柴油動(dòng)力微型客車設(shè)計(jì)(離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu))（含CAD圖紙）

柴油動(dòng)力微型客車設(shè)計(jì)(離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu))（含CAD圖紙）,柴油,動(dòng)力,微型,客車,設(shè)計(jì),離合器,操縱,機(jī)構(gòu),CAD,圖紙 Vehiclefueluseknowledge；Automobileproductionandm；tofullyvaporization,inco；CompressionEngineishighb；petrol,andforthereunific；Vehiclemaintenancelikefi；Accordingtotheenvironmen；nspect Vehicle fuel use knowledge Automobile production and modern life is an indispensable and important traffic and transport. When you have the opportunity to drive a car, I am sure that you will be concerned about the care of your beloved rides. Perhaps you are concerned about the ignition line, a spark plug, to see whether they affected the engine power output, or to consider what kind of equipment with saving device will save some overhead; or to the entire selection of the catalytic devices to meet emissions oil check. However, you may have thought that the most common fuel in which to play the role of what? Motor fuel composition and characteristics of the car we normally use are powered by the internal combustion engine, in accordance with their work and the different ways of points for the?gasoline engine and diesel. Gasoline, diesel are made from oil refining. The ancient times and plant remains were due to the earth's crust formation pressure in the deep, high temperature and high pressure, and under the conditions of hypoxia, through a complicated chemical changes in the evolving oil. Comparison of the chemical composition of the oil complex, it is not composed of a single element, but by a mixture of hydrocarbons. Gasoline is the major cost alkenes, the nature of its stability, big and difficult to heat oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in?gasoline explosion of anti-Chi-eking, it is good for gasoline, but it will make diesel in diesel combustion Performance deteriorated, diesel is not good. In addition, a small amount of oil contains nitrogen compounds, oxides and sulfides, in the oil belongs to the bad elements, in the refining process, we need to try to remove the. From the underground mining of crude oil from the factory after the refining process is very complex, and ultimately extracted from?gasoline, diesel fuel and kerosene. Overall, the process reached a certain quality standard for gasoline, diesel was yellow transparent liquid form in small density than water. The smell of petrol and diesel vary, different sense of touch, hand-dip that petrol, the cool hand, Shibuya flu, skin Blushing gasoline evaporation; hand dip feeling Gun diesel, oil flu. Gasoline use the correct selection of the correct fuel to the engine due to the efficiency of play. If the transfer of fuel used properly, there should be not only the payment of engine power, on the contrary will cause damage to the engine, reducing its performance and life. Gasoline is a very volatile fuel, and even in the low temperature -30 ℃ can produce oil and?gas?could be ignited. Volatile petrol better, the easier it is vaporization, in the winter low temperature environment to enable cold-start and to a normal work. But volatile petrol too easily in the gas pumps, pipeline or pipeline twists and turns over the site of a hot gas resistance. If petrol volatile enough, it will be difficult to fully vaporization, inconvenience cryogenic engine in the difficult start-up environment, but also in the engine can not be fully combustion, the engine of instability, increase engine instability, increased fuel consumption resulting in a great deal coke. Therefore, the volatile petrol can neither too strong nor too