花生脫皮機(jī)的性能優(yōu)化外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

花生脫皮機(jī)的性能優(yōu)化外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯,花生,脫皮,性能,優(yōu)化,外文,文獻(xiàn),翻譯,中英文 花生脫皮機(jī)的性能優(yōu)化 摘要： 在肯尼亞，用手工剝殼機(jī)剝殼花生莢果的特點(diǎn)是高仁破碎率和低脫殼效率。結(jié)果，農(nóng)民由于破碎玉米粒的低成本而獲得低收入，并且在繁瑣的脫殼操作中浪費(fèi)了大量時(shí)間。為了克服這個(gè)問題，確定了影響手動(dòng)花生剝殼機(jī)剝殼效率的相關(guān)參數(shù)。對(duì)兩臺(tái)手動(dòng)操作的剝皮機(jī)進(jìn)行了測(cè)試，并對(duì)其中一臺(tái)剝皮機(jī)進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)，以優(yōu)化其技術(shù)性能。機(jī)器性能測(cè)試結(jié)果表明，在進(jìn)料速度為30千克/小時(shí)、間隙為22.6毫米的條件下，所有花生品種的脫殼效率都隨著含水量的降低而提高。在含水量為5.92% wb時(shí)，ICGV 99568的最高脫殼率為55.3%，ICRISAT落花生品種(ICGV) 90704的最高脫殼率為39.2%，ICGV 12991的最高脫殼率為29%。對(duì)于進(jìn)料速度為30千克/小時(shí)、間隙為22.6毫米的RBS(棒打脫殼機(jī))，ICGV 99568的最高脫殼效率為58.3%，ICGV 90704的最高脫殼效率為42.7%，ICGV 12991的最高脫殼效率為35%，含水量為7% wb。對(duì)相關(guān)參數(shù)的識(shí)別表明，莢果含水量、間隙和篩子尺寸影響手動(dòng)操作的花生的性能。對(duì)理論預(yù)測(cè)模型進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化，結(jié)果表明，當(dāng)篩孔尺寸為11 mm，間隙為16 mm，回歸系數(shù)大于85%時(shí)，脫殼效率最大為88.73%，破損率為4%。在WBS剝皮機(jī)上進(jìn)行改進(jìn)后，ICGV 99568在10毫米的間隙內(nèi)獲得了87%的最高脫殼效率，這是三個(gè)品種中最大的。改良脫殼機(jī)的脫殼效率遠(yuǎn)高于轉(zhuǎn)鼓脫殼機(jī)和轉(zhuǎn)鼓脫殼機(jī)，因?yàn)楹笳叩暮Y網(wǎng)尺寸和間隙沒有優(yōu)化。人工操作的花生剝殼機(jī)的理論優(yōu)化的結(jié)果意味著，為種子去殼的農(nóng)民現(xiàn)在可以獲得更多的低破損去殼的種子，因此將獲得更多的收入。 關(guān)鍵詞：剝皮者；脫殼；效率；優(yōu)化；凈空；落花生；種類展望花生脫殼機(jī)械前景?；ㄉa(chǎn)機(jī)械化是農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要組成部分，是農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展的重要保證。近年來，花生機(jī)械設(shè)備總量持續(xù)穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)營(yíng)水平進(jìn)一步提高，社會(huì)服務(wù)不斷擴(kuò)大，雖然花生脫殼機(jī)械化水平較高，但更多用于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)和示范區(qū)，小型機(jī)械較少，大型機(jī)械、低檔機(jī)械、高性能機(jī)械較少。在一些地區(qū)，作為種子和花生的特殊用途仍然使用傳統(tǒng)的手工剝殼機(jī)，勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率低，地區(qū)發(fā)展不平衡。21世紀(jì)，我國(guó)花生生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化開始了新的發(fā)展階段，農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整發(fā)生了新的變化，也對(duì)花生機(jī)械的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了積極而深遠(yuǎn)的影響，不僅刺激了新的有效需求，而且構(gòu)建了適合花生生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展的新階段，為花生生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化真正促進(jìn)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了廣闊的市場(chǎng)條件。在一些地區(qū)推進(jìn)花生生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化進(jìn)程中，已出臺(tái)鼓勵(lì)和支持農(nóng)民購(gòu)買花生機(jī)械的優(yōu)惠政策和措施，開展花生機(jī)械作業(yè)服務(wù)，調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)民購(gòu)買花生機(jī)械的積極性，形成新的市場(chǎng)需求。隨著花生種植業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)花生加工產(chǎn)品的需求不斷增加，提高花生脫殼機(jī)械化水平成為必然?；ㄉ摎C(jī)在提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度方面發(fā)揮了積極作用，促進(jìn)了花生加工業(yè)的科技進(jìn)步，為花生脫殼機(jī)的發(fā)展提供了空間。 花生（Arachis hypogaea）是原產(chǎn)于南美的豆科植物。它的種子含有63%的碳水化合物，19%的蛋白質(zhì)和6.5%的油。由于花生種子包含在莢果中，莢果通常在地下生長(zhǎng)，因此莢果的收獲是通過手動(dòng)牽引或提升植物或使用鋤頭作為機(jī)械化系統(tǒng)。豆莢從麥稈上剝離，干燥，儲(chǔ)存和加工。脫殼是花生加工中的一個(gè)基本步驟，因?yàn)樗试S使用花生仁和果殼以及其他收獲后的技術(shù)，如榨油或殼內(nèi)壓塊。脫殼通?？梢杂檬只驒C(jī)器來完成。手脫殼是指用拇指和第一個(gè)手指按壓豆莢以釋放果仁的過程。這是肯尼亞小農(nóng)農(nóng)業(yè)中最主要的方法。雖然手工剝殼使谷粒破碎率保持在較低水平，但它是勞動(dòng)密集型的，能量需求高，在處理大量谷粒時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致“拇指疼痛綜合征”。剝皮機(jī)是一種剝?nèi)ス葰さ臋C(jī)器，為進(jìn)一步加工、儲(chǔ)存或用作食品做準(zhǔn)備。該機(jī)器可以大大降低與剝皮、清潔和準(zhǔn)備花生進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步加工相關(guān)的人工成本。剝皮機(jī)基本上分為手動(dòng)或電動(dòng)。手動(dòng)脫殼器由人手驅(qū)動(dòng)，而電動(dòng)脫殼器由電機(jī)或發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。