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1、Unit 3 Language and Culture,,學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),整體上掌握Text A和Text B 兩篇文章的內(nèi)容，包括背景資料，單詞，相關(guān)專有名詞等。 完成Text A 和Text B 的課后題目。 瀏覽Text C。,Text A Language of China,導(dǎo)讀：狹義的中國(guó)話即為漢語(yǔ)，是全球華人的母語(yǔ)，以北京話為源發(fā)展的語(yǔ)言。在臺(tái)灣地區(qū)，又稱國(guó)語(yǔ)。在新加坡、馬來(lái)西亞等地又稱華語(yǔ)。漢語(yǔ)是世界主要語(yǔ)言之一。屬漢藏語(yǔ)系，是這個(gè)語(yǔ)系里最主要的語(yǔ)言。產(chǎn)生于中國(guó)中部，定型于漢朝，最初是漢民族的通用語(yǔ)，后來(lái)發(fā)展成為中華民族的共同語(yǔ)。除了中國(guó)以外，漢語(yǔ)還分布在新加坡、馬來(lái)西亞等地。以漢語(yǔ)為
2、母語(yǔ)的人大約有13億（3000萬(wàn)人作為第二語(yǔ)言）。漢語(yǔ)是聯(lián)合國(guó)的工作語(yǔ)言之一。,Notes：,1.Cantonese (粵語(yǔ)): It is a Chinese dialect spoken in and around the city of Guangzhou in Southern China, by the majority population of Hong Kong and Macau, and as a lingua franca of Guangdong province, eastern Guangxi province, and some neighbouring area
3、s. It is used in Hong Kong and Macau as the official spoken language of government and instruction in schools. It is spoken by some of overseas Chinese communities in Canada, the United States and Australia, as well as throughout Europe and Southeast Asia, being the most widely spoken dialect and a
4、lingua franca in many of these communities.,2.Mandarin（國(guó)語(yǔ)）:It is a official standardized language of China based on the Beijing dialect，one of the four official languages of Singapore， and one of the six official languages of the United Nations.,Hokkien (閩南語(yǔ))：is a group of mutually intelligible Min
5、Nan Chinese dialects spoken by many overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia. Its originated from the same dialect in southern Fujian and is mutually intelligible with the Hokkien in Taiwan. It is closely related to Teochew, though mutual comprehension is difficult, and somewhat more distantly rel
6、ated to Hainanese. The Amoy and Taiwanese prestige dialect are considered standards.,,Middle East （中東）: is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the derived
7、 noun is Middle-Easterner.,The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, and throughout its history, the Middle East has been a major centre of world affairs. When discussing ancient history, however, the term Near East is more commonly used. The Middle East is also the historical orig
8、in of major religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The Middle East generally has an arid and hot climate, with several major rivers providing for irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas. Many countries located around the Persian Gulf have large quantities of crude oil. In mod
9、ern times the Middle East remains a strategically, economically, politically, culturally and religiously sensitive region.,Text B Mandarin,導(dǎo)讀：現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)代漢民族使用的語(yǔ)言。廣義的現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)包括漢語(yǔ)的各種方言，即不同地區(qū)的漢族人所使用的語(yǔ)言，這些語(yǔ)言都是漢語(yǔ)，只是在語(yǔ)音、詞匯、語(yǔ)法等方面存在一定差異。而狹義的現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)則是指“普通話”，即“以北京語(yǔ)音為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音，以北方話為基礎(chǔ)方言，以典范的現(xiàn)代白話文著作為語(yǔ)法規(guī)范的現(xiàn)代漢民族共同語(yǔ)”。普通話所代表的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)
10、也是中國(guó)的國(guó)家通用語(yǔ)言。,Roman Catholic,Notes:,1.Hunter College （亨特學(xué)院）: It is a senior college of the City University of New York, located on Manhattans Upper East Side. Hunter was founded in 1870 by Irish immigrant and social reformer Thomas Hunter as a teacher-training school for young women. It remained a wo
11、mens college through the 1960s. Today, Hunter is a coeducational liberal arts and sciences college that offers undergraduate and graduate programs in more than 100 fields. The college is organized into four schools: The School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Education, the School of the Health P
12、rofessions, and the School of Social Work.,Pearl River Delta(珠江三角洲):It is in southern Peoples Republic of China is the low-lying area alongside the Pearl River estuary where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea. Since economic liberalisation was adopted by the Chinese government in the lat
13、e 1970s, the delta has become one of the leading economic regions and a major manufacturing center of China and the world. The Chinese government hopes that the manufacturing in Guangdong, combined with the financial and service economy and traditional capitalistic influence in Hong Kong, will creat
14、e an economic gateway attracting foreign capital throughout mainland China.,Taishanese (臺(tái)山話)：It is a dialect of Yue Chinese, and thus a sister dialect of Cantonese. It is mainly spoken in and around Taishan, a county-level city situated southwest of Guangzhou on the coast of Guangdong province. In t
15、he mid to late 19th century, a significant number of Chinese emigrating to North America originated from this area, making Taishanese a dominant variety of the Chinese language spoken in North American Chinatowns. It was formerly the lingua franca of the overseas Chinese residing in the United State
16、s. It is not currently recognized as having official status in any country.,Sunset Park (落日公園)：Sunset Park is a neighborhood in the western section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, USA. It is bounded by Greenwood Heights to the north, Borough Park to the east, Bay Ridge to the south, and Up
17、per New York Bay to the west. Sunset Park is served by the NYPDs 72nd Precinct. There is a namesake city park within the neighborhood, located between 41st and 44th Streets and 5th and 7th Avenues, which is the second highest point in Brooklyn (the highest being on the northeastern edge of Green-Woo
18、d Cemetery). The main drag of the neighborhood is 5th Avenue. The area is also home to the Jackie Gleason Bus Depot.,Brooklyn Brooklyn （布魯格林）：is the most populous of New York Citys five boroughs, with nearly 2.6million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same
19、boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after New York County. It is also the westernmost county on Long Island. Brooklyn was an independent city until its consolidation with New York City