bad, it is in the process of refininggasoline to control. Vehicle fuel is in accordance with its octane level to the level of labeling to distinguish, and that is an octane number of gasoline antiknock index, which is an important quality indicators petrol one. At present the most commonly used methods of octane number two: motor and study law, the two methods measured values are not the same. Currently, China's automotive gasoline used on the labeling of the numerical method, 93, it said that the?gasoline octane number not less than 93 #, and so on. According to the engine compression ratio should be different with different grade of gasoline, the use of this vehicle in the manual will be marked. If the use of high-compression engine is not suitable for the low-grade gasoline, will result in detonation. Compression Engine is high because of a good economy, and its high efficiency and low fuel consumption, Hyundai Motor engine compression ratio of the design are generally higher. Is high compression engine also have a tendency to knock the larger, which requires the use of good antiknock, high octane number of?gasoline. Raise the octane number of gasoline there are mainly two ways: One is by adding antiknock additive in gasoline, the other method is to use a high octane number of gasoline hydrocarbon components refining process. Among the many types of antiknock additive, it has been found to promote tetraethyl lead special effects explosion significantly, as long as a small number of tetraethyl lead will be able to greatly enhance the octane petrol oil, therefore, from 1921 onwards, tetraethyl lead as an effective and Economic?gasoline antiknock additive widely used. Tetraethyl lead is a kind of fruit flavor, the poisonous oily liquid, it can through the respiratory tract, esophagus and no wound the skin into the body, and it is very difficult excretion out. When the body lead to a certain amount of accumulated will be poisoning people, mild dizziness poisoning will be the first storm, no appetite, fatigue, weakness, insomnia and blood pressure drop, and other symptoms of poisoning are severe abdominal pain and nervous system disorders, and even death. Therefore, leaded petrol on the environment and human caused harm is tremendous. As modern society possession of the car on the increase, in order to protect the environment, pollution control, and many countries have strict ban on the use of leaded petrol and developed increasingly stringent vehicle emission control standards and environmental protection laws and regulations, China has taken the lead in the use of Beijing unleaded petrol, and for the reunification of the country in 2000 to use unleaded petrol. However, the use of unleaded petrol, there are some new problems. Vehicle maintenance like fitness, the extension of the life of the vehicle are very helpful. Many owners usually work too busy, wait until the holidays again time was spent on leisure travel. Such cycles, we did not have time to their conservation, conservation expertise is not available, the vehicle will be the ultimate failure to protest, then regret it late to take remedial measures. According to the environmental conditions and the different models, each car general maintenance around a 5,000 km. Its main contents are the replacement of oil, filter machine. As oil and heating and air-oxidation easily gradually, with acidic substances in the oil, resin and iron slowly increasing, oil will gradually darken the color, viscosity will gradually decline to the required period of the oil - must be replaced with new oil. If time does not replace oil, these sediments may be blocked oil