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附錄1 譯文
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)概論
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它是一個(gè)廣闊的工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，不僅要研究產(chǎn)品在尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的基本構(gòu)思，還要考慮產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的有關(guān)問題。
進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)新性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、動(dòng)力學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。
如前面所述，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科學(xué)知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來益處，只有當(dāng)它們被用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因此，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個(gè)特定產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制訂產(chǎn)品的制造工藝的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確地進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即時(shí)將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。
一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該用于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就恢復(fù)采用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)樗ㄙM(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求擯棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人易于墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事情。一位設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的辦法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證的新概念結(jié)合起來。
新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采油全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新辦法。
在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員不受各種約束，充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。即時(shí)產(chǎn)生了許多不切合實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制生產(chǎn)圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不至于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它是一個(gè)廣闊的工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，不僅要研究產(chǎn)品在尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的基本構(gòu)思，還要考慮產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的有關(guān)問題。
進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)新性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、動(dòng)力學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。
如前面所述，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科學(xué)知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來益處，只有當(dāng)它們被用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因此，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個(gè)特定產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制訂產(chǎn)品的制造工藝的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確地進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即時(shí)將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。
一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該用于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就恢復(fù)采用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)樗ㄙM(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求擯棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人易于墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事情。一位設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的辦法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證的新概念結(jié)合起來。
新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采油全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新辦法。
在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員不受各種約束，充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。即時(shí)產(chǎn)生了許多不切合實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制生產(chǎn)圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不至于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m合他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。
另一個(gè)應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為到的主要問題是，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和溝通。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和溝通，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了有效地進(jìn)行交流，需要解決下列問題：
（1）所要設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要？
（2）此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競爭能力？
（3）生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)？
（4）產(chǎn)品的維護(hù)是否方便？
（5）產(chǎn)品有無銷路？是否可以營利？
只有時(shí)間才能對上述問題給出答案。但是，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能。
在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行溝通
通常，在制造過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問題。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí)，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某些缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計(jì)工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。
根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為下述四大類型。
1、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法
系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。
2、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法
從規(guī)劃產(chǎn)品的角度提出：定義設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)時(shí)以功能化的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ)，引用已有的產(chǎn)品解(如通用零件部件等)描述設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，即分解任務(wù)時(shí)就考慮每個(gè)分任務(wù)是否存在對應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品解，這樣，能夠在產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃階段就消除設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)中可能存在的矛盾，早期預(yù)測生產(chǎn)能力、費(fèi)用，以及開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)過程中計(jì)劃的可調(diào)整性，由此提高設(shè)計(jì)效率和設(shè)計(jì)的可靠性，同時(shí)也降低新產(chǎn)品的成本。Feldmann將描述設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的功能化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)分為四層，(1)產(chǎn)品→(2)功能組成→(3)主要功能組件→(4)功能元件。并采用面向應(yīng)用的結(jié)構(gòu)化特征目錄，對功能元件進(jìn)行更為具體的定性和定量描述。同時(shí)研制出適合于產(chǎn)品開發(fā)早期和設(shè)計(jì)初期使用的工具軟件STRAT。
3、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識的設(shè)計(jì)方法
基于產(chǎn)品特征知識設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識別的語言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建立相應(yīng)的知識庫及推理機(jī)，再利用已存儲的領(lǐng)域知識和建立的推理機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。
4、智能化設(shè)計(jì)方法
智能化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)理論，借助于三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件和虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，以及多媒體、超媒體工具進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)、表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思、描述 產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)。
附錄2 英文參考資料
Introduction to Machine Design
Machine design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs .It is a vast field of e ing technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use lf the product.
People who perform the various functions of machine design are typically called designers, or design e s. Machine design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design e must also gave a solid background in the areas lf mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials e ing, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.
As stated previously, the purpose lf machine design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.
Machine design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then male sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of e ing rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.
Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to tale a certain amount lf risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there id no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust and attitudes. A design e should constantly search for ways to improve an exiting product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.
New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.
During the beginning staged of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Eve though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.
Machine design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs .It is a vast field of e ing technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use lf the product.
People who perform the various functions of machine design are typically called designers, or design e s. Machine design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design e must also gave a solid background in the areas lf mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials e ing, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.
As stated previously, the purpose lf machine design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.
Machine design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then male sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of e ing rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.
Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to tale a certain amount lf risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there id no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust and attitudes. A design e should constantly search for ways to improve an exiting product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.
New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.
During the beginning staged of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Eve though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.
Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design e to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum.
Another important point which should be recognized is that a design e must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Initially, the designer must communicate a preliminary design to get management approval. This is usually done by verbal discussions in conjunction with drawing layouts and written material. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered:
(1) Does the design really serve a human need?
(2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companied?
(3) Is it economical to produce?
(4) Can it be readily maintained?
(5) Will it sell and make a profit?
Only time provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design e also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings.
Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of e ing changes which must be approved by the design e so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way.
Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used by the main feature, The program will be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories.
1.systematic design method
Systematic design of the main features : design as by a number of design elements of a system, Each element is independence between the various elements of an organic link, and is layered, all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized required to
2. the modular design structure
Products from the planning perspective : Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products, use existing product solutions (such as the common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task that the decomposition of tasks on each task to consider whether there are corresponding product solution, Thus, in the planning stage product design to eliminate possible contradictions, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design process of adjustment, which can improve design efficiency and reliability, while also reducing the cost of new product. Feldmann will describe the design of the function of the product mix is divided into four tiers, (1) Product → (2) functional components → (3) major functional components → (4) functional components. And uses face the application structure characteristic table ofcontents, carries on more concrete qualitative and the quotadescription to the function part.
3. the characteristics of knowledge-based product design
Knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer Aided Design program.
4. Intelligent Design
Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products.
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