包括：機器、產(chǎn)品、結(jié)構、裝置和儀器。機械設計主要使用到數(shù)學、材料科學和機械工程學相關領域。 整個設計過程對我們益處。如何開始機械設計呢？是不是工程師拿張空白稿紙坐到他的桌前那么簡單呢？如同他那少量的想法，然后呢？那些因素影響或者控制所做出的決定呢？最后，如何結(jié)束這個設計過程呢？ 有時，不是經(jīng)常，設計開始于工程師認識到需要做并決定做的那一刻。著墨于意識到需要和著手做上面，就是要說明這是個創(chuàng)造性的工作，因為需求很可能是模糊的不滿足，可能是一種不自在的感覺，抑或是僅僅覺得某些事不爽。 需求通常都不是顯而易見的。比如，需要做一個關于食品包裝的機械需要提及噪音級別、根據(jù)的是包裹重量變量和在封裝和纏繞所產(chǎn)生的很小的重量變量。 需求說明和說明之后產(chǎn)生的問題確認是有明顯差別的。因為問題更具體。如果更清潔的空氣是結(jié)果，那么可能是因為在于從工廠煙囪排放了粉塵減少或者汽車尾氣減少了。 定義一個問題必須包括設計中所有的規(guī)范。規(guī)范包括輸入、輸出的數(shù)量，物體占用空間的特征是尺寸還有這些數(shù)量的局限性。通常我們必須詳細記載這些箱子、箱子的局限性和特征的輸入、輸出。這個規(guī)法定義了將要制造的成本、數(shù)量還有預期使用壽命、使用范圍、操作溫度和可靠性。 有許多隱含的規(guī)格，導致無論從設計的特定環(huán)境或從問題的性質(zhì)本身。的生產(chǎn)過程所提供的，再加上設施的某些植物，構成限制設計師的自由，因而是部分暗示規(guī)格。一個小工廠，例如， 可能沒有自己的冷戰(zhàn)工作機制。知道了這一點，設計師選擇其他金屬加工方法，可在工廠?，F(xiàn)有的勞動技能和競爭力的狀況也構成默示規(guī)格。 在這個問題被界定和一套規(guī)范的書面和隱含得到了，下一步是在設計合成的最佳解決方案。現(xiàn)在合成不能對他們進行分析和優(yōu)化，因為該系統(tǒng)的設計必須根據(jù)分析，以確定是否性能符合規(guī)格。 如前所述，其目的是機械設計生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這將需要的人。發(fā)明，發(fā)現(xiàn)和科學知識本身并不一定造福人民;只有當它們納入設計的產(chǎn)品，將獲得的利益。應當承認，因此， 一個人需要之前必須確定特定產(chǎn)品的設計。 安裝刀具 車床的切削刀具由刀架控制。要安裝刀具，首先清理支架，再擰緊螺栓。 刀座由復合的T型螺栓控制。刀柄是用刀座上的快速釋放桿控制。 定位刀具 為了使刀具運動，車床刀架和橫向托板需手動控制。 這些軸也有進給動力源，進給方式隨機床的改變而改變。 第三軸的運動是由（刀架的）托板確定的。托板的角度可作調(diào)整，可允許錐形減小到任何想要的角度。首先，放松螺栓保證托板和鞍板（松動）。然后旋轉(zhuǎn)托板根據(jù)托板底部的指示盤上的刻度調(diào)到所需的角度。重新擰緊螺栓?，F(xiàn)在這個刀具就可以沿著所需角度手動進給了。對于托板來說進給力是沒有作用的。如果需要高精度加工，則需用雙手完成進給速度（的給定）。 橫向托板和托板都有一個千分尺刻度盤來獲得精確的位置，但是鞍板沒有。要想準確定位鞍板，你可以使用安裝在鞍板上的刻度指示器。 進給量，速度和切深 切削速度的定義是工件相對于刀具的運動速度（通常以英尺每分鐘計）。進給速度定義為工件旋轉(zhuǎn)一圈刀具運動的距離。切削速度和進給量決定表面光潔度，所需的力，材料去除率。選擇切削速度和進給量的首要因素是被切除的材料。而且，還應該考慮刀具的材料，工件的硬度、大小和車床的條件，切削深度。對于大多數(shù)鋁合金，粗切（ 選0.010至0.020英寸的切削深度）每分鐘600英尺 。就精切（選0.002至0.010切削深度）每分鐘1000英尺 。為了計算出正確的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速，需除以工件的圓周速度。試驗進給速度來完成最后的修光。在考慮切削深度時，重要的是要記住每千分之一切削深度，工作直徑減少千分之二。 車削 車床能用來減小零件的直徑來達到理想尺寸。首先，保證在車床卡盤上卡緊工件。工件不應該超過它的直徑的3倍。然后安裝一個粗磨或拋光工具（兩者都要適當）。如果你正在朝主軸箱進給鞍板，那么使用右偏刀。用溜板箱手柄使其倒退，從而刀具遠離工件，然后橫向進給設定理想切削深度。記住每千分之一切削深度，工作直徑減少了千分之二。 車平面 車床可以用來加工一個光滑，平坦，有非常準確的垂直度的圓柱零件的平面。首先，保證在車床卡盤上卡緊工件。然后，安裝一個端面車刀。將刀具帶到接近工件的位置上。