優(yōu)化手動(dòng)花生脫殼機(jī)的性能是非常重要的，這樣才能使脫殼效率盡可能高，而果仁破損率盡可能低?；ㄉ娜斯とな且豁?xiàng)費(fèi)時(shí)、繁瑣的操作?？夏醽嗈r(nóng)場(chǎng)現(xiàn)有的為數(shù)不多的手工剝皮機(jī)是從國(guó)外進(jìn)口的，而且是農(nóng)村農(nóng)民買不到的，他們的特點(diǎn)是持有量小，收入低。這種脫殼器的功率要求很高，因此原動(dòng)機(jī)非常昂貴。開發(fā)和評(píng)估了一臺(tái)手動(dòng)花生脫殼機(jī)，發(fā)現(xiàn)每人每天從一公頃花生脫殼的量為14公斤。 本研究中使用的三種花生品種的豆莢均來自肯尼亞西部Alupe的IC RISAT農(nóng)場(chǎng)。用旋風(fēng)分離器清理豆莢，以除去灰塵和其他不需要的材料。品種分別命名為ICGV 12991、ICGV 90704和ICGV 99568，每種品種隨機(jī)抽取100個(gè)莢果放入碗中。對(duì)于每個(gè)吊艙，使用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量長(zhǎng)度、大直徑和小直徑的軸向尺寸，讀數(shù)為0.05 mm，并記錄讀數(shù)。通過對(duì)1000個(gè)豆莢進(jìn)行物理計(jì)數(shù)，然后在電子天平中稱重，確定1000豆莢的重量。體重測(cè)量重復(fù)三次，并比較平均體重。為了確定休止角，將一個(gè)吊艙放在70mm×70mm的金屬板上，將金屬板的一側(cè)抬起，直到吊艙剛好向下滾動(dòng)。然后使用角度量角器測(cè)量?jī)A斜角度并記錄。對(duì)10個(gè)豆莢重復(fù)這一過程，并測(cè)定每個(gè)品種的平均值。采用AOAC（1980）推薦的方法測(cè)定豆莢的體積密度。這包括用豆莢填充1000 cm3的塑料容器，然后稱重豆莢。體積密度是用重量除以體積來計(jì)算的。用[10]的方法對(duì)豆莢進(jìn)行處理。這包括將豆莢在清水中浸泡48小時(shí)。浸泡結(jié)束后，將豆莢薄層展開，在自然空氣中干燥8h左右。然后將豆莢密封在有標(biāo)記的聚乙烯袋中，并在此條件下再儲(chǔ)存24小時(shí)。這使得豆莢的含水量穩(wěn)定而均勻。用電子水分儀測(cè)定籽粒的水分含量。在該方法中，將100 g堅(jiān)果放入濕度計(jì)中并讀取水分含量。水分含量的變化是通過在盤式干燥器中干燥豆莢來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。在前兩次讀數(shù)期間，使用濕度計(jì)每隔5分鐘測(cè)量一次含水量，其余三次讀數(shù)每隔10分鐘測(cè)量一次含水量。記錄所有讀數(shù)并測(cè)定平均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差。 花生的物理特性對(duì)花生脫殼特性和性能特性的確定起著重要的作用。豆莢大小控制脫殼裝置和篩輥之間的間隙，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的脫殼操作。真實(shí)密度和體積密度、孔隙率和摩擦系數(shù)影響施加在料斗壁上的壓力和通過孔口的流量。理論上用一千個(gè)吊艙重量來確定吊艙的有效直徑，用休止角來確定漏斗傾角。不同花生品種的物理性質(zhì)測(cè)定值見表2。最大值、最小值和平均值及其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。大徑是豆莢的一部分，其中包含的核心，是一個(gè)用來分級(jí)豆莢。ICGV 12991的平均大徑為11.02 mm，ICGV 90704為13.31 mm，ICGV 99568為13.24 mm。[12]研究了核桃的開裂特性，發(fā)現(xiàn)脫殼堅(jiān)果的能量隨著堅(jiān)果幾何平均直徑的增加而降低。由于ICGV 99568的平均大徑最大，與篩子和脫殼裝置的接觸更大，這意味著相同設(shè)置下的脫殼效率更高。有效的脫殼操作要求不同品種的滾筒之間的間隙應(yīng)比豆莢的平均大徑略小約2 mm。這一論點(diǎn)將導(dǎo)致ICGV 12991的有效脫殼間隙為10 mm，ICGV 90704為12 mm，ICGV 99568為13 mm。除間隙和直徑外，影響豆莢破損的其他參數(shù)包括尺寸、形狀、殼厚和質(zhì)地，這些也是[11]和[9]報(bào)告的。ICGV 12991的平均堆積密度為690 Kg/m3，ICGV 90704的平均堆積密度為672 Kg/m3，ICGV 99568的平均堆積密度為589 Kg/m3。由于ICGV 12991具有較高的堆積密度，預(yù)計(jì)其脫殼效率較高，但結(jié)果表明其較低。這表明，在影響脫殼器脫殼效率方面，其它參數(shù)可取代堆積密度。根據(jù)[8]所做的研究，這也是事實(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)堆積密度是儲(chǔ)存和運(yùn)輸空間節(jié)省的一個(gè)指標(biāo)，而不是脫殼效率。然而，花生莢果的體積密度可以決定莢果落在脫殼室上的速度。高堆積密度的花生會(huì)以更大的力落入脫殼室，從而使莢果開裂。 Optimizing the Performance of a Manually Operated Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Decorticator A.N. Gitau1*, P. Mboya1 , B. N. K. Njoroge2 , M. Mburu3 Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya 2 Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya 3 Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract Shelling of groundnut pods using manual decorticators in Kenya is characterized by high kernel breakages and low shelling efficiencies. As a result, farmers get low income due to low cost of broken kernels and a lot of time is lost in the tedious shelling operation. To overcome this problem, pertinent parameters that influence shelling efficiency of manually operated groundnut decorticators were identified. Two manually operated decorticators were tested and modifications done on one of the decorticators to optimize its technical performance. Results of machine performance tests showed that for WBS (Wooden beater sheller) at a feed rate of 30 kg/hr and 22.6 mm clearance, shelling efficiency increased with decrease in moisture content for all the groundnut