兩輪車軸心鎖的設(shè)計(jì)含4張CAD圖
兩輪車軸心鎖的設(shè)計(jì)含4張CAD圖,車軸,設(shè)計(jì),cad
兩輪車軸心鎖的設(shè)計(jì)
摘要
如今,隨著人們生活水平的提高,如何實(shí)現(xiàn)家庭電動(dòng)車和自行車防盜這一問題也變的很重要,傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械鎖由于其構(gòu)造的簡單,被撬的事件屢見不鮮,軸心鎖由于其保密性高,使用靈活性好,安全系數(shù)高,受到了廣大用戶的親呢。
從傳統(tǒng)的老式自行車鎖僅僅是用來鎖住自行車三腳架與車輪,使車輪不轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),從而起到防盜的目的。然后相繼出現(xiàn)自行車鋼絲鎖這種鎖的整條鋼絲繩約一米二左右,由于其鋼絲繩較長,可以把自行車鎖在欄桿柱子上,弱點(diǎn)較多,如不能防技術(shù)性開啟,不能防剪鋼筋鉗來剪斷鋼絲繩;不能防腐蝕,防鉆及其氧焊,還有以后出來的新型兩輪車防撬鎖,整個(gè)鎖除了鑰匙孔外,其他部位上基本沒有縫隙,而且鎖殼是全鋼的,較為堅(jiān)固。所以比一般的鎖不容易被撬。
本實(shí)用新型防盜軸心鎖是一種有效防止車輛被盜的鎖定機(jī)構(gòu),包括軸套體中部的支撐軸,其特征在于:所述軸套體的中部的支撐軸的中心設(shè)有可轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的鎖芯,在所述的鎖芯旁,設(shè)有鎖定轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的鎖銷,在所述的軸套體上設(shè)有與鎖銷相對(duì)應(yīng)的鎖槽,配合鎖銷鎖定。
本文先對(duì)防盜軸心鎖的特性進(jìn)行介紹,對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析。然后在通過計(jì)算其齒輪傳動(dòng)力的討論,并通過計(jì)算齒輪的扭矩及其硬度的測試。電機(jī)的功率及其齒輪的傳動(dòng)比定出齒輪的齒數(shù),大小,完成兩輪車軸心鎖的設(shè)計(jì)。
關(guān)鍵詞:防盜 ;鎖芯;齒輪;傳統(tǒng)的鎖;齒輪傳動(dòng)比;齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)
The wheelers axis lock design
ABSTRACT
Now, with the improvement of living standards, how the family electric car and bike theft problems become very important traditional mechanical lock because of its structure is simple, pry the event not uncommon, the axis of the lock due to confidentialityflexibility to use, high safety factor, by the intimacy of the majority of users.
From the traditional old-fashioned bicycle lock is used to lock the bike tripod with wheels, so that the wheel does not rotate, and thus play the anti-theft purpose. Bicycle wire lock the lock the whole rope then have appeared about one meter two longer because of its rope, bike lock on the railing pillars, more weakness, if not anti-technical open, not anti-shear reinforced clamp cut the rope; not anti-corrosion, anti-drill and its oxygen welding, there are after a new two-wheelers anti-lock picking, the entire lock in addition to the keyhole, and other parts of the little gap, and the lock shell is steel, more solid. So than the lock had been broken.
The new anti-theft axis lock is an effective locking mechanism to prevent theft of vehicles, including central support shaft of the sleeve body, characterized in that: as described in the center of the sleeve body's central support shaft has a rotating lock core, next to said lock cylinder with lock turning latch equipped with latch lock slot, with the corresponding locking pin lock, described on the sleeve body.
The article focuses on the anti-theft characteristics of the axis of the lock are introduced to analyze its structure. Discussion by calculating the power of the gear pass, and by calculating the torque and hardness of the gear tests. Motor power and gear transmission ratio set the gear teeth, size, complete the wheelers axis lock design.