在車削前始終手動旋轉(zhuǎn)主軸，以確保零件沒有與旋轉(zhuǎn)的主軸干涉的部分。移動刀具使之遠離工件，并調(diào)整鞍板選取理想的切削深度。然后，利用橫向托板進行橫向進給以越過平面。如果有超精加工的需要，只需要幾千分之一的最終切削(進給量) ，并采用進給動力源。清理帶狀切屑時要注意，它們很鋒利。不要在主軸旋轉(zhuǎn)時清理切屑。在平面加工完后，工件的邊緣非常鋒利，應用銼刀修邊。 切斷 切斷刀比車刀窄，吃刀更深。它被設計用來加工窄的凹槽或用來切斷工件。當切斷刀被安裝上時，確保其伸出刀架的部分足夠長以便刀架能夠排屑（但不超過） 。確保切斷刀垂直于旋轉(zhuǎn)的軸線并且刀尖的高度與工件的中心高度相同。要做到這一點的一個好辦法是控制刀具與工件相對，設定刀具的高度，使其平著安放在與工件表面相對的方向，然后鎖定刀具到位。 當切削很深時，（刀具）側(cè)面會與凹槽側(cè)面相摩擦，所以這里特別重要的是使用切削液。 鉆削 車床也可用于鉆削具有準確同軸度的圓柱零件的孔。首先，在尾座上安裝一個鉆削用的卡盤。確保在鉆削用卡盤上的刀具在尾座上具有正確的位置。撤回卡盤上的卡頭，在適當?shù)奈恢糜眯″N敲擊卡盤。 向前移動鞍板，以騰出空間給尾座。移動尾座就位，并鎖定它的位置（否則在你試圖鉆削時它就會向后滑動）。開動機器之前，手動旋轉(zhuǎn)主軸。你剛剛向前移動鞍板，因此，它可能與卡盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)干涉。請務必使用中心鉆鉆孔。在中心鉆孔時你應該使用切削液。它有淺的凹槽（為增加剛度），不像鉆頭一樣容易切削。鉆頭開始部分的錐形形成一個漏斗以引導零件進入。后退前最多采用一個或兩個鉆削材料的直徑，清理切屑并采用切屑液。如果鉆頭發(fā)出刺耳的聲音，就采用更多的溶液。通過向后移動鉆用卡盤直到它能輕松地被從尾座上移除，然后旋轉(zhuǎn)四分之一圈或更多。銷將從卡頭中出來壓住卡盤。 鏜削 鏜孔是用單點切削刀具加工大孔的操作。鏜削用的桿件是用于支承刀具一直延伸進孔。由于延長了鏜桿，刀具支承不穩(wěn)定，容易振動。這個問題可以通過采用較慢的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速或在刀具的前部研磨較小半徑來糾正。 單點螺紋車削 外螺紋可用硬模切出，內(nèi)螺紋可用活栓切出。但是，對于一些直徑，沒有任何硬模或活栓可行。在這種情況下，螺紋可在車床上切出。一個特殊的刀具應被采用，（這個刀具）通常有60度的前角。為了每英寸都形成具有特殊號碼線程的螺紋，主軸是機械地與絲杠相聯(lián)系。不同機器上（傳動）路線不同。 先進的加工支承 一些零部件需要特殊技術來支承它們在車床上正常工作。例如，如果你想切削零件的整個外徑，那么，零件不能放在卡盤或卡頭上 。如果零件上有一個孔穿過，你可以將它壓在車床的溜板箱上（略有錐形軸），并夾在上面，而不是零件本身。該孔必須有足夠的長寬比否則零件沒有穩(wěn)固的支承。 如果零件有一個非常大的孔穿過，車床的溜板箱就不能解決了。你可能反而利用外界的夾具支承零件的內(nèi)徑。如果零件有一個非常復雜的幾何形狀，它可能需要在劃線平臺上安裝。這個平臺與主軸相連。 良好的設計需要嘗試新的想法和愿意采取了一定的風險，因為如果新的想法行不通現(xiàn)有方法可以恢復。因此，設計師必須有耐心，因為我們不保證成功的時間和精力花費。 創(chuàng)造一種全新的設計通常需要，許多舊的和行之有效的方法是主旨一邊。做到這一點并不容易，因為許多人抱著熟悉的意念，技巧和態(tài)度。設計工程師要不斷尋找辦法，以改善現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品，必須決定哪些歲，證明的概念，并應采用什么水電，未經(jīng)想法應該納入。 新的設計通常有“錯誤”或不可預見的問題，必須制定出優(yōu)于之前的特點，新的設計可以享受。因此，有機會為卓越的產(chǎn)品，但只有在更高的風險。應該強調(diào)的是，如果設計不保證根治新方法，這種方法不應該適用于僅僅是為了改變。 在開始階段的設計，創(chuàng)意應該允許繁榮而大量的制約因素。即使許多不切實際的想法可能會出現(xiàn)，它通常是很容易消除它們的早期階段設計的細節(jié)之前，公司所要求的生產(chǎn)。通過這種方式，創(chuàng)新的想法并不抑制。往往一個以上的設計，開發(fā)，行動的地步，他們可以比較互相對抗。這是完全有可能的設計，最終接受將使用中存在的思想之一，拒絕設計，并沒有顯示了全面的承諾。 只有時間才能提供正確的答案，對上面的問題，但產(chǎn)品應設計，制造和銷售只是初步肯定的答案。設計工程師也必須多溝通，最后定稿的設計，制造，通過詳細的使用和裝配圖。