varieties. The highest shelling efficiency was 55.3% for ICGV 99568, 39.2% for ICRISAT Groundnut Variety (ICGV) 90704 and 29% for ICGV 12991 at moisture content of 5.92% wb. For RBS (Rod beater sheller) at a feed rate of 30 kg/hr and 22.6 mm clearance, the highest shelling efficiency was 58.3% for ICGV 99568, 42.7% for ICGV 90704 and 35% for ICGV 12991 at moisture content of 7% wb. Identification of the pertinent parameters showed that pod moisture content, clearance and sieve size influence performance of manually operated groundnut. Theoretical predictive models developed were optimized which showed that a maximum shelling efficiency of 88.73% can be achieved with percent damage of 4% when the sieve size is 11 mm and clearance is 16 mm with a regression coefficient of over 85%. With the modifications done on the WBS decorticator, the highest shelling efficiency of 87% was obtained at a clearance of 10 mm for ICGV 99568 which is the largest in size from the three varieties. The shelling efficiency of the modified decorticator is far above those of the RBS and WBS because the sieve sizes and clearances of the later were not optimized. The results of the theoretical optimization of the manually operated groundnut decorticator implies that farmers who shell for seeds can now obtain more seeds shelled with low breakage and therefore will get more income. Keywords Decorticator; Shelling; Efficiency; Optimization; Clearance; Groundnut; Varieties Looking peanut shelling prospect machinery. Peanut production mechanization is an important part of the modernization of agriculture is an important guarantee sustained and rapid development of agriculture and rural economy in recent years, the total amount of peanut machinery and equipment continued to grow steadily, to further improve the operating level , social services have been expanding, although peanuts shelling higher level of mechanization , but more used in economically developed areas and demonstration areas, and small machinery , less large machinery , low-grade machinery , less high-performance machinery. In some areas, special use as seed and peanuts are still using the traditional hand- sheller , low labor productivity , regional development imbalances. In the 21st century , China's peanut production mechanization began a new stage of development , the adjustment of agricultural structure of the new changes have taken place , but also the development of peanut machinery has had a positive and profound impact , not only stimulating new and effective demand, and build a suitable peanut production mechanization new stage of development for peanut production mechanization truly promote rural economic development provides a broad market conditions . Promoting peanut production mechanization process in some areas , have been introduced to encourage and support farmers to buy peanut machinery, preferential policies and measures to carry out mechanical operations services peanuts , peanut farmers to buy machinery to mobilize the enthusiasm, the formation of a new market demands. With the continuous development of peanut farming , domestic and international demand for peanut processing products continues to increase and improve the level of mechanization peanut shelling became inevitable. Peanut shelling machine to play in improving labor productivity , reduce labor intensity a positive role in promoting the scientific and technological progress peanut processing industry , peanut shelling machine for the development of a space. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the family Fabaceae native to South America. Its seed contains about 63% carbohydrate, 19% protein and 6.5% oil. As the groundnut seed is contained in pod, which is usually developed underground, the pod is harvested by pulling or lifting the plant manually or by using a hoe as the mechanization system . The pods are stripped from the haulms, dried, stored and processed. Shelling is a fundamental step in groundnut processing as it allows the kernels and hull to be used as well as other post harvesting technologies to take place such as oil extraction or in hull briquetting . Shelling can generally be done by hand or machines. Hand shelling is the process in which the pod is pressed between the thumb and first finger so that the kernel is released. It is the most predominantly used method in Kenya’s smallholder agriculture. While hand shelling keeps the rate of Kernel breakage low, it is labour intensive, energy requirement is high and leads to “sore thumb syndrome” when large quantities are handled. A decorticator is a machine for stripping the husk off kernels in preparation for further processing, storage or use as food. The machine can dramatically reduce the labour costs associated with decortications, cleaning and preparing groundnuts for further processing. Decortica tors are basically classified as manual or motorized. Manual decorticators are powered by human hand while motorized decorticators are powered by a motor or an engine. Optimizing the performance of a manually operated groundnut decorticator is important so that the shelling efficiency is set at maximum possible and kernel breakage set at minimum possible. Manual shelling of groundnut is a time-consuming and tedious operation. The few existing manual decorticators in Kenyan farms are imported and out of reach of the rural peasant farmers who are characterized by small holdings and low income. The power requirement of such decorticators is high and hence, the prime mover is very expensive. Developed and evaluated a hand operated groundnut decorticator and found out that the amount of groundnuts shelled from one hectare per man day is 14 Kg. A bulk quantity of the pods of each of the three groundnut varieties used in this study were obtained from ICRISAT farms in Alupe, western Kenya. The pods were cleaned using the cyclone separator to remove dust and other unwanted materials. The varieties were referred to as ICGV 12991, ICGV 90704, and ICGV 99568. 100 pods from each variety were randomly selected and put in the bowls. For each pod, the axial dimensions of length, major diameter and minor diameter were measured using the vernier callipers reading to 0.05 mm and readings recorded. 1000 pod weight was determined by physically counting 1000 pods and then weighing in the electronic balance. Weight measurement was replicated three times and average weight compared. For determination of angle of repose, a pod was placed on the 70 mm by 70 mm metal sheet and one side of the sheet metal lifted until the pod just rolled down. The angle of the tilt was then measured using angle protractor and recorded. This was repeated for 10 pods and the average determined for each of the varieties. The bulk density of the pods was determined using the AOAC (1980) recommended method. This involved filling 1000 cm3 plastic container with the pods and then weighing the pods. The bulk density was calculated by dividing the weight by the volume. The pods were