Keywords: Theft; Suoxin; gear; traditional lock; gear ratio; gear design
目錄
摘要 1
ABSTRACT 2
一、設(shè)計(jì)背景 3
二、結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖 4
三、兩輪車軸心鎖的工作原理 5
四、主要構(gòu)件 5
五、傳動(dòng)裝置 6
六、執(zhí)行裝置 16
七、傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖 18
八、裝夾配件 19
九、鎖體裝配結(jié)構(gòu)圖 21
十、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié) 21
參考文獻(xiàn) 23
附錄…… ………………………………………………………………24
一、設(shè)計(jì)背景
摩托車及其自行車等兩輪車作為一種簡便的機(jī)動(dòng)車輛,在我國大部分地區(qū)特別是農(nóng)村地區(qū)得到了廣泛的使用。在道路狀況不好的山區(qū)和一些特殊場所,摩托車更是最主要的交通工具。
摩托車價(jià)格比較昂貴,車身質(zhì)量較輕易于被盜成為小偷盜竊的主要目標(biāo)。一些摩托車主為了保障自身的財(cái)產(chǎn)安全在使用摩托車配備的車頭鎖的同時(shí)還用鋼質(zhì)U型鎖鎖住摩托車的車輪。雖然做了種種防盜措施,然而摩托車盜竊事件還是時(shí)有發(fā)生,給使用者造成了經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
現(xiàn)在市面上使用的常規(guī)的車頭鎖因其電路部分容易破換不僅在面對(duì)小偷是無能為力也經(jīng)常在摩托車的使用中出現(xiàn)了車鎖電路老化壞掉的情況。這樣,怎么能保障我們的摩托車的安全呢。常規(guī)的鎖,不管其采用什么原理和結(jié)構(gòu),鎖體總是暴露在外面,且使用鑰匙開鎖使得鎖具容易被小偷的開鎖工具即俗稱的萬能鑰匙打開。在這種情況下,面對(duì)手段高明的小偷,要讓車子的安全得到保障,首先就得保障鎖體本身的安全。什么樣的鎖能不被小偷破壞,不被小偷的開鎖工具打開呢?首先,要使鎖具結(jié)構(gòu)不被外力強(qiáng)行破壞掉,就得讓鎖體藏身于一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的環(huán)境里。結(jié)合摩托車被鎖止的對(duì)象是車輪,我們便想到鎖體可以安裝在車輪軸中。對(duì)于不能使用常規(guī)開鎖方法開鎖的問題,我們結(jié)合現(xiàn)在的轎車的開門鎖,很快便想到了用遙控電路控制上鎖和開鎖。就這樣,摩托車軸心鎖的基本構(gòu)思便有了。
二、結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖
圖2-1 軸心鎖結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖
圖2-2 軸心鎖立體簡圖(正)
三、兩輪車軸心鎖的工作原理
原理是通過遙控裝置控制電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)來帶動(dòng)齒輪進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)力,然后在桿與渦輪嚙合作用下帶動(dòng)推桿前后運(yùn)動(dòng),桿在螺紋作用下可以來回的運(yùn)動(dòng),當(dāng)銷桿伸出去的時(shí)候卡在花鼓軸上阻止了整個(gè)車輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),同樣的道理,當(dāng)使用遙控裝置控制電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)在帶動(dòng)齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),然后渦輪旋轉(zhuǎn),桿在螺紋的作用下向后倒退,當(dāng)銷桿退回到原位置的時(shí)候則車輪可以自由的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
四、主要構(gòu)件
在軸心鎖整個(gè)裝置里,主要零件有電機(jī)、主軸、深溝球軸承、軸套、齒輪、聯(lián)軸器、渦輪、推桿、螺釘、螺栓等組成。
(一)電機(jī)
在軸心鎖中的電機(jī)是選用的微型電機(jī)-有刷直流電機(jī)。電機(jī)型號(hào)選用微型電機(jī)參數(shù):
型號(hào)
F130
額定電壓
1.5-12.0(V)
額定轉(zhuǎn)速
1440(rpm)
外形尺寸
25.1*20.1(mm)
額定功率
2(W)
(二)深溝球軸承
選用的軸承根據(jù)主軸的大小進(jìn)行配合,軸承代號(hào)6205 B=15mm,d=25mm,D=52mm,此滾動(dòng)軸承是支撐旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件,它具有摩擦阻力小,效率高,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊維護(hù)簡單等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。在大多數(shù)機(jī)器中得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。