Road, the engine dry mill, which has seriously affected the life of the engine. In the process of vehicles do not attach importance to the way maintenance and lead to serious consequences are not infrequent. First reflected in the engine oil covered, it is obvious that the above is full of sticky lid of the solid material, the lid of the rubbery Even so, engine lubricating one can well imagine the extent of the obstruction. The second device for the oil, oil-foot terminal that black high temperature has been above the sediment erosion, oil has been taking serious heat functional decline in the high temperature engine circumstances life will be seriously affected. Second is obviously add new lubricants because I can not blocking the smooth flow of internal engine, and the lesson is painful, as long as they can carry out the process in accordance with the requirements of maintenance, these problems are absolutely avoidable. Maintenance projects, in addition to the replacement project, there are many items processes is quite detailed and complicated. First, we must ensure that all vehicle systems without lubrication and Oil leakage inspection of the various surface are indispensable: oil liquid, liquid antifreeze, brake oil surface, and surface power steering, gear oil surface and the electrolyte liquid, the liquid surface such as glass. Need to add to the timely addition, the leakage phenomenon found to be small in the early detection, early settlement will damage their vehicles to a minimum. Secondly, and closely related to the driver braking life, the exercise of power system and the key is maintenance checks. Include: the friction of the brake wear, hand brake gap with tire wear and air pressure testing, clutch gap adjustment projects. Do not covet cheap street stalls to do maintenance, inspection and where the projects are often added at a stroke with no quality assurance, the final only suffer fooled themselves. In addition, the lighting and light trucks full nspection is also indispensable. Now the TAC law provisions increasingly small, increasingly large penalties. There is no doubt that in the light of the incomplete road conditions while driving is unwise act. Maintenance of replacement parts and components based on the needs of the exercise mileage distinction. Motor vehicle under the brand name of its different models for maintenance, replacement of fuel filters, air filters, air conditioning filters, spark plugs, is at the belt, brake fluid, gear oil components. More timely replacement parts for motor vehicles to maintain and restore the technical capability to ensure that the use of motor vehicles with good reliability and extend the service life of important significance. Overwhelming majority of drivers to change old friend "-to repair the" misconception is not suspected of trouble, plans to save money without maintenance vehicles, so penny wise and pound foolish. 譯文: 用燃油的使用知識(shí) 汽車是現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和生活中不可缺少的重要交通和運(yùn)輸工具。當(dāng)您有機(jī)會(huì)駕駛一輛汽車時(shí)，相信您會(huì)關(guān)心、呵護(hù)您心愛(ài)的座駕。也許您關(guān)心點(diǎn)火線路、火花塞，看它們是否影響了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出功率；或是考慮裝用什么樣的節(jié)油裝置會(huì)節(jié)省一些開(kāi)銷；又或是到各處去挑選催化裝置，以應(yīng)付尾氣排放的油查?？墒牵稍氲竭^(guò)，那最普通的燃油在其中起著什么樣的作用呢?車用燃油的構(gòu)成與特征我們通常使用的汽車都是用內(nèi)燃機(jī)作動(dòng)力，根據(jù)其工作方式的不同又分為汽油機(jī)和柴油機(jī)。汽油、柴油都是從石油中提煉制成。遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期的動(dòng)、植物遺體由于地殼的運(yùn)動(dòng)被壓在地層深處，在高溫、高壓和缺氧的條件下，經(jīng)過(guò)復(fù)雜的化學(xué)變化而逐漸形成石油。石油的化學(xué)成分比較復(fù)雜，它不是單一的元素組成的，而是由碳?xì)浠衔飿?gòu)成的混合體。