conditioned using the method of [10]. This involved soaking of the pods in clean water for a period of 48 h. At the end of soaking, the pods were spread out in thin layer to dry in natural air for about 8 h. The pods were then sealed in marked polythene bags and stored in that condition for a further 24 h. This enabled a stable and uniform moisture content of the pods to be achieved. The moisture content of the kernels was determined using electrical moisture meter. In this method, 100 g of nuts were placed in the moisture meter and moisture content read. Variation of moisture content was achieved through drying of the pods in the tray drier. Measurements of the moisture content using the moisture meter were taken at intervals of 5 minutes during the first two readings and intervals of 10 minutes for the other three readings. All the readings were recorded and mean and standard deviations determined. Physical properties of groundnuts play an important role in the determination of decorticator features and performance characteristics. The pod size governs the clearance between shelling unit and sieve rollers that would result in effective shelling operation. The true and bulk densities, porosity and coefficient of friction influence the pressures exerted on hopper walls and flow through the orifice. The one thousand pod weight was used for the theoretical determination of the pod’s effective diameter and the angle of repose was used to determine the hopper inclination. Values of the physical properties of various varieties of groundnut determined are presented in Table 2. The maximum, minimum and average values are reported with their standard deviation. The major diameter is the part of the pod which houses the kernel and is the one used in grading the pods. The mean major diameters were 11.02 mm for ICGV 12991, 13.31 mm for ICGV 90704 and 13.24 mm for ICGV 99568. [12] studied cracking characteristics of walnut and found that the energy for shelling nuts decreases with increase in the geometric mean diameter for the nuts. With the mean major diameter for ICGV 99568 being the largest, the contact with the sieve and the shelling unit is higher which translate to higher shelling efficiency for the same settings. Effective shelling operation requires that the clearance between the rollers for the various varieties should be just smaller by about 2 mm than the mean major diameter of the pods. This argument would result into effective shelling clearances to be 10 mm for ICGV 12991, 12 mm for ICGV 90704 and 13 mm for ICGV 99568. Apart from clearance and diameter, the other parameters that can affect the breakage of the pods include size, shape, shell thickness and texture which were also reported by [11] and [9]. ICGV 12991 had a mean bulk density of 690 Kg/m3 , ICGV 90704 had 672 Kg/m3 while ICGV 99568 had 589 Kg/m3 . The shelling efficiencies for ICGV 12991 are expected to be high as it had high bulk density but the results showed that it was lower. This indicated that other parameters supersede bulk density in influencing the shelling efficiency of the decorticator. This is also true according to the study done by [8] who found out that bulk density is an indicator of savings in storage and transportation space and not shelling efficiency. However, bulk density of groundnut pods can determine the speed in which the pods fall on the shelling chamber. Groundnuts with high bulk density will fall with greater force into the shelling chamber, thus cracking the pods. .