(三)軸套
軸套的作用是用來定位軸承,緊貼著軸承,也可以固定軸承,使其不能旋轉(zhuǎn)出主軸。
(四)聯(lián)軸器
聯(lián)軸器選用有彈性元件的撓性聯(lián)軸器,此聯(lián)軸器結(jié)構(gòu)簡單制造容易,裝拆更換彈性元件方便,有微量補(bǔ)充倆軸線偏移和緩沖吸震能力,主要用于載荷比較平穩(wěn),啟動(dòng)頻繁,對(duì)緩沖要求不高的中、低軸系轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),工作溫度-20-70℃。
(五)齒輪
齒輪是機(jī)器中應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種傳動(dòng)零件,用來傳動(dòng)動(dòng)力,改變旋轉(zhuǎn)方向和速度。此軸心鎖中選用的是圓柱齒輪和渦輪進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)動(dòng)力。
(六)推桿
推桿是軸心鎖中的關(guān)鍵零件,是這個(gè)鎖的鎖芯。通過渦輪帶動(dòng)推桿的來回移動(dòng),然后推桿卡在花鼓軸端的牙上鎖定,是兩輪車的車輪鎖住。
(七)螺釘
螺釘選用的是通孔,用于固定電機(jī),及其電路板的位置。
五、傳動(dòng)裝置
(一)總傳動(dòng)比及其分配
總傳動(dòng)比i=/=1440/160=9
i= =3.32.73=9.009=9
=3.3,為高速級(jí)傳動(dòng)比
=2.73為低速級(jí)傳動(dòng)比
(二)各軸轉(zhuǎn)速計(jì)算(根據(jù).軸的轉(zhuǎn)速大小依次編號(hào)為、、 軸)
=1440r/min
/=1440/3.3=436.36r/min
=/=436.36/2.73=159.84r/min
各軸功率計(jì)算
各軸功率、轉(zhuǎn)速、轉(zhuǎn)矩列表如下:
表1:
軸 號(hào)
功率P(KW)
轉(zhuǎn)速n(r/min)
轉(zhuǎn)矩T(N.m)
5.04
1440
33.43
4.84
436.36
105.93
4.65
159.84
277.82
(三)圓柱直齒輪傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
1、高速級(jí)
1).選擇齒輪材料
小齒輪 40 調(diào)質(zhì) HB1=260
大齒輪 45 調(diào)質(zhì) HB2=240
2).初步計(jì)算
齒寬系數(shù):由表12-13,取=1
接觸疲勞極限Hlim:由圖12.17(C)
Hlim1=720MPa
Hlim2=590 MPa
初步計(jì)算的許用接觸應(yīng)力[H]:
[H1]=0.9Hlim1=0.9720=648 MPa
[H2]=0.9Hlim2=0.9590=531 MPa
Ad值:取Ad=5.5mm(估計(jì)=10°)
初步計(jì)算小輪直徑d1:
初步確定齒寬:
2) .齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算
圓周速度:
=
精度等級(jí):由表12-6
齒輪齒數(shù)Z:
取Z1=23,則
模數(shù)m:
初選螺旋角
由表12-3,取
螺旋角(和估計(jì)值接近)
使用系數(shù)由表12-9
動(dòng)載荷系數(shù):由圖12.9
齒間載荷分配系數(shù):
先求
(表12-8)
(表12-8)
(表12-8)
由此得:
齒向載荷分布系數(shù)由表12-11
載荷系數(shù)K:
(12-5)
彈性系數(shù):由表12-12
節(jié)點(diǎn)區(qū)域系數(shù):有圖12.16
重合度系數(shù):由式12-31,因取故
螺旋角系數(shù) (12-32)
接觸應(yīng)力最小安全系數(shù):由表12-14
應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù):
接觸壽命系數(shù):由圖12.18
許用接觸應(yīng)力 []:
(12-11)
驗(yàn)算接觸應(yīng)力:
計(jì)算結(jié)果表明,接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度符合要求;否則,應(yīng)調(diào)整齒輪參
數(shù)或改變齒輪材料,并再次進(jìn)行驗(yàn)算。
4).確定傳動(dòng)主要尺寸
實(shí)際分度圓直徑d:
中心距a:
齒寬b:
5).齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算
齒形系數(shù)
由圖12.21得
應(yīng)力修正系數(shù)由圖12.22
重合度系數(shù)
(12-18)
螺旋角系數(shù)
(12-36)
(12-35)
齒間載荷分配系數(shù)前面已求得
齒向載荷分布系數(shù)
由圖12.14,
