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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三部分 專題一 第2課時(shí) 高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚-鎖定主旨大意類題目練習(xí) 體裁：說(shuō)明文　話題：食品　詞數(shù)：320　時(shí)間：7′ (xx安徽卷，E)Food serves as a form of munication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a mon human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning，and play a significant role in a family or cultures celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (農(nóng)村的) and urban areas within one country. Sharing bread，whether during a special occasion (時(shí)刻) or at the family dinner table，is a mon symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread，so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread. Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States，pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (興旺) in the New Year. In Greece，people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake，which signifies (預(yù)示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it. Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child，and food can play a significant role. In China，when a baby is one month old，families name and wele their child in a celebration that includes giving red－colored eggs to guests. In many cultures，round foods such as grapes，bread，and moon cakes are eaten at wele celebrations to represent family unity. Nutrition is necessary for life，so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　該篇介紹了食品作為一種交流的兩個(gè)基本方面，來(lái)說(shuō)明它是世界各地不同文化的一個(gè)重要組成部分。 1.According to the passage，sharing bread________. A.indicates a lack of food B.can help to develop unity C.is a custom unique to rural areas D.has its roots in birthday celebrations 答案　B　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。由第一段...can promote unity and trust可知。] 2.What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year? A.Trust. B.Success. C.Health. D.Togetherness. 答案　B　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。由第三段signifies (預(yù)示)...success in the New Year可知。] 3.The author explains the role of food in celebrations by________. A.using examples B.making parisons C.analyzing causes D.describing processes 答案　A　[考查推理判斷。由第三段可知。] 4.What is the passage mainly about? A.The custom of sharing food. B.The specific meaning of food. C.The role of food in ceremonies. D.The importance of food in culture. 答案　D　[考查主旨大意。由最后一段可知。] 體裁：說(shuō)明文　話題：藝術(shù)　詞數(shù)：360　時(shí)間：8′ (xx重慶卷，E)The values of artistic works，according to cultural relativism(相對(duì)主義)，are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions.Such a view，however，fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries. History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world.It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls，as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries.Unique works of this kind are different from todays popular art，even if they began as works of popular art.They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future. In a 1757 essay，the philosopher David Hume argued that because“the general principles of taste are uniform(不變的) in human nature，”the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years.Works of this type，he believed，spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries. Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art.For example，evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long－lasting themes and plot devices in fiction.The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before.Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了藝術(shù)作品是永恒受歡迎的，原因是人類的審美具有共同性，并且就此展開說(shuō)明。 5.According to the passage，what do we know about cultural relativism? A.It introduces different cultural values. B.It explains the history of artistic works. C.It relates artistic values to local conditions. D.It excites the human mind throughout the world. 答案　C　[細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)文章第一句可知相對(duì)主義文化是地方社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的反應(yīng)。故選擇C。] 6.In Paragraph 2，the artists are mentioned in order to show that ________. A.great works of art can go beyond national boundaries B.history gives art works special appeal to set them apart C.popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts D.great artists are skilled at bining various cultures 答案　A　[細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第二段列舉的三個(gè)例子可以看出藝術(shù)作品是沒(méi)有國(guó)界的。故選擇A。] 7.According to Hume，some works of art can exist for centuries because ________. A.they are results of scientific study B.they establish some general principles of art C.they are created by the worlds greatest artists D.they appeal to unchanging features of human nature 答案　D　[細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句the philosopher David Hume argued that because“the general principles of taste are uniform(不變的) in human nature，”the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.可知，選擇D。] 8.Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage? A.Are Artistic Values Universal? B.Are Popular Arts Permanent? C.Is Human Nature Uniform? D.Is Cultural Relativism Scientific? 答案　A　[主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了藝術(shù)作品是永恒受歡迎的，因此其價(jià)值也是共同的。] Passage 3 體裁：記敘文　話題：人物故事　詞數(shù)：269　時(shí)間：5′ (xx新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，A)Arriving in Sydney on his own from India，my husband，Rashid，stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children. During the first week of his stay，he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers，including his passport(護(hù)照). He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in a strange city，thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one. Late in the evening，the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husbands name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can(垃圾桶)that had been left out on the footpath. My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents(文件).Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out，although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents.At last they had seen a half－written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend. That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是記敘文，講述了作者丈夫行李箱中的文件失而復(fù)得的事情。通過(guò)這件事，作者一家又重新找回了對(duì)他人的信任。 9.What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney? A.Go shopping. B.Find a house. C.Join his family. D.Take a vacation. 答案　B　[事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“...stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.”可知作者到達(dá)悉尼計(jì)劃要做的事情就是為“我和孩子”找房子，故B項(xiàng)正確。] 10.The girls parents got Rashids phone number from ________. A.a friend of his family B.a Sydney policeman C.a letter in his papers D.a stranger in Sydney 答案　C　[事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中“At last they had seen a half－written letter in the pile...to a friend.”可知作者的電話號(hào)碼是從文件中夾的一封信中找到的，故C項(xiàng)正確。] 11.What does the underlined word“restored”in the last paragraph mean? A.Showed. B.Sent out. C.Delivered. D.Gave back. 答案　D　[詞義猜測(cè)題。文章倒數(shù)第二段中講到小女孩一家努力找到失主的聯(lián)系方式并把重要文件物歸原主。這個(gè)善舉使作者一家不僅找回了文件，而且重新找回了對(duì)人的信任。故D項(xiàng)“歸還”正確。A.展示；B.發(fā)送；C.遞送。] 12.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A.From India to Australia. B.Living in a New Country. C.Turning Trash to Treasure. D.In Search of New Friends. 答案　C　[主旨大意題。丈夫丟失的重要文件被丟到了垃圾箱，被一個(gè)好心的家庭整理好物歸原主，這些別人眼中的垃圾對(duì)作者丈夫來(lái)說(shuō)非常珍貴。故C項(xiàng)最能體現(xiàn)文章大意。] Passage 4 體裁：說(shuō)明文　話題：動(dòng)物與植物　詞數(shù)：330　時(shí)間：6′ (xx上海卷，A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing.But does Mother Nature agree? Animals cant talk，but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying，but they do agree that many animals，from birds to chimpanzees，behave dishonestly to fool other animals.Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive. Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals.For example，a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young.When a predator (獵食動(dòng)物) gets close to its nest，the plover leads the predator away from the nest.How? It pretends to have a broken wing.The predator follows the“hurt” adult，leaving the baby birds safe in the nest. Another kind of bird，the scrub jay，buries its food so it always has something to eat.Scrub jays are also thieves.They watch where others bury their food and steal it.But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them.So they go back later，unbury the food，and bury it again somewhere else. Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work.How? They dont make nests.Instead，they get into other birds nests secretly.Then they lay their eggs and fly away.When the baby birds e out，their adoptive parents feed them. Chimpanzees，or chimps，can also be sneaky.After a fight，the losing chimp will give its hand to the other.When the winning chimp puts out its hand，too，the chimps are friendly again.But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winners hand and start fighting again. Chimps are sneaky in other ways，too.When chimps find food that they love，such as bananas，it is natural for them to cry out.Then other chimps e running.But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food.That way，other chimps dont hear them，and they dont need to share their food. As children，many of us learn the saying“You cant fool Mother Nature.” But maybe you cant trust her，either. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　動(dòng)物不會(huì)說(shuō)話，但是它們會(huì)以其他方式說(shuō)謊嗎？它們會(huì)以其身體和行為表現(xiàn)說(shuō)謊嗎？動(dòng)物專家認(rèn)為很多動(dòng)物，從鳥類到黑猩猩，有時(shí)候在行為上表現(xiàn)不誠(chéng)實(shí)，用來(lái)欺騙其他動(dòng)物。這樣做常?？梢詭椭鼈冃颐庥陔y。 13.A plover protects its young from a predator by ________. A.getting closer to its young B.driving away the adult predator C.leaving its young in another nest D.pretending to be injured 答案　D　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第三、四、五句可知，鸻看到獵食動(dòng)物靠近鳥巢，它假裝翅膀受傷，獵食動(dòng)物緊跟著它，離開幼鳥所在的巢。故選D項(xiàng)。] 14.By“Chimpanzees，or chimps，can also be sneaky”(Paragraph 5)，the author means ________. A.chimps are ready to attack others B.chimps are sometimes dishonest C.chimps are jealous of the winners D.chimps can be selfish too 答案　B　[推理判斷題。