20、in 1898, and continues to maintain a distinct culture, independent art scene, and unique architectural heritage.,Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves where particular ethnic groups and cultures predominate. Brooklyns official motto is Eendraght Maeckt Maght. Written in the (early modern s
21、pelling of the) Dutch language, it is inspired by the motto of the United Dutch Provinces and translated Unity makes strength. The motto is displayed on the borough seal and flag, which also feature a young robed woman bearing fasces, a traditional emblem of republicanism. Brooklyns official colors
22、are blue and gold.,Flushing （法拉盛）： founded in 1645, is a neighborhood in the north central part of the City of New York borough of Queens, 10 miles (16 km) east of Manhattan.Flushing was one of the first Dutch settlements on Long Island. Today, it is one of the largest and most diverse neighborhoods
23、 in New York City. Flushings diversity is reflected by the numerous ethnic groups that reside there, including people of Asian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, European, and African American ancestry, as well as Ashkenazi, Mizrahi, Sephardi, and Bukhari Jewish communities.,It is part of the Fifth Congress
24、ional District, which encompasses the entire northeastern shore of Queens County, and extends into neighboring Nassau County. Flushing is served by five railroad stations on the Long Island Rail Road Port Washington Branch, and the New York City Subway Number 7 subway line has its terminus at Main S
25、treet. The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue is the third busiest intersection in New York City behind only Times Square and Herald Square.,Queens （皇后區(qū)）：is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The largest borough in area and the second-largest in population, it is co
26、extensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States. Located on the western portion of Long Island, Queens is home to two of the three major New York City area airports, JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest
27、 in the world, leading the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country. It is also the location of the New York Mets baseball team, the US Open tennis tournament, Flushing Meadows Park, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack.,East Broadway（東百老匯大街）：is a t
28、wo-way east-west street in the Chinatown and Lower East Side neighborhoods of the New York City borough of Manhattan. East Broadway begins at Chatham Square (also known as Kimlau Square) and runs eastward under the Manhattan Bridge, continues past Seward Park and the eastern end of Canal Street, and
29、 ends at Grand Street. The western portion of the street is primarily populated by Chinese immigrants (mainly Foochowese from Fuzhou, Fujian), while the eastern portion is home to a large number of Jews. One section in the eastern part of East Broadway, between Clinton Street and Pitt Street, is uno
30、fficially referred to by residents as Shteibel Way, since it is lined with approximately ten small synagogues.,New York Chinese School (紐約華僑學(xué)校)： is a non-profit school located in Chinatown, New York City, that was established in 1909 for overseas Chinese children. The school is housed in the same bu
31、ilding as the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association. It initially opened with 20 students. Today, there are more than 3,000 students in grade levels ranging from kindergarten to high school and it has a faculty of approximately 50 people.,Mott Street （莫特街）：is a narrow but busy thoroughfare tha
32、t runs in a north-south direction in the borough of Manhattan in New York City in the United States. It is best known as Chinatowns unofficial Main Street. Mott Street runs from Chatham Square in the south to Bleecker Street in the north. It is a one-way street, southbound.,Church of the Transfigura
33、tion (顯圣榮堂)：is a Franciscan church located on Mount Tabor in Israel. It is traditionally believed to be the site where the Transfiguration of Christ took place, an event in the Gospels in which Jesus is transfigured upon an unnamed mountain and speaks with Moses and Elijah.,Roman Catholic（羅馬天主教）：als
34、o known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the worlds largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity. The Catholic Church is among the oldest institutions in the
35、 world and has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilisation. It teaches that it is the one true church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles and that the Pope is the successor to Saint Peter.,Catholic doctrine maintains that the Catholic C
36、hurch is the original and true Church and is infallible when it dogmatically teaches a doctrine of faith or morals. Catholic worship is centred on the Eucharist, in which the Church teaches that the sacramental bread and wine are transubstantiated into the body and blood of Christ. The Church holds
37、the Blessed Virgin Mary in special regard. Catholic beliefs concerning Mary include her Immaculate Conception and bodily Assumption at the end of her earthly life.,Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association(中華會(huì)館)：It is a historical Chinese Association established in various parts of the United Stat
38、es with large populations of Chinese. It is also known by other names such as Chong Wa Benevolent Association in Seattle, Washington and United Chinese Society in Hawaii. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA) is the oldest community organization in Chinatown. The CCBA has represente
39、d and served the needs of Chinese Americans in New York City ever since founded.,Historically it has performed a quasi-governmental role in the Chinese community. Throughout its history, business ownership has been a goal of many residents of Chinatown, and has been supported both financially, and through training, by the CCBA. Today there are local CCBA agencies in 26 cities with substantial Chinese populations across North America.,
中國(guó)歷史文化概況（英文版）Unit3LanguageandCulture