載荷系數(shù)K:
彎曲疲勞極限由圖12.23(c)得
彎曲最小安全系數(shù)由表12-14得
彎曲壽命系數(shù)由圖12.24得
尺寸系數(shù)由圖12.25得:
許用彎曲應(yīng)力[]:
(12-19)
驗(yàn)算彎曲強(qiáng)度:
2.低速級(jí)
1.選擇齒輪材料
小齒輪 40 調(diào)質(zhì) HB1=260
大齒輪 45 調(diào)質(zhì) HB2=240
2.初步計(jì)算
齒寬系數(shù):由表12-13,取=1
接觸疲勞極限Hlim:由圖12.17(C)
Hlim1=720MPa
Hlim2=590 MPa
初步計(jì)算的許用接觸應(yīng)力[H]:
[H1]=0.9Hlim1=0.9720=648 MPa (12-15)
[H2]=0.9Hlim2=0.9590=531 MPa
Ad值:由表12-16,取Ad=82(估計(jì)=10°)
初步計(jì)算小輪直徑d1:
初步確定齒寬: (12-14)
3.齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算
圓周速度:
=
精度等級(jí):由表12-6
齒輪齒數(shù)Z:
取Z1=27,則
模數(shù)m:
初選螺旋角
由表12-3,取
螺旋角(和估計(jì)值接近)
使用系數(shù)由表12-9
動(dòng)載荷系數(shù):由圖12.9
齒間載荷分配系數(shù):
由表12-10,先求
(表12-8)
(表12-8)
(表12-8)
由此得:
齒向載荷分布系數(shù)由表12-11
載荷系數(shù)K:
(12-5)
彈性系數(shù):由表12-12
節(jié)點(diǎn)區(qū)域系數(shù):有圖12.16
重合度系數(shù):由式12-31,因取故
螺旋角系數(shù) (12-32)
接觸應(yīng)力最小安全系數(shù):由表12-14
應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù):
接觸壽命系數(shù):由圖12.18
許用接觸應(yīng)力 []:
(12-11)
驗(yàn)算接觸應(yīng)力:
計(jì)算結(jié)果表明,接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度符合要求;否則,應(yīng)調(diào)整齒輪參
數(shù)或改變齒輪材料,并再次進(jìn)行驗(yàn)算。
4.確定傳動(dòng)主要尺寸
實(shí)際分度圓直徑d:
中心距a:
齒寬b:
5.齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算
齒形系數(shù)
由圖12.21得
應(yīng)力修正系數(shù)由圖12.22
重合度系數(shù)
(12-18)
螺旋角系數(shù)
(12-36)
(12-35)
齒間載荷分配系數(shù)前面已求得
齒向載荷分布系數(shù)
由圖12.14,
載荷系數(shù)K:
彎曲疲勞極限由圖12.23(c)得
彎曲最小安全系數(shù)由表12-14得
彎曲壽命系數(shù)由圖12.24得
尺寸系數(shù)由圖12.25得:
許用彎曲應(yīng)力[]:
(12-19)
驗(yàn)算彎曲強(qiáng)度:
六、執(zhí)行裝置
軸心鎖的執(zhí)行裝置是由傳動(dòng)絲杠、鎖桿和輪軸孔處的鎖孔構(gòu)成。這三個(gè)部件中,鎖孔是在車輪的加工過程中完成的。同時(shí),因?yàn)橐惭b軸心鎖的而要留出安裝空間的輪軸孔車輪也是特制的,在課程設(shè)計(jì)中便不再涉及。
(一)傳動(dòng)絲杠:
圖6-1 傳動(dòng)絲杠
傳動(dòng)絲杠采用梯形螺紋
大徑D=14mm
小徑
線數(shù)n=1
螺距P=4
旋向右旋
因?yàn)楣ぷ鲿r(shí)受力不大,轉(zhuǎn)速較低。所以,材料使用45號(hào)鋼。
(二)鎖桿
圖6-2 鎖桿整體結(jié)構(gòu)
材質(zhì)
鎖桿是完成上鎖的部件,要有足夠的強(qiáng)度來保證其在使用過程中不被破壞。故對(duì)材料的強(qiáng)度和剛度要求較高,使用硬質(zhì)合金鋼。
(三)鎖桿嚙合卡盤
鎖桿卡盤部分與螺紋絲杠嚙合,其與梯形螺紋嚙合的部分參數(shù)與絲杠的螺紋參數(shù)一直,使其在傳動(dòng)過程中能模擬螺紋螺桿的傳動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng),保證鎖桿上鎖和開鎖的過程中運(yùn)動(dòng)平穩(wěn)。
(四)主軸
七、傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖
八、裝夾配件
(一)裝夾片
1 2
3
(二)裝夾螺桿
(三)裝夾螺桿套
(四)螺帽
九、鎖體裝配結(jié)構(gòu)圖
正視
透視
十、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)
這次課程設(shè)計(jì)課題非常新穎,巧妙。由于兩輪車軸心鎖只是兩輪車中的一個(gè)附加功能的小配件,省略了許多參數(shù)的精確計(jì)算,這在一定程度上減少了本次課程設(shè)計(jì)的工作量。但由于沒有往屆的學(xué)長做過相關(guān)的課題,也沒有太多的相關(guān)資料可以借鑒也大大增加了設(shè)計(jì)的難度。