由黑體字后面的內(nèi)容可知，兩只黑猩猩打架后，失敗的那只會(huì)主動(dòng)向獲勝的那只握手言和，但動(dòng)物專家曾經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)一只失敗的黑猩猩握住獲勝者的手后，又開始打起來(lái)。從而可推斷出黑猩猩有時(shí)候是不誠(chéng)實(shí)的，故選B。] 15.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others. B.The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winners hand. C.Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests. D.Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back. 答案　A　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第四、五句可知，一些聰明的黑猩猩有時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)食物時(shí)小聲叫，這樣的話其他的黑猩猩聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)叫聲，就不會(huì)過(guò)來(lái)和它們分享食物。] 16.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A.Do animals lie? B.Does Mother Nature fool animals? C.How do animals learn to lie? D.How does honesty help animals survive? 答案　A　[主旨大意題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知，各種不同的動(dòng)物在行為上表現(xiàn)不誠(chéng)實(shí)各有各的原因。干擾項(xiàng)為C：動(dòng)物是如何學(xué)會(huì)撒謊的？文章內(nèi)容著重點(diǎn)在于動(dòng)物撒謊的目的而不是學(xué)習(xí)撒謊的過(guò)程。故C項(xiàng)可以排除。正確答案為A。] Passage 5 體裁：議論文　話題：社會(huì)文化　詞數(shù)：381　時(shí)間：7′ (xx湖北卷，B)Londons newest skyscraper (摩天大樓) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build.At a height of almost 310 metres，it is the tallest building in Europe.The Shard has pletely changed the appearance of London.However，not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better. The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano.When he began designing the Shard for London，Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖頂).He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city.The sides of the building arent regular.So the building has an unusual shape.It looks like a very thin，sharp piece of broken glass.And that is how the building got the name：the Shard.Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition.The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅桿) of the ships that were once on the river Thames. The Shard has 87 floors.At the top，there is an observatory.At the moment the building is empty，but eventually there will be a five－star hotel.There will also be top quality restaurants，apartments and offices. Before building work began，a lot of people didnt want the Shard though the plans were approved.Now they are still unhappy about the Shard.Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York，but not in London.They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape.But that is the only thing.There is no decoration，only flat surfaces.The Egyptians did that 4，500 years ago.They also think the Shard is too big for London.It destroys the beauty of the city. Other critics dont like what the Shard seems to represent.They say that the Shard shows how London is being more unequal.Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel.But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London.So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor. The Shard now dominates the London skyline.It is not certain，however，that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　文章論述了倫敦新的摩天大樓the Shard的建造所帶來(lái)的爭(zhēng)議。有人認(rèn)為它是英國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的傳承，是一項(xiàng)很好的變化。但也有批評(píng)者認(rèn)為Shard造成了社會(huì)(貧富) 分化。 17.Londons newest skyscraper is called the Shard because of ________. A.its cost B.its size C.its shape D.its height 答案　C　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第四行到第五行So the building has an unusual shape.It looks like a very thin，sharp piece of broken glass.And that is how the building got the name：Shard.可知答案為B。] 18.When he designed the Shard，Piano wanted it to ___________. A.change Londons skyline B.inherit Londons tradition C.imitate the Egyptian style D.attract potential visitors 答案　B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的倒數(shù)第二句：Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition可知答案為B。] 19.The critics who refer to social division think the Shard ________. A.is only preferred by the rich B.is intended for wealthy people C.is far away from the poor area D.is popular only with Londoners 答案　B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第三句Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel.可知答案為B。] 20.Which would be the best title for the passage? A.The Shard：Cheers and Claps B.The Shard：Work of a Great Architect C.The Shard：New Symbol of London? D.The Shard：A Change for the Better? 答案　D　[主旨大意題。整篇文章論述的是倫敦新的摩天大樓的建造所帶來(lái)的爭(zhēng)議。有人認(rèn)為它是英國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的傳承，是一個(gè)很好的變化。但也有人提出質(zhì)疑，認(rèn)為Shard造成了社會(huì)(貧富) 分化。因此答案選D。] 