汽油的主要成本是烷烴，它的性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定，發(fā)熱量大且不易氧化；汽油中的芳香烴的抗熾爆性強(qiáng)，這對(duì)汽油來(lái)說(shuō)好的，但它在柴油中就會(huì)使柴油的燃燒性能變差，對(duì)于柴油是不好的。此外，石油中含有的少量氮化物、氧化物和硫化物等，屬于油料中的不良成分，在煉制過(guò)程中要盡量設(shè)法去除的。從地下開(kāi)采出來(lái)的原油廠里經(jīng)過(guò)非常復(fù)雜的煉制工序，最終提煉出汽油、柴油和煤油等燃料。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，經(jīng)過(guò)加工達(dá)到了一定質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的汽油、柴油呈淡黃色透明液體狀，密度比水小。汽油和柴油的氣味有所不同，觸摸感也不同，用手蘸一點(diǎn)汽油，手發(fā)涼，有澀感，汽油蒸發(fā)后皮膚發(fā)白；用手蘸柴油感覺(jué)滑膩，有油感。汽油的正確選用正確的選用燃料才能使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)揮出應(yīng)有的效率。如果燃料使用不當(dāng)，不僅發(fā)不出發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)應(yīng)有的功率，相反還會(huì)對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)造成損傷，降低它的性能和使用壽命。汽油是一種揮發(fā)性很強(qiáng)的燃料，甚至于在-30℃的低溫下還能產(chǎn)生可以被點(diǎn)燃的油氣。汽油的揮發(fā)性越好，就越容易汽化，在冬季低溫的環(huán)境下能使冷車順得地起動(dòng)和正常工作。但揮發(fā)性過(guò)強(qiáng) 的汽油容易在汽油泵、輸油管曲折或油管較熱的部位造成氣阻。如果汽油的揮發(fā)性不夠，就難以充分汽化，不便發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在低溫環(huán)境下不易起動(dòng)，而且在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)也不能充分燃燒，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作不穩(wěn)，增加發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作不穩(wěn)，增加耗油量，產(chǎn)生大量積碳。所以，汽油的揮發(fā)性既不能過(guò)強(qiáng)，也不能太差，這是在汽油的煉制過(guò)程中加以控制的。 車用汽油是按照其辛烷值的高低以標(biāo)號(hào)來(lái)區(qū)分的，辛烷值是表示汽油抗爆性的指標(biāo)，它是汽油重要的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)之一。目前最常用的辛烷值測(cè)定方法有兩種：馬達(dá)法和研究法，兩種方法測(cè)出的數(shù)值是不一樣的。現(xiàn)在我國(guó)車用汽油的標(biāo)號(hào)采用研究法測(cè)定的數(shù)值，93號(hào)汽油表示它的辛烷值不低于93#，余此類推。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)根據(jù)壓縮比的不同應(yīng)選用不同標(biāo)號(hào)的汽油，這在每輛車的使用手冊(cè)上都會(huì)標(biāo)明。如果高壓縮的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)使用不適合的低標(biāo)號(hào)的汽油，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生爆震。 因?yàn)閴嚎s比高的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有很好的經(jīng)濟(jì)性，它的效率高、耗油量低，所以現(xiàn)代汽車的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)壓縮比一般都設(shè)計(jì)較高。壓縮比高的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生爆震的傾向也較大，這就要求使用抗爆性好，即高辛烷值的汽油。提高汽油辛烷值的方法主要有兩種：一種是在汽油中加入抗爆劑，另一種方法是采用含有高辛烷值烴類成分的汽油煉制工藝。在眾多種類的抗爆劑中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)四乙鉛的搞爆效果特別顯著，只要少量的四乙鉛就能大大提高汽油的辛烷油，因此，從1921年起，四乙鉛作為有效而又經(jīng)濟(jì)的汽油抗爆劑被廣泛使用。四乙鉛是一種帶水果香味、有劇毒的油狀液體，它能通過(guò)呼吸道、食道以及無(wú)傷口的皮膚進(jìn)入人體，并且很難排泄出來(lái)。當(dāng)人體內(nèi)的鉛累積到一定量時(shí)，便會(huì)使人中毒，輕度中毒會(huì)有頭暈、頭艱、沒(méi)有食欲、疲倦、乏力、失眠和血壓下降等癥狀；重度中毒是會(huì)發(fā)生腹部痛和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)錯(cuò)亂，甚至死亡。因此，含鉛汽油對(duì)環(huán)境及人類造成的危害是很大的。由于現(xiàn)代社會(huì)汽車的擁有量在不斷增加，為了保護(hù)環(huán)境、控制污染，許多國(guó)家都嚴(yán)格禁止使用含鉛汽油并制定了日趨嚴(yán)格的汽車廢氣排放控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和環(huán)境保護(hù)法規(guī)，我國(guó)已率先在北京市使用無(wú)鉛汽油，并定于2000年全國(guó)統(tǒng)一使用無(wú)鉛汽油。 汽車保養(yǎng)就如同健身，對(duì)延長(zhǎng)汽車的使用壽命有很大幫助。很多車主平時(shí)工作太忙，等到節(jié)假日又把時(shí)間用在休閑旅游上。這樣循環(huán)往復(fù)，自己既沒(méi)有時(shí)間養(yǎng)護(hù)，又不具備養(yǎng)護(hù)專業(yè)知識(shí)，最終汽車會(huì)以發(fā)生故障為抗議，到那時(shí)后悔晚矣。 根據(jù)環(huán)境情況和車型的不同，轎車一般每5000公里左右保養(yǎng)一次。其主要內(nèi)容是更換機(jī)油、機(jī)濾。由于機(jī)油與空氣接觸及受熱易被逐漸氧化，隨著油中的酸性物質(zhì)、膠質(zhì)、鐵屑慢慢地增多，機(jī)油的顏色會(huì)漸漸變黑，黏度也會(huì)逐漸下降，到了規(guī)定的換油期則必須更換新油。如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不更換機(jī)油，這些沉淀物可能會(huì)阻塞油道，導(dǎo)致發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)干磨，嚴(yán)重影響發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的使用壽命。在車輛使用過(guò)程中由于不重視定程保養(yǎng)而導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重后果的例子屢見(jiàn)不鮮。首先反映為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油蓋，很明顯，蓋子上面滿是黏稠的固體物質(zhì)，蓋子上的膠狀體尚且如此，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑系阻塞程度可想而知了。第二為機(jī)油尺，油尺的末端成黑色表示上面的沉積物已經(jīng)高溫?zé)g，潤(rùn)滑油