雖然只是一個(gè)簡單機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),但涉及的專業(yè)知識(shí)還是比較多的。通過這段時(shí)間的努力,設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)終于完成。在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中,查閱了許多相關(guān)書籍,鞏固了以前所學(xué)的知識(shí)也了解到了一些以前在課堂上不曾接觸到的知識(shí)。同時(shí)還使自己的知識(shí)系統(tǒng)化,強(qiáng)化了對(duì)知識(shí)的理解,加強(qiáng)了機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方面的應(yīng)用能力。
同時(shí),在設(shè)計(jì)中也感受到認(rèn)真嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膶?duì)于設(shè)計(jì)人員的重要性,往往一不留心犯下的小錯(cuò)誤卻對(duì)后面的設(shè)計(jì)造成很大的困擾。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中,要有好的耐心進(jìn)行每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)。感受到設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)比較復(fù)雜的工作,需要很大的毅力,感受到了工程設(shè)計(jì)人員的艱辛。
通過課程設(shè)計(jì),使用了以前學(xué)過的工程制圖軟件,熟悉了一下軟件的使用。算是溫習(xí)和鞏固了一遍吧,感覺受益匪淺。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社第三編輯室.摩托車國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)匯編/零部件卷2007.1版.北京:中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,2007.
[2] 聞邦椿.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).5版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2010.
[3] 周良德,等.現(xiàn)代工程圖學(xué).2版.湖南:湖南科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2008.
[4] 孫桓,等.機(jī)械原理.7版.北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
[5] 濮良貴,等.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).8版.北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
[6] 蘇旭平.工程材料.湖南.湘潭大學(xué)出版社,2008.
[7] 劉洪文.材料力學(xué).4版.北京.高等教育出版社,2004.
[8] 王永華.現(xiàn)代電氣控制及PLC應(yīng)用技術(shù).2版.北京.北京航空航天大學(xué)
附錄
Anti-theft alarm system, the basics
The object can be any temperature than absolute 0 ° C heat radiation, the temperature is below 1725 ° C objects produced by the thermal radiation spectrum is concentrated in the region of the infrared light, all objects of nature, can outward radiation of infrared heat. Due to the different physical and chemical properties of any object, itself temperature generated by the infrared radiation of wavelength and distance are not the same, usually divided into three bands. Near-infrared: the wavelength range from 0.75 to 3μm in infrared: 3 ~ 25μm far-infrared wavelength range: wavelength range of ~ 25 the 1000μm human radiation wavelength of infrared light ~ 50μm, 8 ~ 14μm, 46%, the peak wavelength of 9.5μm.