題組二　嘗試模擬 Passage 1 體裁：議論文　話題：城市化　詞數(shù)：354　時(shí)間：6′ (xx山東六校高三一模，E)The United Nations is warning that the world is not prepared to deal with the fast growth of cities.The World Economic and Social Survey xx calls for new ways to meet the needs of city populations.More than 6.5 billion people are expected to be living in cities by 2050. Most new city dwellers will be in developing countries.The United Nations says the effect on limited resources in many countries will be huge.The World Economic and Social Survey points to the increasing demand for energy，water，sanitation，public services，education and health care. The world population is expected to rise to more than nine billion by 2050 and，two thirds of all people are expected to live in cities.The United Nations says about 80 percent of this growing urban population will be found in Africa and Asia. The report says sustainable development(可持續(xù)發(fā)展) of urban areas requires coordination and investments to deal with important issues，which include land use，food security，job creation and transportation. Willem Van Der Geest，who is with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs，says cities need to work closely with rural munities so that food supplies can be secured，and the environment can be protected. “We need enough integration(整合，融合)with cities...An integration between the rural and urban economies is absolutely vital for issues of nutrition，food security，and environmental sustainability.” The report says development in a sustainable way is important to end poverty.The report also examines the problem of food insecurity，which affects hundreds of millions of people around the world.One in eight people still severely lack nutrition. UN officials say some things are clear.The Assistant Secretary－General for Economic Development，Shamshad Akhtar，says world food production will have to increase by 70%，that increase will be needed to feed the additional 2.3 billion people expected on the planet by the middle of the century.She says an important part of meeting that need is to waste less food.“There has to be efforts to reduce food wastage.” Food and nutrition security are core elements of the sustainable development agenda. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　聯(lián)合國(guó)發(fā)出警告說(shuō)世界還沒(méi)有為快速的城市化進(jìn)程做好準(zhǔn)備。xx年世界經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)調(diào)查報(bào)告要求我們需尋求新的方法來(lái)滿足不斷增長(zhǎng)的城市人口的需要。 1.The survey includes the following statements except that ________. A.varieties of demands are hard to meet because of the increasing population in Africa and Asia B.one way to put an end to poverty is to be able to develop for a long time C.transportation is an important issue to deal with when it es to sustainable development of urban areas D.hundreds of millions of people around the world are affected by the problem of food insecurity 答案　A　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。首先要注意題干中的except，即本題需考生找出調(diào)查報(bào)告不包括的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)第七段中“The report says development in a sustainable way is important to end poverty.”可排除B項(xiàng)；根據(jù)第四段的“transportation”可排除C項(xiàng)；根據(jù)第七段第二句“The report also examines the problem of food insecurity，which affects hundreds of millions of people around the world.”可排除D項(xiàng)。] 2.From the passage we can infer that ________. A.cities grow so fast that the world cant find out new ways to deal with the growing population B.the growing city dwellers who mainly e from the developing countries greatly challenge limited resources in the world C.sustainable development of urban areas requires coordination and investments to deal with important issues D.food wastage is an effective way to feed the additional 2.3 billion people by the middle of the century 答案　B　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句可知答案為B項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容過(guò)于絕對(duì)，故被排除；第四段第一句為C項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，不屬于推斷范疇，故被排除；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段可知解決食品短缺的方法是將糧食產(chǎn)量提高70%以滿足到本世紀(jì)中葉增長(zhǎng)的23億人口的需要，而滿足這一需要的一個(gè)重要部分是盡量減少對(duì)糧食的浪費(fèi)，由此可見(jiàn)注意糧食浪費(fèi)問(wèn)題并不能完全解決食品短缺問(wèn)題，故排除D項(xiàng)。] 3.What is the best title of the passage? A.The World Economic and Social Survey xx B.City Population Will Increase to 9 Billion C.Cities Need to Cooperate with Rural Areas D.The World Is Not Prepared to Deal with the Fast Growth of Cities 答案　D　[主旨大意題。作者在第一段第一句提出了文章的主題，故答案為D項(xiàng)。其他選項(xiàng)均為文章中的其中一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，并不能概括文章主題，故全被排除。] 4.The passage is chosen from ________. A.a textbook B.a travel guide C.a novel D.a newspaper 答案　D　[推理判斷題。文章介紹了快速的城市化進(jìn)程給我們帶來(lái)了很多問(wèn)題，屬熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，旨在讓人們對(duì)這一問(wèn)題加以重視，由此可判斷本文應(yīng)出自報(bào)紙，而不是課本、旅游指南或小說(shuō)。] Passage 2 體裁：議論文　話題：教育　詞數(shù)：278　時(shí)間：5′ (xx北京西城一模，D)Today，we are told that children dont spend enough time in the fresh air.Many of them are addicted to a screen either on a puter or a TV—they seem to be living in a virtual world.They have lost touch with nature. But now 400 organizations in the UK，from playgroups to the National Health Service，are encouraging children to have some “wild time”.They want kids to swap at least 30 minutes of watching TV or playing puter games for time playing outside.Activities such as building dens，climbing trees，rumm