Second, passive infrared alarm detector at room temperature, any items are radiation. The higher the temperature of the object, the infrared radiation. Blooded animals, the infrared radiation is the most stable. We are called passive infrared detector itself does not emit any energy but only a passive receiver, detecting the infrared radiation from the environment. A few seconds after the detector installation has been adapted to the environment, no one or animal into the detection region, the scene of the infrared radiation constant, once the human body infrared radiation come to focus on the Pyroelectric mutation electrical signals generated by the optical system. and alerts. Cordon formed by the passive infrared intrusion detectors typically can reach tens of meters.
Third, the passive infrared detector by the optical system, the thermal sensor (or infrared sensors) and the alarm controller parts. Its core is not seen is the infrared detector can detect changes in the thermal radiation within the space of a three-dimensional prevent off school with the role. Infrared sensors detect the wavelength range of 8 ~ 14μm, the infrared peak of human radiation wavelength of about 10μm, right in the within。
Forth,Passive infrared detectors (Passive Infared Detector, PIR) based on its structure, the warning range and detection distance is different, can be divided into single-beam type and multi-beam two. Single-beam PIR reflective focusing optical system, the use of surface reflector of infrared radiation from the target aggregation on the infrared sensor. This way the detector state field of view is narrow, generally below 5 °, but the role of distance, up to one hundred meters. Therefore, also known as a straight line remote control passive red detector suitable for the protection of the narrow corridors, channel and blocked the doors and windows and walls. Multi-beam type used throughMirror focusing optical system, at present most of the Fresnel lens with infrared plastic lens - multi-beam structure. This lens is a special plastic molding, and a number of small lenses arranged in an arc. Alert range was more than a single-beam state in different directions to form three-dimensional fan of sensible heat region, constitute the three-dimensional alert. Fresnel lens from top to bottom is divided into a few rows above the lens more and less, below. Because people face, knee, arm, infrared radiation, just opposite the top of the lens. Less below the lens, because the infrared radiation of the lower body is weak, as to prevent the interference of the infrared radiation of the small animals on the ground. A multibeam PIR alert the field of view angle than the single beam is much greater, levels can be greater than 90 ° vertical field angle of 90 °, but the role of closer. The Pyroelectric focus lens set to internal, high sensitivity, as long as people move around in the lens field of view will alarm.
Fifth,Infrared light penetration is poor, should not have a tall object in the prevention area, otherwise shaded someone walking around will not be able to alarm, not being on the heat and strong light, especially the air conditioning and heating. Otherwise, changing the hot air will cause false alarms. In order to solve the problem items shelter, but also invented the ceiling passive infrared intrusion detector. Installed in the ceiling on the guard down the range of 360 ° within the protective scope of the matter from which direction the invasion would trigger an alarm, widely used in banking halls, shopping malls, public space activity area larger.
Sixth,Passive alarm detector detection performance, ease of deployment, cheap and widely used. The disadvantage is the higher detection rate of false positives relative to the active. Seven active infrared detector active infrared detectors by the infrared transmitter, IR receiver and alarm controller. Were placed to close the originator of the optical system is generally used in optical lenses, play an infrared beam is focused into a parallel beam of a smaller role in making the infrared light energy to focus on the transmission. Spectral range of infrared light invisible to the human eye, it was this invisible blockade, inevitable in whole or in part, to block the infrared beam. The receiving-side output of the signal intensity of the resulting changes, which trigger the alarm controller to issue an alarm signal. Active infrared detectors encountered in small animals, leaves, dust, rain, snow, fog obscured should not alarm, or equivalent volume of goods occlusion alarm. Narrow beam, the transceiver-side installation is solid and reliable, should not be influenced by the ground shaking, the displacement caused by false positives, the optical system should be kept clean, pay attention to maintenance. Active detector probe is a point-to-point, rather than one side of the range. Which is characterized by very high detection reliability. However, if the deployment of a space, you need to have multiple active detector is expensive. The active detector is commonly used in the doors and windows blocked the deployment of the precious heritage exhibits of the Museum of monomer, as well as factories, warehouses, shopping center channel blockade, the export blockade of the parking lot, home balcony blockade.
Eight active infrared detector with a single beam, dual beam, the beam points. Into the infrared beam receiver installed to the type of installation and the reflective, reflective installation is not directly receive the transmitter to the position of the transmitter and receiver set different, but received by the mirror or the appropriate reflection (eg, limestone walls, the door's smooth surface of the paint layer) is reflected back into the infrared beam. Alarm signal when the reflecting surface location and direction of change or infrared emission beam and one of the reflected beam is blocked leaving the receiver can not receive the beam of infrared reflectance. Use more detectors to prevent the layout should be taken to remove the beam accidentally launched.
防盜報(bào)警系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
一、?? 凡是溫度超過絕對(duì)0℃的物體都能產(chǎn)生熱輻射,而溫度低于1725℃的物體產(chǎn)生的熱輻射光譜集中在紅外光區(qū)域,因此自然界的所有物體都能向外輻射紅外熱。而任何物體由于本身的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)的不同、本身溫度不同所產(chǎn)生的紅外輻射的波長和距離也不盡相同,通常分為三個(gè)波段。
近紅外:波長范圍0.75~3μm
中紅外:波長范圍3~25μm
遠(yuǎn)紅外:波長范圍25~1000μm
人體輻射的紅外光波長3~50μm,其中8~14μm占46%,峰值波長在9.5μm。
? 二、被動(dòng)紅外報(bào)警探測器
在室溫條件下,任何物品均有輻射。溫度越高的物體,紅外輻射越強(qiáng)。人是恒溫動(dòng)物,紅外輻射也最為穩(wěn)定。我們之所以稱為被動(dòng)紅外,即探測器本身不發(fā)射任何能量而只被動(dòng)接收、探測來自環(huán)境的紅外輻射。探測器安裝后數(shù)秒種已適應(yīng)環(huán)境,在無人或動(dòng)物進(jìn)入探測區(qū)域時(shí),現(xiàn)場的紅外輻射穩(wěn)定不變,一旦有人體紅外線輻射進(jìn)來,經(jīng)光學(xué)系統(tǒng)聚焦就使熱釋電器件產(chǎn)生突變電信號(hào),而發(fā)出警報(bào)。被動(dòng)紅外入侵探測器形成的警戒線一般可以達(dá)到數(shù)十米。
? 三、被動(dòng)式紅外探測器主要由光學(xué)系統(tǒng)、熱傳感器(或稱為紅外傳感器)及報(bào)警控制器等部分組成。其核心是不見是紅外探測器件,通過關(guān)學(xué)系統(tǒng)的配合作用可以探測到某個(gè)立體防范空間內(nèi)的熱輻射的變化。紅外傳感器的探測波長范圍是8~14μm,人體輻射的紅外峰值波長約為10μm,正好在范圍以內(nèi)
? 四、被動(dòng)式紅外探測器(Passive Infared Detector,PIR)根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)不同、警戒范圍及探測距離也有所不同,大致可以分為單波束型和多波束型兩種。單波束PIR采用反射聚焦式光學(xué)系統(tǒng),利用曲面反射鏡將來自目標(biāo)的紅外輻射匯聚在紅外傳感器上。這種方式的探測器境界視場角較窄,一般在5°以下,但作用距離較遠(yuǎn),可長達(dá)百米。因此又稱為直線遠(yuǎn)距離控制型被動(dòng)紅探測器,適合保護(hù)狹長的走廊、通道以及封鎖門窗和圍墻。多波束型采用透鏡聚焦式光學(xué)系統(tǒng),目前大都采用紅外塑料透鏡——多層光束結(jié)構(gòu)的菲涅爾透鏡。這種透鏡是用特殊塑料一次成型,若干個(gè)小透鏡排列在一個(gè)弧面上。警戒范圍在不同方向呈多個(gè)單波束狀態(tài),組成立體扇形感熱區(qū)域,構(gòu)成立體警戒。菲涅爾透鏡自上而下分為幾排,上面透鏡較多,下邊較少。因?yàn)槿四槻俊⑾ゲ?、手臂紅外輻射較強(qiáng),正好對(duì)著上邊的透鏡。下邊透鏡較少,一是因?yàn)槿梭w下部紅外輻射較弱,二是為防止地面小動(dòng)物紅外輻射干擾。多波束型PIR的警戒視場角比單波束型大得多,水平可以大于90°,垂直視場角最大也可以達(dá)到90°,但作用距離較近。所有透鏡都向內(nèi)部設(shè)置的熱釋電器件聚焦,因此靈敏度較高,只要有人在透鏡視場內(nèi)走動(dòng)就會(huì)報(bào)警。
? 五、 紅外光穿透力差,在防范區(qū)內(nèi)不應(yīng)有高大物體,否則陰影部分有人走動(dòng)將不能報(bào)警,不要正對(duì)熱源和強(qiáng)光源,特別是空調(diào)和暖氣。否則不斷變化的熱氣流將引起誤報(bào)警。為了解決物品遮擋問題,又發(fā)明了吸頂式被動(dòng)紅外入侵探測器。安裝在頂棚上向下360°范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行警戒,只要在防護(hù)范圍內(nèi),無論從哪個(gè)方向入侵都會(huì)觸發(fā)報(bào)警,在銀行營業(yè)大廳,商場的公共活動(dòng)區(qū)等空間較大的地方得到廣泛使用。
?
六、被動(dòng)式報(bào)警探測器由于探測性能好、易于布防、價(jià)格便宜而被廣泛應(yīng)用。其缺點(diǎn)是相對(duì)于主動(dòng)式探測誤報(bào)率較高。
七、主動(dòng)式紅外探測器
主動(dòng)紅外探測器由紅外發(fā)射機(jī)、紅外接收機(jī)和報(bào)警控制器組成。分別置于收、發(fā)端的光學(xué)系統(tǒng)一般采用的是光學(xué)透鏡,起到將紅外光束聚焦成較細(xì)的平行光束的作用,以使紅外光的能量能夠集中傳送。紅外光在人眼看不見的光譜范圍,有人經(jīng)過這條無形的封鎖線,必然全部或部分遮擋紅外光束。接收端輸出的電信號(hào)的強(qiáng)度會(huì)因此產(chǎn)生變化,從而啟動(dòng)報(bào)警控制器發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。主動(dòng)式紅外探測器遇到小動(dòng)物、樹葉、沙塵、雨、雪、霧遮擋則不應(yīng)報(bào)警,人或相當(dāng)體積的物品遮擋將發(fā)生報(bào)警。由于光束較窄,收發(fā)端安裝要牢固可靠,不應(yīng)受地面震動(dòng)影響,而發(fā)生位移引起誤報(bào),光學(xué)系統(tǒng)要保持清潔,注意維護(hù)保養(yǎng)。因此主動(dòng)式探測器所探測的是點(diǎn)到點(diǎn),而不是一個(gè)面的范圍。其特點(diǎn)是探測可靠性非常高。但若對(duì)一個(gè)空間進(jìn)行布防,則需有多個(gè)主動(dòng)式探測器,價(jià)格昂貴。主動(dòng)式探測器常用于博物館中單體貴重文物展品的布防以及工廠倉庫的門窗封鎖、購物中心的通道封鎖、停車場的出口封鎖、家居的陽臺(tái)封鎖等等。
八、主動(dòng)式紅外探測器有單光束、雙光束、四光束之分。以發(fā)射機(jī)與接收機(jī)設(shè)置的位置不同分為對(duì)向型安裝方式和反射式按裝方式,反射型安裝方式的接收機(jī)不是直接接收發(fā)射機(jī)發(fā)出的紅外光束,而是接收由反射鏡或適當(dāng)?shù)姆瓷湮铮ㄈ缡覊?、門板表面光滑的油漆層)反射回的紅外光束。當(dāng)反射面的位置與方向發(fā)
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